Microarchaeology: beyond the visible archaeological record
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521880039 9780521705844 |
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| 020 | |a 9780521880039 |c hbk. |9 978-0-521-88003-9 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780521705844 |c pbk. |9 978-0-521-70584-4 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Weiner, Stephen |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141257040 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Microarchaeology |b beyond the visible archaeological record |c Stephen Weiner |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 396 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microscopy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antiquities |x Analysis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mikroskopie |0 (DE-588)4039238-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276137444343808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Preface
PaSe
ι
Archaeology, Archaeological Science, and
Microarchaeology
ι
Archaeology Is a Difficult Science
3
Historical Perspective
4
Archaeological Science
5
The Microscopic Record
6
Tool Kit for Deciphering the Microscopic Archaeological
Record
8
The Importance of Integrating Microarchaeology with
Macroarchaeology
8
The ideal solution to this problem
9
The reality
10
On-Site
Laboratory
10
The Concept of This Book
10
Conclusions
12
2
Information Embedded in the Microscopic Record
13
Archaeobotanical Record
16
Dating
18
Perspective on techniques used for dating materials
from archaeological sites
18
Radiocarbon dating
19
Uranium series dating
21
Dendrochronology
21
Trapped charge dating:
Thermoluminescence (TL),
optical stimulated luminescence (OSL), and
electron spin resonance (ESR)
22
Dating by fluoride uptake
23
Obsidian hydration dating 23
vi Amino
acid racemization dating
24
Dating by archaeomagnetism
25
contents Life History Reconstruction of Individuals
26
Paleodiet Reconstruction 27
Stable isotope paleodiet reconstruction
28
Strontium contents of human bones
29
Molecules trapped in ceramics (residue analysis)
29
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
3°
Micromorphology
3°
Archaeobotany 31
Rare earth elements 31
Pollen 32
Stable isotope compositional variations 32
Paleogenetics
33
Paleomigration
35
Pottery Contents
35
Provenience and Procurement Strategies
36
Provenience studies
3"
Limited sources
37
Obsidian
37
Amber
37
Soapstone (Steatite)
37
Marble
З8
Metals 38
Abundant sources
39
Pottery
39
Flint (Chert)
40
Procurement strategies
4°
Season of Occupation 41
Archaeobotanical remains 41
Rhythmic growth 41
Site Formation Processes 42
Site Spatial Organization
43
Weaning Age
44
3
Completeness of the Archaeological Record
4°
How Bad Is the Archaeological Record?
47
The Almost Complete Record
47
The Incomplete Record: Conceptual Framework for
Assessing the Missing Record 51
Macroscopic versus microscopic records
5
Time frame 52
The driving forces of degradation
54
Mechanical disturbances
54
vii
Hydroloeical regime and chemical reactions
54
J ° ° CONTENTS
Materials that degrade
56
Organic material
57
Minerals
59
Minerals rearranging at the atomic level
61
Summary of the conceptual framework for estimating
the missing record
62
Time frame
62
Agents of degradation
62
Assessing the extent of degradation
62
Conclusions
62
Practical applications of the conceptual framework
63
Future Prospects for Improving Our Understanding of the
Missing Archaeological Record
66
4
Common Mineral Components of the Archaeological
Record
68
Minerals and Mineral Identification
70
Optical mineralogy
70
X-ray diffraction
70
Infrared spectroscopy
71
Raman spectroscopy
71
Chemical elemental analyses
72
Size and Shape of Mineral Particles
72
In Situ Assemblages of Minerals (Micromorphology)
73
Zhoukoudian Layer
10
(China): Are these
anthropogenically produced ashes?
