An introduction to sustainable transportation: policy, planning and implementation
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Earthscan
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst. cm |
| ISBN: | 9781844076642 9781844076659 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV035951802 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20100816 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 100114s2010 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a GBA9B1732 |2 dnb | ||
| 020 | |a 9781844076642 |9 978-1-8440-7664-2 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781844076659 |9 978-1-8440-7665-9 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)463622469 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV035951802 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-91 |a DE-83 |a DE-2070s | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a HE147.65 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 388/.049 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a AR 27700 |0 (DE-625)8622: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a BAU 871f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Schiller, Preston L. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to sustainable transportation |b policy, planning and implementation |c Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Earthscan |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 342 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Transportation / Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable development | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nachhaltigkeit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable development | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transportation |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verkehrspolitik |0 (DE-588)4062955-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verkehrsmittel |0 (DE-588)4062947-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verkehrsplanung |0 (DE-588)4062954-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Transport |0 (DE-588)4060680-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nachhaltigkeit |0 (DE-588)4326464-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltschutz |0 (DE-588)4061644-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |8 1\p |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Verkehrsplanung |0 (DE-588)4062954-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Verkehrsmittel |0 (DE-588)4062947-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Transport |0 (DE-588)4060680-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Nachhaltigkeit |0 (DE-588)4326464-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Umweltschutz |0 (DE-588)4061644-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Verkehrspolitik |0 (DE-588)4062955-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bruun, Eric Christian |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018808845&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018808845 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140945286889472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: An introduction to sustainable transportation
Autor: Schiller, Preston L.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix
Acknowledgements xvii
Foreword ÷ß÷
Introduction and Overview ÷÷ú
1 A Highly Mobile Planet and Its Challenges: Automobile Dependence,
Equity and Inequity 1
Sustainable transportation 1
What is sustainable transportation about? 1
Unsustainable transportation: The magnitude of the problem 3
Hypermobility 3
The problems of automobile dependence 7
Equity and auto dependence 16
Conclusions 21
2 Automobile Cities, the Car Culture and Alternative Possibilities 25
Introduction 25
Walking cities, transit cities and automobile cities 25
Additional lessons from city types 29
Car culture 31
Tourism: The car culture evolves into the fly-drive and
recreational vehicle cultures 42
Conclusions 46
3 History of Sustainable and Unsustainable Transportation:
From Walking to Wheels and Back to Walking 51
Transportation history: The intersection of modes, infrastructure and society 51
Transportation infrastructure: From animal paths to Good Roads 63
The rise of automobility 66
Rail and railways 74
Maritime and water travel 75
Feat of flying 76
Telecommunications and transportation 77
Lessons for sustainable transportation 78
4 Modes, Roads and Routes: Technologies, Infrastructure,
Functions and Interrelatedness 87
Introduction 87
In-town modes: Getting to work, school, shopping, services and recreation 88
Regional-metropolitan area modes: Long commutes, regional services,
recreation, peak demand 102
vi AN INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
The barrier effects of different rights of way 104
Long distance: Modes and types of travel 105
Sustainability considerations 113
Futuristic modes 118
Conclusions 120
5 Moving Freight, Logistics and Supply Chains in a More
Sustainable Direction 123
Introduction and overview 123
Background to current freight movement factors 125
Factors that shape freight movement: Supply chains, logistical systems
and shipping strategies 125
Problems of global supply chains 138
Total logistics cost: Widgets near or widgets far? 139
Elements aimed at increasing freight sustainability 140
Considerations of policy change 148
De-globalization of freight? 150
6 Transportation Economics and Investment: Improving Analysis
and Investment Strategies 153
Introduction 153
Basic concepts and principles 154
Current evaluation methods 155
Hidden and intentional subsidies and externalities 159
Opportunity costs 167
Critique of current methods with respect to sustainable outcomes 171
Regulation versus pricing 172
Time-area: An important tool for analysing a transportation investment 174
Moving public policy and investment evaluation towards
promoting sustainability 174
Case studies 179
7 Public Policy and Effective Citizen Participation: Leadership, Deliberation,
Back-Casting, Scenarios, Visualization and Visioning 189
The public, policy and participation 189
Transportation policy: From mobility promotion to mobility management
and sustainability 190
The public and participation 196
Public participation in transportation 200
From business as usual to sustainability in transportation 210
CONTENTS Vil
8 A New Planning Paradigm: From Integrated Planning,
Policy and Mobility Management to Repair, Regeneration
and Renewal 217
Lessons learned from preceding chapters 217
The recognition of the need for a new paradigm:
The Buchanan Report and its critics 221
Overview of the new paradigm: Integrated policy-making,
planning and mobility management 223
Towards better management of existing transportation features 223
Integrated planning 228
Moving from planning and policy to regeneration, repair and renewal 236
Sustainable transportation agenda and priorities 253
From the new paradigm to its embodiment 253
9 Exemplars of Sustainable Transportation: Walking the Talk in Vancouver,
Portland, Boulder, Freiburg, Seoul and Surabaya 259
Introduction 259
The exemplars 261
Conclusions 295
10 Conclusion: Growing More Exemplars 299
Necessities for growing more exemplars 299
Success builds success: The power of demonstration projects 308
Appendix 1: Transit Primer 313
Appendix 2: Sustainable Transportation Resources Toolbox 319
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 323
Glossary 327
Index 329
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Schiller, Preston L. Bruun, Eric Christian Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. |
| author_facet | Schiller, Preston L. Bruun, Eric Christian Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Schiller, Preston L. |
| author_variant | p l s pl pls e c b ec ecb j r k jr jrk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035951802 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HE147 |
