Gorycz zwycięstwa: los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Gdańsk
Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
2009
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: A bitter victory |
Beschreibung: | 718 S. |
ISBN: | 9788373266285 |
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650 | 4 | |a Weltkrieg (1939-1945) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804140994149482496 |
---|---|
adam_text | Spis rzeczy
Wstęp
...............................................7
Rozdział
1
Ostatnie miesiące sojuszu brytyjsko-polskiego
.......................13
1.1.
Na przełomie wojny i
pokoj u
.............................13
1.2.
Porzucenie sojuszniczego rządu RP na wychodźstwie przez rządy
Wielkiej Brytanii i Stanów Zjednoczonych
.....................68
Rozdział
2
Preliminaria
-
Londyn i Warszawa o Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie
latem roku
1945......................................96
2.1.
Władze RP na obczyźnie a plany administracji brytyjskiej wobec PSZ
na Zachodzie
.....................................96
2.2.
Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie w bilateralnych relacjach Rządu
Jego Królewskiej Mości i Tymczasowego Rządu Jedności Narodowej
.... 155
Rozdział
3
Brytyjskie weto wobec żądania TRJN przejęcia dowództwa nad PSZ
na Zachodzie
-
jesień
1945
roku
............................214
3.1.
Generał Karol Świerczewski dowódcą PSZ na Zachodzie?!
..........214
3.2.
Misja wojskowa gen. Izydora Modelskiego w Wielkiej Brytanii
........229
3.3.
Antecedencje oświadczenia TRJN z
14
lutego
1946
roku
............279
Rozdział
4
Rząd brytyjski
demobilizuje PSZ
na Zachodzie
-
utworzenie Polskiego
Korpusu Przysposobienia i Rozmieszczenia,
1946-1949..............335
4.1.
Kalkulacje brytyjskie poprzedzające decyzję o demobilizacji PSZ
na Zachodzie
.....................................335
4.2.
Zapowiedź demobilizacji PSZ na Zachodzie i jej realizacja
...........395
Rozdział
5
Wracać czy nie wracać
-
dramat wyboru: opór
-
emigracja
-
repatriacja
.......507
5.1.
Opór
.........................................507
5.2.
Emigracja, repatriacja
................................561
Spis rzeczy
Epilog
1.
Na
obczyźnie
..................................... 586
2.
Wkraju
........................................ 594
Zakończenie
......................................... 620
Załączniki
........................................... 631
Bibliografia
.......................................... 688
Wykaz skrótów
....................................... 699
Spis załączników
....................................... 704
Indeks osób
.......................................... 706
A Bitter Victory: The Fate of the Polish Armed Forces in the West after
the Second War,
1945-1949
(Summary)
....................... 716
A Bitter Victory: The Fate of the Polish Armed Forces
in the West after the Second War,
1945-1949
(Summary)
The fate of the Polish Armed Forces in the West after the Second War was a dramatic
one, and one that they did not deserve. This monograph is an attempt to reconstruct that
fate and record it for future generations. It was the fate of soldiers who, from the first day
of the conflict on
1
September
1939,
remained loyal allies of the Western democracies.
However, as a result of decisions made at the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences,
they became losers and victors simultaneously. The legally constituted civil and military
authorities of the Polish Republic in exile had always directed their efforts to securing the
victory of the anti-Hitler coalition, in the hope that this would open the path to a free and
independent Poland.
In July
1945,
the British and American governments recognized the Warsaw govern¬
ment
-
the Provisional Government of National Unity
-
which had existed for only few
days and was dominated by communists. This decision determined once and for all the
status of the legally constituted authorities of the Polish Republic. It meant the rejection of
the constitutional, allied Government of the Polish Republic. The immediate consequence
of this decision was
-
as far as the British government was concerned
-
that the leading
Polish authorities in exile lost the right to carry out their duties. Authorities affected were
the President of the Republic of Poland, the Commander-in-Chief, the Government of
the Polish Republic, and the Minister of Defence. As a consequence, command over the
Polish Armed Forces in the West was assumed by the British. They wished to dispose of
the Polish Army in the West as quickly as possible. In July
1945,
this consisted of
230 000
troops, and in December
1945
of around
250 000.