74
Calcite
and the Calcium Carbonate Mineral Family
76
Calcium carbonate
pH
buffering capacity yj
Calcite
and aragonite: Similarities and differences
ηη
Possible origins of
calcite in
archaeological sites
78
Geogenie calcites
78
Pyrogenic calcites
79
Biogenic calcites
79
Possible origins of aragonite in archaeological sites
80
Diagenesis
of
calcite
and aragonite
80
Embedded information
81
Aragonite and
calcite:
Assessing the preservation
state of the minerals in a site
81
Differentiating among
geogenie, biogenic,
and
pyrogenic calcites
81
Cemented sediment: Recrystallized wood ash or a
viii
geogenie
cement?
82
Carbonate Hydroxylapatite
83
CONTENTS
.
o.
Atomic structure °4
Stability field
85
Diagenesis 86
Embedded information
86
Identifying areas in a site that had high organic
contents
86
Differentiating between biogenic and
geogenie
carbonate hydroxylapatites
87
Paleoclimate reconstruction
87
Using authigenic phosphate minerals for identifying
strata in which bones have dissolved
88
Polymorphs of Silicon Dioxide
88
Quartz and flint/ chert
88
Silica
89
Silicon dioxide polymorphs produced at high
temperatures
9°
Diagenesis 9°
Quartz
9°
Silica
90
Microcrystalline quartz in flint and chert
9°
Embedded information 91
Provenience of quartz 91
Provenience and procurement strategies of flint and
chert 9a
Dating of flint tools 92
The Clay Family 92
Clay structures and classification
93
Identifying clay minerals
94
Clay and organic materials
94
Diagenesis 95
Embedded information
Φ
Better preservation in clay-rich sediments
Φ
Clay provenience
Φ
Was the clay exposed to elevated temperatures?
97
General Implications of Mineral Assemblages for Site
Preservation
97
Assessing the Completeness of the Archaeological Record
98
5
Biological Materials: Bones and Teeth
99
Biomineralization: Archaeological Perspective
99
Bone and Bones 1O1
Bone the material: The hierarchical structure
102
Level
1:
The basic constituents
102 ix
Level
2:
The mineralized collagen fibril
106
^ CONTENTS
Level
3:
The fibril arrays
106
Level
4:
The packing motifs of fibril arrays
107
Level
5:
Osteonal bone
107
Level
6:
The spongy to compact bone continuum
108
Level
7:
Whole bone
108
Porosity
109
Diagenesis
of bone the material
110
Mineral diagenesis
110
Organic matrix diagenesis
112
Microbial and fungal diagenesis
113
The pseudomorph and cast issue
115
Timescales for bone diagenesis
115
Bones lying on the soil surface
115
Buried bones
116
Burned bone
117
Embedded information
118
Migration pathways
118
Paleodiet reconstruction
119
Paleogenetics
121
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction using rare earth
elements
122
Radiocarbon dating
122
Reconstructing aspects of an individual's life history
123
Teeth
123
Enamel: The hierarchical structure
124
Level
1:
The basic constituents
124
Level
2:
Crystal arrays (prisms)
126
Level
3:
Reticulate three-dimensional network of
prisms
126
Level
4:
Graded changes in structure
126
Level
5:
The whole enamel layer
126
Dentin:
The hierarchical structure
126
Level
1:
The basic constituents
127
Level
2:
The mineralized collagen fibril
127
Level
3:
The fibril arrays
128
Level
4:
The packing motifs of fibril arrays
128
Level
5:
The tubules and peritubular dentin
128
Level
6:
The whole dentin component of the tooth
128
Whole teeth
129
Cementům
129
Dental calculus
130
Diagenesis
of teeth
x
Enamel diagenesis
130
Dentin
diagenesis 13I
CONTENTS
„ , , , ,.
