Trogloditite: nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Varna
Izdat. Slavena
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Troglodytes |
| Beschreibung: | 58 S., [16] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789545797873 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Убод
5
Таинстбеншпе пещери, гробобе
и Жертбеници по
Българското Себерно Черноморие.
Пърбите изследобатели
6
Кой е построил паметниците?
Троглодитите сред траки,
кари, гърци и римляни
13
Оюкителстбото на култури
-
морска и мегалитна.
Корабоплаване и пристанища
24
Морето поглъща историята.
Дребните историци разказбат...
30
Да съхраним културата на троглодитите
38
Избрана литература
42
Resume
44
Приложение
59
TROGLODYTES:
THE
ROCK-CULTURE
OF THE THRACIANS
ALONG THE
WEST COAST
OF THE BLACK SEA
IVAN HRISTOV
INTRODUCTION
The lands around Cape Kaliakra, the vil¬
lage of
Kamen Bryag
and Tyulenovo are prob¬
ably the most attractive, filled with romance
and mystery places along the Bulgarian coast
of the Black Sea. For most of the ex- and
present students, the northern coast of the
Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea presents em¬
blematic places like the eternal small fire
near Yuailata Locality, the sights for climbing
near Tyulenovo and the many caves in the
high and rocky coast in the north of Cape
Kaliakra.
In contrast to the highly urbanized
southern part of our seacoast, the northern
seacoast stiE offers tens of kilometers of pre¬
served environment combined with many
historical sites to those who love adventures
and traveling. (111.
1)
Obviously, the lack of lands comfortable
for building and fast developing hotel busi¬
ness, as well as the lack of broad beaches,
preconditioned the preservation of many ar¬
chaeological sites dating in broad chronologi¬
cal frames. Most popular are the rock-monu¬
ments (caves that were additionally shaped by
human hands, tombs and sanctuaries) that
are situated mostly along the coast between
Varna and Shabla.
Unfortunately, their destiny is left to the
vagaries of nature forces (earthquakes, land¬
slips off the coast, etc.) and, thus, many of
them are already lost for good for the next
generations.
The aim of this book is to jog the mem¬
ory of the rich culture-historical heritage of
Dobrudzha, which unfortunately remains en¬
dangered. The rock-monuments that will be
described and richly illustrated in the book
were exploited by people called by the ancient
historians Troglodytes (Troglodytae), literally
-
cave goers.
Troglodytes was not an ethnonym, i.e. a
name of a tribe, but an ethnographic descrip¬
tion of people that lived in close association
with the rock cavities, and developed a spe¬
cific megalithic culture. It is perfectly logical
that the everyday life of the Troglodytes was
closely connected with the sea. Thus, this
short book reminds this close association be¬
tween the sea culture and the people from
the caves.
The Mysterious Caves, Graves and Altars
dong
the Northern Bulgarian Coast of the
Black Sea. The First Explorers
The Czech scholars, the brothers Herman
and
Karel Schkorpil
were the earliest explor¬
ers to note the ancient monuments along the
western coast of the Black Sea
-
in the north
of
Odessus (pres.
Varna) and in Dobrudzha.
The monuments, which were diligently illus¬
trated with drawings and plans, are situated
from Cape Kaliakra to
Mangalia
(Romania)
in the north and in the west
-
to the present
town of Dobrich and its surroundings.
Herman and
Karel
Schkorpil founded
the Bulgarian archaeological science. Their
contribution
to the drawing up of the archae¬
ological map of Bulgaria is significant even
today. Their diligence in the making of the
documentation of the hundreds of archaeo¬
logical sites they visited is outstanding. Their
data is of particular value in respect to those
monuments that had been subjected eventu¬
ally to new destruction, both by man and
nature, as they comprise information about
remains irrevocably lost for science.
In the remote
1892
the two Schkorpil
brothers published a description of Northeast¬
ern Bulgaria in respect to its geography and
archaeology in the Collection of Folklore,
Science and Literature. The descriptions of
tens of archaeological rock-monuments situ¬
ated in the so-called seaside colonies are of
particular interest. The Schkorpil brothers had
in mind the seaside colonies of Dobrudzha
that started from the Romanian town of
Mangalia,
and reaching the Cape Kaliakra.
Many rock-burials, burials covered with stone
slabs, stone altars, menhirs and single man
worked caves were noted· as early as by that
time. All these monuments were situated in
the rocky and high Black Sea coast itself.
The explorers describe in a greatest detail the
dimensions of the sites, as well as names,
legends and scarce information about finds.
The general conclusion reached by the Czech
scholars was that the rock-colonies were much
older that the known strongholds along the
shore, and should be associated with a larger
megalithic culture. (111.
2)
During the century passed the archaeo¬
logical rock-sites described by the Schkorpil
brothers were sporadically studied on the
background of enhanced interest of histo¬
rians and archaeologists in the Greek city-
colonies, the Thracian fortified places, tomb
necropoleis and settlements along the coast.
The rock-tombs were studied after the
Schkorpil brothers in the
80s.
According to
Peter Delev, certain similarity of the tombs
with the megalithic constructions from the
Southeastern Thrace was found, which prede¬
fines an early date for the sites.
