Vndiqve Victores: wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Katowice
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach
2666 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. franz. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 458, [2] s., [56] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill. 25 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788322617953 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140822618177536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
Część pierwsza
Imago
mundi
Świat rzymski i świat barbarzyńców
w źródłach numizmatycznych
Wprowadzenie
........................... 33
Rozdział
1.
Imperium
Romanům:
fines,
prov
inciae
............. 43
Rozdział
2.
Imperium
Romanům:
Roma
................. 93
Rozdział
3.
Alter
orbis
......................... 129
Część druga
Gentium victor orbisque possessor
Elementy mitu cesarza zwycięskiego
w wyobrażeniach monetarnych
Wprowadzenie
........................... 175
Rozdziali.
Virtutes Augusti......................
181
Rozdział
2.
Undüjue vktores
—
ubique
barbari
............... 233
Rozdział
3.
Rector
orbis
........................ 297
5
Zakończenie
............................. 341
%
ся
%
Bibliografia
............................. 355
Dzieła autorów antycznych i późnoantycznych
............ 355
Inskrypcje,
fasti
consulares,
papirusy, źródła prawnicze
........ 362
Korpusy monet, katalogi kolekcji, opracowania źródeł numizmatycznych
363
Opracowania ogólne
....................... 370
Wykaz skrótów
........................... 413
Tytuły katalogów, czasopism, wydawnictw, wydania źródeł
...... 413
Autorzy antyczni i późnoantyczni
................. 415
Imiona władców w katalogach i korpusach monet
.......... 418
Indeksy
............................... 421
Indeks postaci antycznych
..................... 421
Indeks nazw etnicznych i geograficznych
.............. 428
Indeks autorów i współtwórców nowożytnych
............ 433
Summary
.............................. 449
Resume
............................... 455
Agata Aleksandra Kluczek
VNDIQVE
VÍCTORES
The image of the
Roman
rule over the world
in the minting of the Golden Age of the
Antonine
dynasty
and the times of 3rd century crisis
—
a comparative study
Summary
The work is devoted to the images of the Roman emperor s power, its thematic
background being the idea of the Roman rule over the world. The work aims to de¬
fine the scope within which the very idea was functions, and the way it was deve¬
loped in the imperial propaganda of the Golden Age of the
Antonine
dynasty and
the times of the 3rd century crisis, as well as a comparison of the image of the Ro¬
man control over the world promoted in these two epochs, it constituting the most
important aim.
The research task formulated in this way influences the fundamental basis of the
analysis, it being the numismatic sources. Imperial coins had a special impact on the
transmission of ideological information and motives in the Roman Empire. Besides,
it is merely the imperial coins that constitute a homogeneous group of research ex¬
ploration for the two epochs and allow for the formation of a common and identical
basis of inference. A disproportion of quantity and quality of other source materials
causes the situation in which an attempt to compare any of the propaganda motives
in the very periods of time, based on the analysis of other sources such as ancient
literature, epigraphies, monumental art
—
which fulfill the requirement of comple-
mentariness only for one at the epochs and are too few for the other one, is doomed
to be fruitless. Nevertheless, the references to both of them will show the location
and understanding of some ideas in the Roman tradition, as well as update and ex¬
plain or confirm what derives from the research on the imperial coins, them being
primary for the issue in question.
The work consists of two parts. The attention is paid to three categories, i.e.:
Imperium
Romanům,
the world of Barbarians and the emperor, though they do not
strictly correspond to particular chapters. The first part entitled Imago
mundi .
The
Roman and the Barbarian worlds in numismatic sources attempts to reconstruct imago
mundi
or the structure of the world deriving from the monetary images. It is com¬
posed of three chapters.
449
29 -
Vndiqve.
..
ËP
The chapter
Imperium
Romanům: fines,
provinciáé
discusses the borders and
struc¬
li
ture
of the Roman state from a geographical perspective. It gives information on
| a poor presentation of the Roman borders in the imperial propaganda. It also pro-
^
vides a
map of the Roman Empire which can be portrayed as a mosaic consisting of
various details: provinces, lands, towns, rivers or as a sum of some important areas.
It indicates the role of an emperor in this whole as outlined in the propaganda on
the basis of the monetary issues reflecting provinces .
The chapter
Imperium
Romanům:
Roma depicts references in minting to Rome/
Urbs, which was the germ of the world empire, as well as the way the Rome motive
was connected with the subject of Roman victories over alien peoples. The subject
of analysis is also the issue of legitimization of the emperor s power. Thus, the de¬
liberations show the sense and scope of Rome being treated by propaganda as
caput
mundi
and
sedes
imperii.