r
,. --τ
Embedded information X32
Enamel
Dentin
*33
Cementům
*33
Dental calculus X34
6
Biological Materials: Phytoliths, Diatoms, Eggshells,
Otoliths, and Mollusk Shells
135
Phytoliths
135
Phytolith material
ІЗ6
Phytolith formation and morphology *37
Information categories obtained from phytolith
assemblages
г39
Taxonomy *39
Plant categories 14°
Plant parts
4°
Strategy for studying phytoliths in an archaeological
context 141
Reference collection M1
Sampling and analysis
Diagenesis
Embedded information M5
Fuel use at a site
Х45
Identifying ancient irrigation practices and/or
rainfall
45
Genetic information
Identifying plant
taxa
brought to the site
Paleodiet
147
Paleovegetation ecology
Radiocarbon dating of phytoliths
Reconstructing relative amounts of plant materials
used
148
Use of space
148
Final comment H9
Diatoms
49
Cell wall composition 15°
Diagenesis
15°
Embedded information 15°
Ancient irrigation practices 15°
Provenience of pottery
І51
Reconstructing the paleoenvironment 151
Avian (Bird) Eggshells
151
Basic morphology and structure
151 xi
Diagenesis 152
σ
CONTENTS
Embedded information
152
Dating using
amino
acid racemization
152
Reconstructing the paleoenvironment
153
Radiocarbon dating
153
Avian Gizzard Stones
154
Otoliths
154
Morphology,
ultrastructure,
and mineralogy
154
Diagenesis 156
Embedded information
156
Reconstructing the paleoenvironment
156
Season of occupation of a site
157
Mollusk Shells
157
Taxonomy
159
Shell
ultrastructure
and mineralogy
159
Mineral phase
160
Organic matrix
162
Embedded information
162
Dating
163
Reconstructing the paleoenvironment
163
Season of occupation
164
Site preservation
164
Reconstructing Pyrotechnological Processes
165
Basic Concepts of Heating and Cooling
166
Order and Disorder in Solids
167
Ash
168
Composition of ash
169
Ash from Wood and Bark
170
Diagenesis 172
pH
above
8 172
pH
below
8 173
Identifying ash produced by burning wood
and bark
174
Embedded information
175
Demonstrating control of fire by humans
175
Fuel types used for fires
176
Radiocarbon dating
177
Thermoluminescence
and electron spin resonance
dating
177
Type of wood used for fires
177
Charcoal and Charred Materials
178
CONTENTS
Molecular structure of modern wood charcoal produced
in natural fires
179
Molecular structure of fossil wood charcoal from
archaeological sites
181
Diagenesis
182
Embedded information
183
Impact of fires produced by humans on the local
vegetation and soils
183
Ink
183
Identification of charred organic material in
sediments
184
Radiocarbon dating
184
Seed and fruit identification
184
Wood identification
184
Plaster and Mortar
185
Binders
185
Calcite
binder
186
Gypsum
188
Hydraulic plaster and mortar
188
Aggregates
189
Proportions of aggregates and binders
189
Identifying plaster and mortar
190
Diagenesis
190
Embedded information
191
Radiocarbon dating
191
Reconstructing production procedures and functions
192
Refractory materials produced by heating carbonate
rocks
193
Residue analysis
194
Specific features in a site
194
Ceramics and Pottery
194
The essentials of pottery manufacture
195
Raw materials
195
Temper
195
Fluxes
195
Shaping and decorating
196
Drying
196
Firing conditions
197
Diagenesis
198
Embedded information
198
Provenience and trade
198
Production areas
200
Manufacturing processes
202
Refractory ceramics
205
Concluding Comment
206
8
Biological Molecules and Macromolecules:
Protected Niches
207 xiii
Brief Overview of Different Biomolecules of Interest in contents
Biomolecular Archaeology
208
DNA 209
Proteins
210
Polysaccharides
210
Lipids
211
Historical Perspective
211
Protected Niche
1:
Intracrystalline Macromolecules
212
Embedded information
214
Amino
acid racemization dating
214
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction
214
Radiocarbon dating
215
Protected Niche
2:
Macromolecules inside Intergrown
Biogenic Crystals (Crystal Aggregates)
215
Embedded information
217
Paleodiet reconstruction
217
Paleogenetic information
218
Radiocarbon dating
218
Protected Niche
3:
Molecules Preserved in Ceramics
219
Optimize environmental preservation conditions
220
Optimize ceramic porosity
220
Optimize ceramic material type
221
Embedded information
222
Vessel contents
222
Radiocarbon dating
222
The Enigmatic Preservation of Starch Grains
222
Where Were There Once Large Concentrations of Organic
Materials?