The archaeological excavations in some
tombs situated on the coast between Cape
Kaliakra and Cape Tyulenovo offered new
data concerning the burial samples and the
date of the constructions. It is noted that
while the orientation of the tombs from
Cape Kaliakra to the Yuailata Locality (the
village of
Kamen Bryag)
is west-east, those of
the necropolis of the village of
Kamen
Bryag
are oriented in various directions. According
to the explorers this is a proof that the tradi¬
tion of the tomb building should be sought
before the Christianization of the Black Sea
coastal lands in the 4th century AD.
On the other hand, it is noted that most
of the tombs were looted in ancient times,
while the grave goods in some tombs that
were spared should be dated in the period
between the
3rd
and the 5th centuries AD.
However, the possibility that these tombs
might have been used again much later, have
not been taken in account, and it should be
stressed that their number and diversity in
ancient times had been larger.
What are these tombs like?
Over
130
burial works are differentiated in
several necropoleis between cape Kaliakra and
the village of Tyulenovo. These were explored
by
Asen
Salkin and Dimitar Toptanov. The
explorers defined four major groups:
The first group includes tombs with
а г~т=-
shaft-like antechamber that leads to a rectan-
------
46
guiar
entrance to the tomb chamber. (111.
3)
The second group includes rock-tombs
with a stair-like antechamber that leads to
well-shaped tomb chambers. According to the
archaeologists these are the most precisely cut
burial works. Their chambers show additional
cuts like niches, grooves and a stone coach.
There is an opening in the top of these
chambers that had been closed with a stone
slab. It is interesting to note that a tomb was
documented in the necropolis near the village
of
Kamen Bryag
with a cut in relief stylized
image of a bull s head in its chamber.
The third group of rock works is charac¬
terized by cut in the rock pits of wash-tub
shape. They are identified as graves.
The explorers of rock-monuments along
the Bulgarian Black Sea coast defined one
other
-
fourth
-
group, the so-called cave-
tombs .
As might be expected, most of the burial
works had been robbed as early as in ancient
times. However, the archaeologists luck gave
result in the discovery of several tombs that
had been spared. They included ceramic ves¬
sels dated in the 3rd-4th centuries AD.
The skeletons found indicate that the bur¬
ied show small percentage of Mediterranean
racial signs and absolutely lack Mediterranean
gracile
features that were characteristic for the
Thracians. This would mean that the peo¬
ple who buried their dead was not a local
one but had come from elsewhere, as is also
proved by the parallels with the tomb archi¬
tecture from northeast.
Many caves that are spread along the entire
rocky seacoast should be added to the tombs
that are already popular among the tourists.
Thus, several cave colonies are situated in
the south of Cape Shabla. The largest caves
of the so-called Kaluchkyojska Colony are
Ovchata Cave, Probitata Cave
(Delik
Maara).
Stulbenata Cave is located in the south of the
latter and its reached by climbing eleven cut
in the wall steps.
There are many caves in the south of the
village of Tyulenovo. They are situated in the
rocks, most of them high above the shore and
are accessible from the plateau above or from
the sea. Halkana Cave is known by the six¬
teen cauldrons intentionally dug in the floor.
Mechata
Maara is situated in the brink of the
sea itself. It is 4m high and 126m long.
The cave city of Yuailata is situated near
the village of
Kamen
Bryag. It is distinctive
by its spacious caves that were additionally
cut to shape by man. (111.
4)
A hundred and one caves are mapped
only in the area of the so-called Golyama
Yuaila. They are situated on several levels
in the rocks, and were used for thousands
of years. The earliest archaeological artifacts
found there date from the fifth millennium
ВС.
The caves were eventually used by the
Thracians too.
The village of Bulgarevo is in the south
of
Kamen
Bryag. It is known by the many
caves in the area of the tourist s complex
of Rousalka (Kakanuk Maara,
Chemata
Cave,
Labirinta,
SS
Constantine
and Elena
Church).
George Atanasov is among the eminent
and diligent archaeologists that continued
the exploration work of the Schkorpil broth¬
ers. He noted new details in the usage of
the caves along the seashore. For example,
over two hundred naturally formed caves are
mapped along the coast between Cape Ka-
liakra and Varna, and over
50
of them had
been additionally worked by man.
Well-shaped single caves with smooth
walls and ceiling are to be seen. They had
once been insulated with wooden screens.
These were taken for monk s cells like the
ones in the Yuailata Locality near the village
of
Kamen
Bryag. Namely there was recorded
a rock-monastery, the eastern part of which is
swallowed by the sea. It was used in the ep¬
och of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. (111.
5)
By the way, all caves that were additionally
worked by man during various epochs find
their parallels in the rock-monuments of in¬
ner Dobrudzha. Starting from the rock-pla¬
teau of the village of
Vendían,
where many
rock-tombs are seen, and reaching the Danube
River, near Alfatar by a straight line, we name
an area saturated in rock-monuments that are
connected by all explorers with the Christian
cult and monks-hermits. The truth is that the
natural cavities were used as early as during
Antiquity.
The Archaeoastronomical research of a
rock-cut sanctuary in Yuailata gave interest¬
ing information about the archaeological
rock-monuments. The research was done by
a team led by
Kalin Porozhanov,
specialist in
maritime history and archaeology. (111.