The very notions are treated in a geographical, but above all,
metaphorical way. The former,
caput
mundi,
concerns the primacy of Rome on a given
territorial whole, the lather,
sedes
imperii,
expresses the relationships between Rome
and the ruler holding of
imperium.
The issues are outlined against the background
the changes appearing in the Roman Empire and manifesting themselves in the dis¬
count of Rome s political role in favour of provincial centres.
The chapter Alter
orbis
presents a general structure and characteristic of the Bar¬
barian world as read out from the images on the imperial coins. It deals with such
issues as giving names to Barbarian tribes and peoples, the political organization of
the Barbarians, the cultural diversification of those inhabiting the Barbarian world,
a stereotypical picture of a northern and eastern Barbarian. Also, it considers the na¬
ture of the relationship between the Barbarians and Romans: in the imperial pro¬
paganda it was defined by victoria
Romana
slogans, concerning mainly war confron¬
tations, as well as rex datus slogans, in which case it refers to peaceful relations.
The evolution of the representations of Barbarians in the imperial minting, from his¬
torical to abstract ones, is also discussed here.
The second part of the work Gentium victor orbisque possessor . The elements of
the myth of a victorious emperor in the monetary images is devoted to selected aspects
of the myth of the world s ruler. The motives that are related to Roman s superior¬
ity over alien peoples clarify the methods of becoming the lord of the world, them
being fight and victory, as well as define an array of qualities of the one who is the
ruler of the world, and his aspirations for a common domination. This part is con¬
structed of three chapters.
The chapter Virtutes
Augusti
concerns an ideological image of the Roman rul¬
er who becomes the lord of the world thanks to his divine virtues and as a result of
his war actions and achievements. The basic premise of the analysis is the presence
of the motive of a Barbarian or its equivalent in the monetary iconography. Accord¬
ing to this criterion the superiority and control of a Roman-emperor over the inhabi¬
tants of the extra-Roman world are presented through several virtues such as: virtus
Augusti,
victoria
Augusti,
dementia
Augusti
and
felicitas
Augusti.
The chapter Undique
Víctores — ubique barbari
concerns various semantic fields
in which the Barbarian motive which was the function of a victorious ruler myth
appeared in the iconography of coins. They are subjected to the three main issues:
fight, submission and dominance while the image of the victorious emperor can be
placed on two levels: the theatre of the victories over the external enemies and the
450
theatre of the political advantage over the neighbouring countries; and the spheres
of life in which the power of the winner is realized. The creation of an emperor as g>
the lord of the world is presented here in its dynamic dimension, i.e. in the course |
of becoming the ruler of the (whole) world, not just remaining the head of the Ro-
Ą
man state. The Roman control over the world can only be realized in action, main¬
ly in the armed fight.
The chapter Rector
orbis
concernes
the extent of the Roman emperor s world
control, defined by such notions as:
orbis
(terrarum) and genus
humánum.
These are
set in a wide semantic field. They do not denote a definite area or a real territory,
but are always subordinate to ideological-political reasons and can be understood
as the Roman world or as the whole world. It allows for placing the issue of rule
over the world in the sphere of reality or abstraction. Also, it shows the develop¬
ment of the thought of the Roman control over the world in the ideology of the Ro¬
man emperor s power, and attempts to explain the origin of an increasing populari¬
ty of the subject-matter in question.
The work distinguishes thematic groups of the representations on the imperial
coins which reflect the image of the Roman rule over the world. In the propagandist
imago
mundi
the world is divided into two parts. One of them is structured by what
is Roman: the Roman Empire, its lands, provinces, towns, and Rome/ Urbs as the first
centre among them. It is complemented in its imago
mundi
with what belongs to the
other element, that is the world of Barbarians. Its image is created by, among others,
those lands, peoples, tribes, small countries and countries the Romans fought with.