223
Preserved Organic Molecules: Are They Really in Context
and Not Intrusive?
225
Possibility of Finding Other Protected Niches for Organic
Molecules
225
9
Ethnoarchaeology of the Microscopic Record: Learning
from the Present
227
Microartifacts: The Ethnographic Evidence of Their
Usefulness
228
Controls
230
Ethnoarchaeology of the Microscopic Record
231
Inferences on the microscopic record of Aliabad based
on macroscopic observations
232
Features outside house complexes
232
Features
inside
house
complexes
234
xiv
Inferences on the microscopic record of an Eskimo
winter house based on macroscopic observations
236
Wood pile and the hearth
237
Dump of bone splinters
237
Areas of human waste disposal
237
Animal Dung: Merging of the Archaeozoological and
Archaeobotanical Microscopic Records
237
Identifying and Characterizing Livestock Enclosures
239
Phytolith and Charcoal Microscopic Records in Sarakini,
Northern Greece
240
Phytoliths
240
Charcoal
243
Activity Areas Using Phosphate Concentrations:
Ethnoarchaeological Verification
244
Concluding Remarks
244
10
Absolute Dating: Assessing the Quality of a Date
245
Understanding a Date: The Communication Gap Problem
247
Solution to the Communication Gap Problem
248
Designing a Program for Dating a Site
249
Calibration
249
Context
250
The
macrocontext
250
The
microcontext
251
Context for trapped charge dating
252
Choice of sample type
254
Number of samples to collect and analyze
255
Prescreening
for sample preservation and purity
256
Bone collagen
256
Charred organic material for radiocarbon dating
258
Purifying the sample
258
Charcoal purification
258
Collagen purification
259
Analyzing the Results: A Team Effort
259
Radiocarbon Laboratory Measurements: Are There Biases?
259
Future Prospects
260
11
Reading the Microscopic Record
On-Site
261
Benefits of an
On-Site
Interactive Laboratory
261
On-Site
Laboratories for the Analysis of the Macroscopic
Record
262
Choice of Instruments for
On-Site
Analysis of the
Microscopic Record
263
Basic
considerations
263
Choice of instruments
264 xv
Binocular microscope
264
CONTENTS
Pétrographie microscope
264
Wet-sieving apparatus for charred materials
264
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
265
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
265
Raman spectroscopy
266
UV-visible spectrophotometer
266
Mapping and three-dimensional reconstructions
267
Photography
268
Operation of the Laboratory
268
Useful Work Program for the
On-Site
Interactive
Laboratory
269
First visit to the site
269
Operation of the on-site laboratory during excavation
seasons
270
Identifying problems
270
Solving an identified problem
270
Controls
270
Further analyses in the home laboratory, data
analysis, and synthesis
271
Examples of Questions to Ask about the Microscopic
Record of a Site
271
What components are missing because they were not
preserved or because they were not brought to the
site?
271
What fuel was commonly used at the site?
271
Are there indications of pyrotechnological activities
other than making fires?
272
Where is the site on the rural-urban continuum?
273
On-Site
Artifact Conservation
273
Future Trends
273
12
Infrared Spectroscopy in Archaeology
275
Sample Preparation
276
Points to Note
277
Sampling
277
Grinding
277
Reproducibility
277
Quantification
277
Background subtraction
278
Artifacts due to the quality of the KBr pellets
278
Interpretation of the Spectra: Some General Pointers
278
XVIII
PREFACE
secrets and introduced me into the rich world of mineral formation by
organisms, or biomineralization. I dedicate this book to the memory of
Heinz Lowenstam.