6)
The sanctuary is in the northern part of
Yuailata, close to the southeastern end of
Ka¬
men
Bryag. It is situated on a distinct projec¬
tion with excellent view towards a vast part of
the eastern horizon. The smoothed platform
with the cut-in rectangular, trapezium-like and
oval shallow pits is most characteristic among
all preserved deliberately worked in the rode
elements, together with the linear and angular
incisions of various dimensions and the three-
step southeast stairs with three rock-graves at
its foot, which main axes show close azimuths
to the longitudinal axis of the sanctuary.
The main axis of the sanctuary is directed
towards the point of the winter solstice and,
according to the archaeoastronomers, refers
to the 6th
-
5th centuries
ВС.
The oldest description of such a work
reached us thanks to the ancient Greek poet
Pindar. He tells us that the Argonauts saw
dug into the rocks altar after they reached the
shore at the mouth of the Axinian Pont and
made a blood sacrifice for successful seafar¬
ing. It is accepted that this information from
the 5th century
ВС
refers to the grooves and
shallow pits in the rocks (natural or dug in
by man) that were used as altars in ancient
times. We would add it here that some of
the man cut-in the
rock
pits should have
been used for water-gathering as well as for
the gathering of the blood of the sacrificed
animal due to the large volume of the works.
That water, however, should have been used
for cult purposes, and was probably identified
with some deity of the natural forces, like the
gods of storm in Asia Minor.
Sent with the breath of the south wind,
reached me mouth of the Axinian Pont.
There, they [the Argonauts] fenced a sacred
area of the Poseidon of the sea; at first ap¬
peared a purple herd of bulls of the Thracians
and they found the newly built concave stone
altar (Pind. Pyth. IV,
203 -211,
Bowra).
Who built the monuments? The troglo¬
dytes among Thracians, Carians, Greeks and
Romans.
The
stratigraphie
analysis of tens of writ¬
ten sources gives an idea, although general,
about the historical geography, the diversity
of Thracian tribes and the settlement system
of the northeastern limits of ancient Thrace.
This is not an easy task and it includes the
analysis of data from Herodotus times to the
48
epoch in which the works of Strabo, Pompo-
nius Mela, Claudius Ptolemaus, Ammianus
Marcellinus
and
Jordanes
became popular.
The northeast lands of ancient Thrace
embraced a vast plane areas enclosed by the
valleys of the Prut and
Seret
rivers, the lower
course of the Danube River, also including
the coastal zone of
Pontus
(Black Sea). One
is impressed by the piled ethnonyms (tribal
names) concerning the inhabitants of the
zone indicated: Thracians, Carians, Scythes,
Getae, Crobizoi, Therizoi or, most generally
-
Barbarians. The data concerning the Greek
enclaves in the city-colonies on the
Pontus
and their mixed population may be consid¬
ered in a separate plan. The geographic zone
of the Northeast was a contact one for two
historical-geographic areas in the Southeast
Europe. It was characteristic with the en¬
hanced dynamics of the ethnic processes, re¬
flected most clearly in the fast changes on the
historical map of the ethnonyms, evidenced
in the literature of the period between the
6th century
ВС
and the 6th century AD.
The picture of the ethnonyms is most
clearly elucidated in the mountain of Strandzha
and the adjoining coast. Homer knew people
living in the lands between
Hebros
(Marksa
River) and Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea). They
bore the general name of Thracians and were
allies of Troy. The evidence of the combined
data from Homer s times on shows that the
term Thracians was applied once for the
people living in Southeast Thrace and twice
for people living in Asia Minor. The unity was
broken sometime after the 6th
-
5th century
ВС
with the appearance of new ethnonyms on
the historical map of Southeast Thrace: Paythi,
Apsinthoi, Tynias, and etc. Thracians around
Salmydessos
(pres. Mydia,
Turkey).
The Scyrmiades and the Nypsai were
known to have lived in the north of the real
Strandzha and on its northern slopes. The
latter probably reached in their spread as far
as East
Stara
Planina.
As a whole, the coast
and the mountainous area of Strandzha and
East
Stara
Planina
was swallowed by the po¬
litical presence of the Odrysians.
Going further north along the narrow
coastal line between the Hellenic colonies of
Tomi
(pres.
Constanţa,
Romania) and Cape
Tyrisis
(pres. Cape
Kaliakra), where, by the
way, was recorded a large group of rock-tombs
and sanctuaries, we reach the so-called
Carian
Harbor (Karon
limen).
The data is from the
time of Pomponius Mela and Arrianus (Arr
.
Perteg ,P. Eux.,35
;
P. Mela
,2 , 22).
The harbor is localized around the present
Cape Shabla, and the whole area bore the
name of
Caria
according to the ancient au¬
thors. The appearance of the toponym brings
forward a series of questions concerning the
localization of the Carians on the maps of
historical-geography. The Carians were prob¬
ably the oldest known in the written history
inhabitants of the indicated segment of the
Black Sea coast. It is only known that there
was territory called
Caria
that was localized
in Asia Minor, but the Carians themselves
were noted by Homer as being allies to the
Trojans together with Lelegians and Pelas-
gians.