Because Poland now fell within the Soviet sphere of influence Poles in the West
were faced with having to answer the dramatic question
-
to return or not to return
to Poland.
The dramatic situation of Polish soldiers in the West was made more so by the policy
of the British Government to dispose of its recent ally. The Provisional Government of
National Unity officially declared itself ready to take all soldiers of the Polish Armed
Forces in the West, with only some exceptions. However, the Warsaw government, in
A Bitter Victory: The Fate of the Polish Armed Forces.
.. 717
reality, did a great deal to make sure that as few soldiers as possible returned to Poland,
especially before the first post-war elections in the country. The communists showed par¬
ticular hostility towards soldiers of General Anders s Second Polish Corps, which had
been saved from Russia. Source materials indicate that the communists primary aim was
not the repatriation of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, but their liquidation. They
also wished to disperse the soldiers, for preference in countries outside Europe.
To the great disappointment and concern of the British, the matter of the repatria¬
tion of soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces in the West proved to be a difficult process
and one that could not be quickly concluded. Despite officially declaring full support
for the process of repatriation, the Warsaw government worked against it. Communist
terror in Poland and falsified election results made a return from the West to Poland
impossible for thousands of Poles, including soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces and
their families. Large numbers of soldiers of the Second Polish Corps, saved from trans¬
portation into the depths of Soviet Russia, rejected repatriation; they had no wish to re¬
new their acquaintance with the NKVD.
The British government quickly realised that the Provisional Government of National
Unity
-
despite official declarations urging return
-
was in reality doing everything to ensure
that as few soldiers as possible of the Polish Armed Forces returned to Poland. That was also
the interpretation of the Warsaw government s policy on the part of Poles who recognised
the Government of the Republic of Poland abroad. Here one can point to the declaration
of
9
August
1945,
which was characteristic for the policy of the Provisional Government
of National Unity. This declaration contains an ambiguous formulation of its desire that all
soldiers return as soon as possible, with the exception of antidemocratic and fascist elements.
Of course, the criterion for making such a judgment belonged exclusively to the Warsaw
government. Other examples of the ways in which the Provisional Government of National
Unity blocked repatriation were the curious and perfidious demand of the Warsaw govern¬
ment that the British transfer command of all the Polish Armed Forces in the West to the
former Red Army general
Karol Świerczewski,
and also its taking Polish citizenship away
from five generals and several high ranking officers of the Polish Army in the West.
The British government refused to transfer command over the Polish Armed Forces
in the West. The communists used this refusal as an excuse to issue a declaration on
14
February
1946
withdrawing recognition of the Polish Armed Forces as part of the Pol¬
ish Army. In this situation the British government decided to conduct the demobilization
of soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces in the West who refused repatriation. They decided
to do this through preparing them for civilian life within the framework of the Polish Re¬
settlement Corps, which existed from September
1946
to September
1949.
Signing up for
the Polish Resettlement Corps did not make repatriation or emigration (re-emigration)
impossible. One should note that the British government could not tolerate the further
existence of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, above all because of the politicisation
of the problem by the Warsaw government, and thus by Moscow, but also because of the
difficult internal situation in Great Britain.
718
A Bitter Victory: The Fate of the Polish Armed Forces.
..
The Polish authorities abroad were deprived of any possibility of determining the fate
of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and had to accept the decisions of the British gov¬
ernment. Therefore they did not actively protest against the British policy
oí
fait accom¬
pli
-
withdrawing recognition from them, the decision to demobilise the Polish Armed
Forces in the West, and creating the Polish Resettlement Corps even before elections in
Poland. (The Warsaw government postponed elections to the
Sejm
to January
1947,
and
falsified the results.) The powerful elite within Polish
emigré
circles realised that they
could under no circumstances undertake actions that would worsen their already dif¬
ficult relations with the Western democracies.