I would like, first and foremost, to acknowledge my wife,
Nomi
Weiner,
who understands and enthusiastically supports all my efforts
to explore my two professional worlds: archaeology and biomineral¬
ization. I would also like to acknowledge the lifelong support that my
late father,
Motty
Werner, gave me in pursuing my scientific career as
well as the support I have received from my children Danya,
Noa,
and
Allon.
I was introduced into the world of archaeology by
Ofer
Bar-Yosef,
who spent a year with me at the Weizmann Institute of Science in
the late
1980s.
Together with our colleague Paul Goldberg, we have
worked together ever since. I owe much to both of them as well as to
all the colleagues with whom I worked in the Kebara and Hayonim
Caves in Israel. I am also particularly thankful to Elisabetta Boaretto
and Ruth Shahack-Gross, two of my colleagues at the
Kimmel
Center
for Archaeological Science at the Weizmann Institute. Over more than
a decade of collaboration, we have established the framework for edu¬
cating a new generation of archaeologists trained in both the natural
sciences and archaeology. These students are also trained to work in
the field and in the laboratory. Much of this book reflects the spirit of
the
Kimmel
Center for Archaeological Science. I am also grateful to
all the students and postdocs who have and are working at the Center.
Finally, I want to acknowledge the support of Helen
Kimmel
and the late
Martin
Kimmel
for recognizing that archaeology and archaeological sci¬
ence do contribute significantly to our self-concepts and that pursuing
these endeavors is important. The
Kimmel
Center for Archaeological
Science is a tribute to their vision.
I would like to thank
Haya
Avital
for preparing all the figures. I
would also like to thank the following colleagues for reading vari¬
ous chapters:
Lia Addadi,
Elisabetta Boaretto, Adi Eliyahu, Panagiotis
Karkanas,
Dvory
Namdar, Lior Regev, Ruth Shahack-Gross,
Clive
True-
man, and Georgia Tsartsidou.
Stephen Weiner
Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot, Israel
May
2009 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Weiner, Stephen 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141257040 |
| author_facet | Weiner, Stephen 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Weiner, Stephen 1948- |
| author_variant | s w sw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035992145 |
| callnumber-first | C - Historical Sciences |
| callnumber-label | CC75 |
| callnumber-raw | CC75.7 |
| callnumber-search | CC75.7 |
| callnumber-sort | CC 275.7 |
| callnumber-subject | CC - Archaeology |
| classification_rvk | NF 1128 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0957079 (OCoLC)424332315 (DE-599)BVBBV035992145 |
| dewey-full | 930.1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| dewey-raw | 930.1 |
| dewey-search | 930.1 |
| dewey-sort | 3930.1 |
| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| discipline | Geschichte Klassische Archäologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035992145 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:08:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521880039 9780521705844 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2009026783 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018884831 |
| oclc_num | 424332315 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XVIII, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1009 |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Weiner, Stephen 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)141257040 aut Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record Stephen Weiner 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2010 XVIII, 396 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Archäologie Funde Archaeology Methodology Microscopy Antiquities Analysis Excavations (Archaeology) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie, Methodenfragen (DE-2581)TH000012818 gbd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018884831&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Weiner, Stephen 1948- Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record Archäologie Funde Archaeology Methodology Microscopy Antiquities Analysis Excavations (Archaeology) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4039238-7 |
| title | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record |
| title_auth | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record |
| title_exact_search | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record |
| title_full | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record Stephen Weiner |
| title_fullStr | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record Stephen Weiner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record Stephen Weiner |
| title_short | Microarchaeology |
| title_sort | microarchaeology beyond the visible archaeological record |
| title_sub | beyond the visible archaeological record |
| topic | Archäologie Funde Archaeology Methodology Microscopy Antiquities Analysis Excavations (Archaeology) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Funde Archaeology Methodology Microscopy Antiquities Analysis Excavations (Archaeology) Mikroskopie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018884831&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weinerstephen microarchaeologybeyondthevisiblearchaeologicalrecord |