(Hom., Ilias
,
X,
428)
The Carians
are considered most generally in the modern
historical science as a Pre-Hellenic population
that bore a name close to the Hittite-Luwian
language. According to Herodotus (Hdt
,
I
,17)
the Carians were island people, and they
insisted to be the autochthonous dwellers of
the continents. It is necessary to note as a
whole that their ethno-cultural characteristic
and localization most of all on the isles of
Hellas and Asia Minor, connect them to the
Thraco-Pelasgian community. Their sea he¬
gemony was famous to and after the mid 8th
century
ВС.
The names of the Thracian tribes that
were part of the tribal community of the
Getae became known on the coast considered
-
north of Odessus and Tyrisis
-
after the 8th
century
ВС.
Two-partite names like Geto-Dacians and
Thraco-Getae are applied in the scientific lit¬
erature for the Thracian tribes that inhabited
the Dobrudzha Black Sea coast. The assem¬
bled name that appeared as early as in the
6th century
ВС
in the works of the ancient
Greek historian Hecateus included tribes like
the Crobizoi, Therizoi, Matouneti and Myr-
getae.
The territory was a contact zone between
Thracians Getae and one other people
-
that
of the Scythians.
The active cultural and economic influ¬
ence of the Hellenic colonies along the coast
should not be excluded. The colonization of
the western Thracian coast of the Black Sea
was the last stage of the Greek colonization
of the Black Sea basin. The city of Mile¬
tus played specific role in this process.
Tomi
(pres.
Constanţa), Istros
(pres.
Village of
Is-
tros,
Romania), Odessus
(pres.
Varna) and
Dionysopolis
(pres. Balchik)
were founded by
settlers from there. (111.
7)
Callatis
(pres.
Mangalia)
was a colony of
the Dorian Greeks.
The origin of
Bizone (pres.
Kavarna)
is not very clear as the sources talk about
mixed population , Colonists from Mesam-
bria settled in
Bizone
towards the 5th cen¬
tury
ВС,
but even then the population of
the town remained predominantly Thracian.
The ancient
Bizone
was situated on the front
narrow part of the plateau of Chirakman,
with a total territory of about
30
decares
(7.41
acres). (111.
9)
The plateau begins in the east of the har¬
bor of Kavarna. It is limited in the south by
slopes vertically going into the sea, while in
the north it is restricted by the deep lowland
of the shepherd s springs . The earliest Thra¬
cian stronghold there dates from the Pre-Hel-
lenistic epoch and had been flanked in its
most vulnerable part by a ditch. A Thracian
settlement was discovered in the near locality
of
Adata
that had existed throughout the first
millennium
ВС.
The explorers of the region
also discovered a necropolis of the Thracian
population of
Bizone.
(Ills.
10-11)
As for Tyrisis
(pres. Kaliakra),
we may
categorically say that it had been a Thracian
town up to the Hellenistic epoch. The name
is too old and belongs to the oldest stratum
of toponyms, as old as the Bronze Age
(3500
- 1200
ВС).
(Ills.
12-13)
When writing the political history of the
Getae that lived along the
Pontic
coast, we
should mention the presence of rulers like
Dromichaites (late 4th
-
first decade of the
3rd
century
ВС)
and also the collision with
the ambitions of many Scythian rulers that
mined their coins in the mentioned above
towns.
The Roman conquest of the Black Sea
coast of the Getae begun with the campaign
of the Roman commander Marcus Terentius
Lucullus. The territory was included to the
province of Moesia (and more precisely
-
of
Lower Moesia), eventually, in the Late Antiq¬
uity, it was included to the territory of the
province of Little Scythia.
49
THE TROGLODYTES
...
The lands down on both sides of Me-
roe, along Nile to the Red Sea are inhabited
by Megabarians and Blemians that are sub¬
jected to the Ethiopians, and are neighbors
of the Egyptians; around the sea live Troglo¬
dytes, and the Troglodytes that live opposite
to Meroe are on ten or twelve days traveling
from Nile. On the left side of the course of
Nile, in Libya, live the Nubians, a numer¬
ous people, starting from Meroe as far as the
windings; they are not subjected to the Ethio¬
pians, they rule themselves and are divided in
many kingdoms
...
That is what Eratosthenes
says. (Strab.
17-2
(description of Libya after
Eratosthenes))
...
After the Scordiscians along Istros are
the lands of the Triballians and the Moesians
that we mentioned, as well as the marshlands
of the so-called Little Scythia on this side of
Istros, we mentioned them too. The tribes
particularized like the Crobizoi, and the
known as Troglodytes le ive above the places
at Callatis,
Tomi
and Istros... (Strab.
7-5-12)
The abundant literature data from ancient
times give opportunity for an additional anal¬
ysis of the ethnic and ethnographic charac¬
teristic of the population that lived along the
western coast of the Black Sea. The appear¬
ance of information from the
2nd
century
AD is an example in this direction. It con¬
cerns the tribe of the Troglodytes
-
a tribal
group or a a tribal form byword.
The Troglodytes were mentioned for the
first time in ancient Thrace by the Greek
historian and geographer Strabo in the Book
7
of his Geography (Strab.
7-5-12).