Communist terror tactics in Poland meant that the majority of soldiers of the Polish
Armed Forces in the West and their families decided, against their will, to remain abroad,
and to bear the heavy load of exile. Fate was not kind to those who opted for repatriation.
About
105,000
soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces in the West returned to Poland, the
majority of them soldiers who had earlier been forced to serve in the
Wehrmacht.
All
were persecuted, many thrown into prison, and others executed.
In General Anders and the Soldiers of the Second Polish Corps
(1997),
the American
scholar Harvey Sarner writes: The fate of Poland and its citizens was being disposed
of almost as if Poland was a defeated country rather than a loyal ally of the Western
democracies.
The eloquent, symbolic sign of the fate of the Polish Armed Forces in the West after
the Second War is their absence from the Victory Parade on
8
June
1946
in London.
Translated by David Malcolm
|
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author | Nurek, Mieczysław 1945- |
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era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-1949 gnd |
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illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:08:49Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788373266285 |
language | Polish |
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publishDate | 2009 |
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spelling | Nurek, Mieczysław 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1082298166 aut Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 Mieczysław Nurek Gdańsk Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego 2009 718 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: A bitter victory Poland / Polskie Siły Zbrojne Poland. Polskie Siły Zbrojne Polen Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie (DE-588)4439480-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-1949 gnd rswk-swf Soldiers / Poland Polish people / Foreign countries / History / 20th century Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1939-1945) Polish people Foreign countries History 20th century Soldiers Poland Poland / Armed Forces / History / World War, 1939-1945 Poland / Foreign relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Foreign relations / Poland Großbritannien Polen Great Britain Foreign relations Poland Poland Armed Forces History World War, 1939-1945 Poland Foreign relations Great Britain Polen Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie (DE-588)4439480-9 b Geschichte 1945-1949 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018865285&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018865285&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Nurek, Mieczysław 1945- Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 Poland / Polskie Siły Zbrojne Poland. Polskie Siły Zbrojne Polen Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie (DE-588)4439480-9 gnd Soldiers / Poland Polish people / Foreign countries / History / 20th century Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1939-1945) Polish people Foreign countries History 20th century Soldiers Poland |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4439480-9 |
title | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 |
title_auth | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 |
title_exact_search | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 |
title_full | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 Mieczysław Nurek |
title_fullStr | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 Mieczysław Nurek |
title_full_unstemmed | Gorycz zwycięstwa los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 Mieczysław Nurek |
title_short | Gorycz zwycięstwa |
title_sort | gorycz zwyciestwa los polskich sil zbrojnych na zachodzie po ii wojnie swiatowej 1945 1949 |
title_sub | los Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie po II wojnie światowej 1945 - 1949 |
topic | Poland / Polskie Siły Zbrojne Poland. Polskie Siły Zbrojne Polen Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie (DE-588)4439480-9 gnd Soldiers / Poland Polish people / Foreign countries / History / 20th century Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1939-1945) Polish people Foreign countries History 20th century Soldiers Poland |
topic_facet | Poland / Polskie Siły Zbrojne Poland. Polskie Siły Zbrojne Polen Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie Soldiers / Poland Polish people / Foreign countries / History / 20th century Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1939-1945) Polish people Foreign countries History 20th century Soldiers Poland Poland / Armed Forces / History / World War, 1939-1945 Poland / Foreign relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Foreign relations / Poland Großbritannien Polen Great Britain Foreign relations Poland Poland Armed Forces History World War, 1939-1945 Poland Foreign relations Great Britain |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018865285&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018865285&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nurekmieczysław goryczzwyciestwalospolskichsiłzbrojnychnazachodziepoiiwojnieswiatowej19451949 |