On a narrow margin of the map of the outside world, formed in this way, remain
the lands inhabited by Barbarians who, came to terms with the Romans, respecting
their primacy and power. The axis of division between
Imperium
Romanům
and
the world of Barbarians is an ideological border. It stems from the permanent image
of the Romans superiority over Barbarians and the idea of victoria, fundamental for
defining their relations. Barbarians, however, in hierarchy, are higher than the Ro¬
mans. The alien world, Barbarian in the imperial propaganda, does not function
independently. It exists only in order to make the Romans win over its inhabitants
and subordinate them, and derives from the monetary images only as a product of
the current political situation concerning the Roman state. The world of Barbarians
comes into being as a result of the Romans activity. Even though the Romans war
deeds and victories have only a symbolic, and not real dimension, they condition
sine qua
non
the existence of the world of Barbarians. On the other hand, the Roman
world exists . Its existence is passive in nature as compared to the origin of the
world of Barbarians which manifests itself in the propaganda only as a result of the
Romans activity
.
It generates the problem of restricting the scope of the rule al¬
ready passively possessed by the Romans and the fact that it is in fight and action
that the myth of a great victor and the ruler of the (whole) world is born. Only such
an action will derive the elements of the outer world from the nothingness, and de¬
fine them, at the same time always subordinating them to Rome. The victory and its
fruits are available for the Roman thanks to the qualities summed up by the notion
of virtus
bellica.
The reverse of the on Roman s portrait is the one of a Barbarian.
The latter, on the other hand, always remains passive, but it is his presence that re¬
leases the Roman s qualities and makes him the ruler of the whole world, irrespec¬
tive of the territorial extent of this propagandist creation.
In the microcosm that the world creates in the imperial propaganda, the Roman
emperor is the focal point. It is the meeting point of the two big parts situated on
451
29*
ť
both sides of the ideological axis and the link joining them. It is the emperor s mili-
Ë
tary
and diplomatic actions, reduced to simple monetary images, that account for
| intricacies and arcana of the Roman policy towards the inhabitants of the Barbari-
^ an world. They also order the structure of the world as the emperor is the ruler of
the Roman world while his identification as the head ruler of the whole world takes
place in contact with Barbarians. What is important in the definition of the emper¬
or in his role of the lord of the world is the iconographical motive of the Barbarian
which refers to capturing, above all, in fight, the control over the world. In its basic
form, the image of the Roman-rule over the world remained the same in the mone¬
tary propaganda of the Golden Age of the
Antonine
dynasty and the third century
crisis. The change for worse of the relations in the outer position of the Roman Em¬
pire in the third century in comparison to its situation in the second century, which
deepened the ideological barrier between the Romans and the Barbarians caused the
situation in which the Barbarian evokes the worst associations, becoming the per¬
sonification of evil and destructive forces coming from the outside, and the concept
of the Roman-victor finds his dimensions not only in reality but in the supernatu¬
ral sphere as well.
Each monetary image, composed of an icon and, usually, an inscription, detailed
out in the descriptive and analytical part of the work, has three semantic layers which
enlighten each other and promote the title issue on various levels of abstraction. They
are: the manifested sense (a visualization and description), the primary sense (prima¬
ry connotations), the hidden sense (secondary connotations).
The method of a gradual penetration into these different formula until the deep¬
est structures of an informative transmission allows to state that the idea of a large
world empire and the Romans subordinating other peoples to their power was con¬
stantly developed in the monetary propaganda. It also permits the general obser¬
vation that in it the monetary image, defined by the VNDIQVE
VÍCTORES
legend, is
the most accurate explanation of the conception of the world s empire and the idea
of the Romans superiority over the alien. The monetary contents refer to the three
levels of the representation on which the problem of the Roman rule over the world
appeared. These are: the structuring of the world, defining the relations between the
Romans and the aliens, constructing the features of the Romans and the Barbarians
by juxtaposing them.
The undique victores slogan also defines the understanding of the Roman rule over
the world in a dynamic sequence, referring to the process of gaining, confirming or
broadening the Roman domination. The myth of the rule over the world was domi¬
nated by the war-victorious conception both in the period of the
Antonine
monar¬
chy and in the time of the 3rd century crisis. However, the stylistics was different in
both of them. As a result of different influences, the propaganda of these two differ¬
ent epochs brought about two parallel images of the Roman presence in the world,
with a constant recognition of the Roman lead in it. There exists the Roman world the
lord of which is the emperor. Beyond this circle there is yet another world the exist¬
ence of which is evoked by the emperor s activity. In this sense, the Roman emper¬
or, undique victor, is in charge of the structure and order of the (whole) world in the
epoch of the
Antonine
dynasty and the period of the 3rd century crisis. Though, there
are different images of him. He can be the one who realizes
a debellare
superbos
call or
answers the parcere subiectis appeal. He can be the one who guards the Roman estates
452
or goes beyond them. His victory may refer to the real sphere or cross it, his fight
may have all the hallmarks of an offensive fight or the one conducted only to defend
the state of possession. Invariably, though, it is him who is the measure of the world.