They were
localized in general plan together with the
Thracian tribe of Crobizoi above the places
at Callatis,
Tomi
and Istros . The geographic
notes are probably based on earlier literature
evidence. It is accepted that Strabo had used
for the compilation of his work parts from
works of a broad circle of authors, among
whom: Herodotus, Thucydides, Eudoxus,
Aristotle, Anaximenes, Theopompus, Artemi-
dorus, Poseidon, etc. Having in mind that
up to the 5th century
ВС
the Crobizoi are
known thanks to Herodotus as people that
lived in the lands between Yastris and Ar-
tanes (the present rivers of Osum and
Iskar),
we may assume that the evidence to which
refers Strabo date from the century to fol¬
low, when certain migration probably started
among the tribes in the north of Haemus
(Stara
Planina).
The Troglodytes were also known to Clau¬
dius Ptolemaus, and their location is given in
his popular work Geography from the second
half of the
2nd
century AD (Cl. Ptolemae.,
Ill,
10.4).
They are evidenced in the so-called
Ninth Map of Europe, composed by Ptole¬
maus in the
2nd
century AD and edited in
various map versions in West Europe up to
the end of the 20th century. Most generally,
they occupied the territory in the north of
Odessus to the Istros delta, in the neighbor¬
hood of the towns of
Tomi,
Istros and Ax-
ium. (111.
14)
Describing the geographical situation of
Lower Moesia, Ptolemaus notes that the west¬
ern parts of the province is inhabited by the
Triballians, while the eastern parts were oc¬
cupied by the Troglodytes, the Peucines, by
those that lived at the mouth of the river of
Islcar, as well as by a group of tribes like the
Crobizoi, who, according to the geographer,
inhabited the
Pontic
coast.
From the end of the 4th century AD
the Troglodytes were localized together with
the Peucines
and other smaller tribes around
the Isle of
Рейса
(an island in the southern
part of the Danube delta?). The evidence is
of Ammianus
Marcellinus
and concerns die
geographic description of the lands around
the
Pontus.
It was composed on the basis of
literature evidence both by earlier authors and
by direct impression from the Roman prov¬
inces on the Balkans. (Amm. Marc.
XXII, 8,
43-48). Marcellinus
added that the mentioned
coast is abundant of harbor.
The interest in the Thracian antiquity,
and particularly in the coastal lands of Thra¬
ce, started with the evidence given by the
ancient authors and they find their place in
single cartographic materials from the period
between the 14th and thl 19th centuries in
West Europe. As a whole, they accumulate
rich information about the orography of the
Thracian lands and maintain the interest of
the western scholars in the scarcely known,
but attractive for travelers and diplomats,
coastal areas of the Balkans.
The earliest map after Ptolemaus diat
notes the Troglodytes is the Ninth Map of
Europe, edited in Rome in
1478
by Jacob
Angelo
on the basis of the map of Ptolemaus.
The map embraces the northern and cen¬
tral parts of the Balkan Peninsula. It shows
the districts of Upper and Lower Moesia, as
well as diose of Dardania,
Dacia,
Thrace and
Macedonia. Several ancient towns along the
Danube, the Black Sea coast and the hinter¬
land are also indicated. (111.
15)
After Jacob
Angelo,
the Troglodytes ac¬
quired popularity in the Map of Ancient
Dacia
and Moesia by Abraham Ortelius. Or-
telius himself deserved special attention as he
was one of the most famed representatives of
the Dutch geography and cartography in 16th
century. It is supposed that he established
the fundaments of the modern cartography
together with Gerardus Mercator. (111.
16)
The map by Abraham Ortelius was made
in
1595
and was later included in the Ad¬
dendum of an Atlas edited in that same year,
and accepted as the first European historical
atlas. The Troglodytes are presented on this
map as a part of the Getae, in the north
from the territory inhabited by Carians and
Crobizoi, and in the south of the lands of
the Peucines.
In
1652
Philipp Cluver
(Philippus Clo-
verius) published in Leiden, Netherlands, his
work Introduction in the General Geography
of the Old and New World. It contains a
map of Thrace with descriptions. The Trog¬
lodytes are noted to have lived in die lands
in the nordi of Naxius River and in die west
of Istropolis (ancient
Istria)
but close to the
seashore. (111.
17)
The map by Jacob
von Sandrart,
a Ger¬
man cartographer who worked in Nuremberg,
was edited in
1683.
It covers the course of the
Danube River and
Ље
adjoining countries.
Apart from the massifs of Haemus and of
Rhodopes, the map notes the Thracian tribes
of Triballians, Getae and Troglodytes (trog-
loditae).
The noting of the cave goers along the
present Bulgarian northern Black Sea coast
was probably influenced by the Late
Medi¬
eva
copies of the Ninth Map of Europe,
drawn in the
2nd
century AD by Claudius
Ptolemaus. In the map by Sandrart the Trog¬
lodytes (troglytae) are noted in an area satu¬
rated with low mountainous hills in the inner
lands of present Dobrudzha. (111.
18)
Who were the Troglodytes? These were
mythological human-like beings that were L?JJ
believed to be living in caves and holes. The
word is also used for animals that live un¬
derground. The name is related to the Latin
form Trogloditae, a race of people that were
believed to be living in caves, and which
came from the Greek word according to
some scholars. The first part of the Greek
word means hole and the second
-
enter,
penetrate.
Wilhelm Tomashek,
the founder of Thra-
cology as a science, believed that the Troglo¬
dytes lived in Little Scythia, near to
Halmiris.
According to him ground dwellings covered
with reeds and dung are still to be found
along the Lower Danube and in Armenia.