| callnumber-raw | HE147.65 |
| callnumber-search | HE147.65 |
| callnumber-sort | HE 3147.65 |
| callnumber-subject | HE - Transportation and Communications |
| classification_rvk | AR 27700 |
| classification_tum | BAU 871f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)463622469 (DE-599)BVBBV035951802 |
| dewey-full | 388/.049 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 388 - Transportation |
| dewey-raw | 388/.049 |
| dewey-search | 388/.049 |
| dewey-sort | 3388 249 |
| dewey-tens | 380 - Commerce, communications, transportation |
| discipline | Allgemeines Bauingenieurwesen Wirtschaftswissenschaften Verkehrstechnik |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02633nam a2200637 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035951802</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20100816 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">100114s2010 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBA9B1732</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781844076642</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-8440-7664-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781844076659</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-8440-7665-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)463622469</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV035951802</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-91</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-2070s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">HE147.65</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">388/.049</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AR 27700</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)8622:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BAU 871f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schiller, Preston L.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">An introduction to sustainable transportation</subfield><subfield code="b">policy, planning and implementation</subfield><subfield code="c">Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Earthscan</subfield><subfield code="c">2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXVI, 342 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield><subfield code="c">cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Transportation / Environmental aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sustainable development</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nachhaltigkeit</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Umwelt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sustainable development</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Transportation</subfield><subfield code="x">Environmental aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Verkehrspolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062955-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Verkehrsmittel</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062947-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Verkehrsplanung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062954-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Transport</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4060680-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nachhaltigkeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4326464-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Umweltschutz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061644-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123623-3</subfield><subfield code="a">Lehrbuch</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Verkehrsplanung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062954-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Verkehrsmittel</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062947-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Transport</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4060680-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Nachhaltigkeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4326464-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Umweltschutz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061644-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Verkehrspolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062955-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bruun, Eric Christian</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kenworthy, Jeffrey R.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018808845&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018808845</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV035951802 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:08:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781844076642 9781844076659 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018808845 |
| oclc_num | 463622469 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-2070s |
| physical | XXVI, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst. cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Earthscan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schiller, Preston L. Verfasser aut An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy 1. publ. London [u.a.] Earthscan 2010 XXVI, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst. cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Transportation / Environmental aspects Sustainable development Nachhaltigkeit Umwelt Transportation Environmental aspects Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd rswk-swf Verkehrsmittel (DE-588)4062947-8 gnd rswk-swf Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd rswk-swf Transport (DE-588)4060680-6 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 s Verkehrsmittel (DE-588)4062947-8 s Transport (DE-588)4060680-6 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 s 2\p DE-604 Bruun, Eric Christian Verfasser aut Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018808845&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Schiller, Preston L. Bruun, Eric Christian Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation Transportation / Environmental aspects Sustainable development Nachhaltigkeit Umwelt Transportation Environmental aspects Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd Verkehrsmittel (DE-588)4062947-8 gnd Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd Transport (DE-588)4060680-6 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062955-7 (DE-588)4062947-8 (DE-588)4062954-5 (DE-588)4060680-6 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation |
| title_auth | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation |
| title_full | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy |
| title_short | An introduction to sustainable transportation |
| title_sort | an introduction to sustainable transportation policy planning and implementation |
| title_sub | policy, planning and implementation |
| topic | Transportation / Environmental aspects Sustainable development Nachhaltigkeit Umwelt Transportation Environmental aspects Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd Verkehrsmittel (DE-588)4062947-8 gnd Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd Transport (DE-588)4060680-6 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Transportation / Environmental aspects Sustainable development Nachhaltigkeit Umwelt Transportation Environmental aspects Verkehrspolitik Verkehrsmittel Verkehrsplanung Transport Umweltschutz Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018808845&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schillerprestonl anintroductiontosustainabletransportationpolicyplanningandimplementation AT bruunericchristian anintroductiontosustainabletransportationpolicyplanningandimplementation AT kenworthyjeffreyr anintroductiontosustainabletransportationpolicyplanningandimplementation |