Above all the emperor remained the lord of the Roman world, ideologically ori¬
ented around the Roma motive. Excursions in the monetary images to the outer world
are the phenomenon which, in the propaganda of both epochs, causes the greatest
amplitudes in the images of the Roman rule over the world. Different solutions of
the same issues applied in the period of the
Antonine
monarchy and the
235—284
half-century prove that there existed a strong interdependence between the general
political situation of
Imperium
Romanům
and the imperial propaganda. In the coin¬
age of the Golden Age of the
Antonine
dynasty, the strong empire, winning over the
fights with Barbarians, the motive defining the emperor as the ruler of the world was
less important than in the period of the 3rd century crisis when contrary to the diffi¬
cult situation of the Roman state, wider possibilities of the understanding of the idea
as a call to rule over alien nations, with the recognition of the confinement of the ac¬
tual Roman world were observed. It always, however, gave the attractiveness of the
identification with what was Roman.
The nature of the research problem is a comparison of the presence of the ti¬
tle idea in two selected epochs. The search covers: common and different features of
the monetary propaganda cultivated in them (universalizing comparisons), specific
solutions in narrower time spaces, constituting two epochs (variant comparisons),
unique images defining the originality of the propaganda of definite emperors (in¬
dividualizing comparisons).
The tables serve the purpose of highlighting the differences and similarities of
the propaganda. They illustrate the presence or absence of given topics in the impe¬
rial minting and ideological concept of both epochs in their shorter phases:
96—117,
117—161,161—192,
as well as
235—249,249—268/269,268—284.
Operating with long
chronological distances, defined by the duration of the Golden Age of the
Antonine
dynasty and the third century crisis, allowed to capture the general tendencies in the
propaganda of both epochs. The interactions between the political policies of the rul¬
ers, events and atmosphere they evoked, the extent of the development of the ideolo¬
gy of the imperial power, on the other hand, gave different images of the Roman rule
over the world as a result of mutual permeation in their particular phases.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kluczek, Agata Aleksandra 19XX- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1207774073 |
| author_facet | Kluczek, Agata Aleksandra 19XX- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kluczek, Agata Aleksandra 19XX- |
| author_variant | a a k aa aak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035849939 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0945727 (OCoLC)643458838 (DE-599)BVBBV035849939 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Römisches Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV035849939 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:06:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322617953 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018708020 |
| oclc_num | 643458838 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 458, [2] s., [56] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill. 25 cm. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1003 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach |
| series2 | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach |
| spelling | Kluczek, Agata Aleksandra 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1207774073 aut Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze Agata Aleksandra Kluczek Wyd. 1. Katowice Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego 2009 458, [2] s., [56] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - zahlr. Ill. 25 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach 2666 Zsfassung in engl. u. franz. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Münzbildnis (DE-588)4308642-1 gnd rswk-swf Weltherrschaft (DE-588)4450646-6 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Weltherrschaft (DE-588)4450646-6 s Münzbildnis (DE-588)4308642-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach 2666 (DE-604)BV021463076 2666 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018708020&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018708020&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kluczek, Agata Aleksandra 19XX- Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach Münzbildnis (DE-588)4308642-1 gnd Weltherrschaft (DE-588)4450646-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4308642-1 (DE-588)4450646-6 (DE-588)4076778-4 |
| title | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze |
| title_auth | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze |
| title_exact_search | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze |
| title_full | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze Agata Aleksandra Kluczek |
| title_fullStr | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze Agata Aleksandra Kluczek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vndiqve Victores wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze Agata Aleksandra Kluczek |
| title_short | Vndiqve Victores |
| title_sort | vndiqve victores wizja rzymskiego wladztwa nad swiatem w mennictwie zlotego wieku antoninow i doby kryzysu iii wieku studium porownawcze |
| title_sub | wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku : studium porównawcze |
| topic | Münzbildnis (DE-588)4308642-1 gnd Weltherrschaft (DE-588)4450646-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Münzbildnis Weltherrschaft Römisches Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018708020&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018708020&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021463076 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kluczekagataaleksandra vndiqvevictoreswizjarzymskiegowładztwanadswiatemwmennictwiezłotegowiekuantoninowidobykryzysuiiiwiekustudiumporownawcze |