The scholar thought that the Troglodytes
lived in caves in the rocks.
According to Ivan Venedikov, the name is
close to the Greek word for dug-out . The
Author connects the Troglodytes with tribes
related to the Coilalletians. George Katsarov
added that they had underground dwellings
like the Frizes and the ancient Armenians.
Other explorers like Hristo Danov and Boris
Gerov accept it as a name of the cave goers.
By the way, caves are in abundance along the
coast in the north of Cape Kaliakra (ancient
Tyrisis). The localization of the Troglodytes
responds most precisely to the hundreds of
rock caves, rock-tomb necropoleis and sanctu¬
aries on the Black Sea coast itself, as well as
in the inner Dobrudzha.
As I already mentioned, the typologically
described rock sites in Dobrudzha may be di¬
vided in: caves for long-term dwelling, caves
for cult purposes, rock tombs and sanctuaries,
stone circles, menhirs
(?),
rock pits for storage
of food and ship and harbor implements.
Unfortunately, the devastating power of
the sea and the environmental factors had
destroyed large part of the sites. In many
places, where the coast constitutes of
Karst in
Sarmatian limestones, the percentage of de¬
struction reaches
30-50%.
The close-meshed
net of settlements, localized at the very sea¬
shore and very closely associated with rock
constructions, still waits to be studied.
The problems born by the written and ar¬
chaeological evidence concerning the Troglo¬
dytes in ancient Thrace .may be summarized
in several items.
In the first place, it is necessary to under¬
line that the Troglodytes who inhabited in
ancient times the Bulgarian Black Sea coast
bdre that name not as an ethnonym. They
belonged ethnically to local, probably Thra-
cian, tribes. They took advantage of the fa¬
vorable geological conditions to create spaces
in the rocks both for dwelling and for cult,
funeral and economic activities.
The name had become a byword taking
into account the peculiarities of the everyday
life and the settlement system in the coastal
part in the north of Odessus. As felicitously
noted by
Atañas
Orachov, the coastal popula¬
tion developed a specific type of culture that
was based on certain organization, which dif¬
fered from that characteristic of their neigh¬
bors. The term (cave goers, underground
people) is added to the common assembly
of bywords, labels in Thrace like: Scythian-
farmers, Scythian-Hellenes, Barbarians, Thra-
cians-Semi-Scythians, and in a broader geo¬
graphical plan
-
mountainous, independent
Thraciańs.
The most general localization of the Trog¬
lodytes in the north of Odessus, to the Istros
delta, places them in the frames of the politi¬
cal and cultural influence of the Getae, an
ethnonym that dominates in the historical
geography of Southeast Thrace up to Late
Antiquity. More, the application of the term
itself had probably mythological intention,
having in mind the warship of the Getae
towards the chthonic cult of Zalmoxis, re¬
corded by Strabo too.
The appearance of the name of Troglo¬
dytes in the written sources dating from the
period between the
2nd
and the 4th centuries
AD marks just a moment in the development
of a specific settlement and cult system at
the present Bulgarian Black Sea coast and in
certain areas of the inner lands of Northeast
Thrace. The similarity between some of the
rock constructions and other already studied
complexes in the Southeast Thrace suggest
synchronie
development of the Troglodyte
monuments and of those included in the cir¬
cle of the so-called megalithic culture.
It is archaeologically proved that the
coast was actively inhabited during the Late
Bronze and Early Iron Ages, the time period
in which megalithic monuments were built
most appreciably in Thrace.
The archaeological sites from the early
first millennium
ВС
were certainly related
to the Carians
-
most probably part of the
oldest population of the indicated segment
of the Black Sea coast
-
that appear in the
written sources.
On the other hand the presence of the
Carians in the coastal lands, although epi¬
sodically and unproven, contributes to the
complex and dynamic ethnic picture in the
zone where the megalithic monuments are
spread. In other words, the megalithic culture
in Thrace falls in the so-called Thraco-Phry-
gian
z
ethno-cultural zone, and the spread
of specific sites along the coast may be ex¬
plained with the penetration of cultural influ¬
ences by the sea-routs in the north of Asia
Minor, in the west and south from Caucasus
and Crimea.
The question concerning the late date of
some tomb constructions and caves in the
inner lands of Dobrudzha remains still with
no answer. It is known that the tradition of
the usage of the rocks for cult and economic
purposes continued during mediaeval times
too.
If we assume that the first Thracian Trog¬
lodyte complexes appeared sometime during
the first millennium
ВС,
and continued to
develop until the Late Antiquity, the record¬
ed rock-monasteries along the coast and in
the inner lands mark one other aspect of
the Troglodyte tradition in our lands. From
chronological point of view, the usage of
rock
cavities as a dwelling place and for cult pur¬
poses in the present northeastern Bulgarian
lands should be dated in a broad time-range
-
from Prehistoric to Mediaeval times.
Co-existence of cultures
-
sea and mega¬
lithic. Seafaring and harbors.
What does Troglodyte mean? I already
mentioned that the term is Greek and was
used to name the dweller of a cavity that was
made by man. The history of the Troglodytes
in the present Bulgarian lands started as early
as in the down of the human civilization
when the people found shelter in natural cav¬
ities
-
caves. During the first millennium
ВС
the Thracians took advantage of the favora¬
ble geological conditions (rocks that are easy
for work but do not crumble) and created a
space both for living and for other activities
-
cult, funeral, defensive and economic. Being
so close to the sea, the Troglodyte monu¬
ments were related to the maritime culture ¡-
.............,
of the coastal Thracian population, as well
L
,_J
as to the megalithic culture of the people of
the Mediterranean and the Black Sea basins,
where many monuments were built.
The maritime culture and history of
Thrace and of the Thracians along the Black
Sea coast is briefly called Thracia
Pontica
or
Thracia
Maritima
by the historians.
Judging by the short written evidence by
the ancient Greek historians, the notion of
the Thracian seafaring existed as early as in
the oldest of the myths. It is enough to re¬
member the myth about the Golden Fleece
and the associated with it campaign of the
Argonauts. The story told by
Apollonius
of
Rhodes concerns events that happened in the
late second
-
early first millennia
ВС.
By
the way, an object that reminds of a golden
fleece, or symbolizing it at least, was found
in the waters at Cape Kaliakra (ancient Tyri-
sis). It is trapezium in shape with elongated
ends and arc-bent walls, 25cm long and 12cm
wide. It is an alloy of 32°/ogold,
18%
silver,
43°/ocopper and small amounts of sulphur
and nickel. Its shape reminds of the known
copper ingots from the Eastern Black Sea.
The object is being related to representations
of similar ingots from Tel El-Amama, from
the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of
XVIII
dynasty
(1580-1324
ВС).
The archaeologists dated the ingot in the
second half of the second millennium
ВС.
(111.
19)
The stone anchors with holes (over
150
are stored in museum collections) come from
the same time. The
pétrographie
analyses
indicate that most of them were produced
locally by local rock material. The specialists
of maritime archaeology claim that these big
stone anchors were used in ships with up to
300
tons displacement. By the way, this is the
place to specify that the anchors in question
served in row-sailing ships, in contrast to the
stone and lead stocks that are found in deep¬
er waters. The data concerns the ships used at
the end of the Bronze Age. (Ills.
20-21)
It is known, for example, that
139
out of
150
stone anchors found along our Black Sea
coast were made of local rock material. Two
production areas or workshops are differenti¬
ated: northern and southern. The northern
one is situated between Cape Kaliakra and
Cape Shabla. The predominance of anchors
with one hole is characteristic for it. (Ills.
22-23)
According to
Kalin Porozhanov,
it is obvi¬
ous that the stone anchors were locally pro¬
duced, and this means that they were made
and used by local seafarers for the necessities
of the local ships. Yuailata Locality was one
of the places for anchor production.
An anchor with three holes was recently
found in the north of Cape Kaliakra, between
the bay of the
Boiata
Locality and the holiday
village of Rousalka. It is a proof of the exist¬
ence of harbors and coastwise navigation as
early as in the second millennium
ВС.
It becomes clear from the ancient harbors
studied and mapped so far that the stone
anchors are to be found in regions separate
from those that yield stone and lead stocks.
(111.
24)
According
Kalin
Porozhanov, this is
an indication that the anchoring places for
the ships with wooden anchors (with stone
and lead stocks) were different from the an¬
choring places used by the ships with stone
anchors. The latter ships entered the bays and
berthed almost at the shore itself. This would
have been possible if only they had been row-
sailing ships. In contrast to them, the ships
with wooden anchors (with stone and lead
Stocks)
had to anchor in open spaces. They
were mostly sailing ships and depended just
on the power of the wind rather than on the
rowers.
It is known that row-sailing were the
ships from the time of the Cretan-Mycenean
civilization. They had a rectangular sail but
the major moving force was that of the many
rowers. The ships were used both in war and
in trade. It is assumed that their anchors were
of stone only.
And here arises the next question in rela¬
tion to the ancient seafaring.
It is known that the quantity of stone
anchors from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast is
large. It is not clear how many undiscovered
lay still underwater. Who needed such a big
fleet, asks the explorer of Maritime Thrace
Kalin Porozhanov?
This would have been
possible if the ancient Hellenes had peaceful
contacts with the rich Thracian lands.
The circumstance that the stone anchors
were found concentrated in several bays in¬
dicates that the latter had been well-known
to the seafarers of that epoch. It is clear that
the seafaring would not have been possible
without shores and people who inhabited
them, and who needed sea contacts. Both
the archaeological exploration and the topo-
nym data evidence to the existence along the
western coasts of the Black Sea of active in
respect of the seafaring population long-time
before the Greek colonization.
The sea swallows history. The ancient his¬
torians tell
...
The drowned settlements
...
It will be better, anyway, if our story
is connected with the more obvious and ob¬
served things. Because the floods and the
earthquakes, and the volcanic eruptions, and
the elevations of the sea bottom rise the sea,
while the decrease lower it. Because not only
pieces of iron and small islands may come to
the surface, even not just islands, but conti¬
nental areas too. In the same way, the land¬
slides may be minor and large, if the unfath-
omed deep swallows regions and settlements
as it happened, they say, both during storms
and in
Bizone,
and in any other places as
a result of an earthquake... (Strab.
1.3, 10.
Geography)
And again Strabo wrote that
Bizone
was
situated between Callatis and
Apollónia
and
that the larger portion of it was ruined by
earthquakes. (Strab.
VII,
6, 1)
The Roman historian Pomponius Mela
(c. AD
44)
also mentions the destruction of
Bizone
by an earthquake.
It is already clear today that the ancient
Bizone
drowned as a result of an earthquake
sometime in the late
1st
century
ВС.
The
ancient Greek historiographer
Flavius Arri-
anus mentions in his Description (Periplous)
of the Pontus Euxinus almost two centuries
later that
Bizone
was a desolated place .
(Arr.
24,1-16)
Here is the place to ask what exactly hap¬
pened in the past on the territory inhabited
by the Troglodytes, and more precisely, what
happened with its coastal part?
About
90%
of the territory of the Trog¬
lodytes was plateau-like
(150-200ГП
above
the sea level) with canyon-like intersections.
There is a slightly indented flat land
(80-
150m above the sea level) in the north of the
Durankulak
Lalce.
Spacious lands of the Bulgarian Black Sea
coast show active processes of landslides. The
Dobrudzha region of landslides is character¬
ized with high seismic activity, which mani-
W
56
fests
intensities of 9th
-
10th degree in the
segment Shabla-Kaliakra-Kavama.
Powerful and catastrophic earthquakes
were recorded in the past. The geologists
connect with them the large lineal block
landslides at Yailata, Taukliman, Balchik and
Kaliakra.
The geological research established that in
the period between the third millennium
ВС
and the 5th century
ВС
the Black Sea coast
had been stable on a constant level. After the
5th century
ВС,
however, the seashore had
been subjected to a transgression that obvi¬
ously continues to present day. It is assumed
that annually the sea swallows
1
to 4mm of
the seashore (about 3m at the Kerch Strait,
4m in the area of ancient Phanagoria on
Crimea, 9m go in the coastal waters of Cau¬
casus for the last
3000
years). The seashore,
together with all the elements of the settle¬
ment system, lost along the southern Bulgar¬
ian Black Sea coast is estimated to be about
9m. Such, and even more complicated, is the
situation in the north of Odessus (Varna) due
to the structure of the coastal rocks.
There was a series of harbor centers along
the entire coast in the period between the
second half of the second millennium
ВС
to the Late Antiquity (4th century AD). This
is an evidence of the regressive character in
the sea fluctuation. Manmade piers and reefs
had remained from them, which were used in
particular times as harbors too. The depths at
which they are discovered also contribute to
the evaluation of the changes in the level of
Black Sea. The harbors that functioned some¬
time in mid second millennium
ВС
(Late
Bronze Age) were at Cape Shabla (Karon
Limen), Cape
Kaliakra (Tyrizis), the north
harbor of Mesambria,
Apollónia,
Maslen
Nos
(Terra) and the north one of Urdoviza. The
depth of the recorded constructions and the
natural breakwaters, measured from the sur¬
face of the sea to their highest parts, vary
from
4
to 10m. It is clear that some of them
were above the water surface, while others,
mostly the natural ones, were at the surface
of the sea or slightly deeper. For example, the
depth of the 400m long reef-harbor at Cape
Shabla is
4
m, at Sozopol
-
10m, at Maslen
Nos
-
8-lOm, and etc.
We have more information about the An¬
tiquity and the picture is much more repre¬
sentative. Harbors were discovered at
Bizone
(two at depth of 6-9m), Dionysopolis (at
Lazuren
Bryag and Cape
Gaiata
-
2-2.5ГП),
Mesambria (the south harbor
-
7m), at Kirik
Isle
(1.5 -
3.5m),
Gatta
and
Millos
(10m),
Udoviza, the mouth of Ropotamo River, etc.
Drawned fortification systems andquarters
were discovered at the ancient Kranea
(pres.
Village of Kranevo) and Mesambria (5m). All
construction listed were built after the 6th
century
ВС
and ceased to function sometime
towards the 4th century AD. The conclusion
that imposes itself is that the sea level started
to rise from the Late Antiquity. It is con¬
nected with the Nymphaean transgression
that caused the flooding of the harbors and
parts of the ancient towns along the Bulgar¬
ian northern coast of the Black Sea. The level
then exceeded the present level of the sea
with
1 -
2m.
Here are several concrete examples from
the Bulgarian north coast of the Black Sea:
It is supposed that the northern part of
the Bay of Rrapets had been dry land, and
that it flanked one very comfortable harbor
for loading and unloading activities.
The seashore at Cape Shabla is almost
a straight north-south band. Everyone that in north-south from the continent towards
understands a little of sea and seafaring with the sea. The stone anchors found define an
see that there are no places for a harbor in anchoring place on the west side of the cape,
the region in the north of the village of
Ту-
close to the shore. The divers found them at
ulenovo up to
Mangalia.
However, thanks to depths reaching 10m. The
Kariakra
ox-hide
the underwater exploration by archaeologists, ingot was also found there,
it become clear that a large reef flanks a big The
Kavarna
bay is in the west of Cape
space near the present town of Shabla, and Kaliakra. It is protected from the winds from
more precisely
-
at Cape Shabla. (111.
25-27).
It almost all sides. The underwater exploration
is most probable that this reef had protruded of the bay of
Kavarna
showed that part of
above the waters and had guarded a harbor it had been dry land during the first mil-
from the eastern winds. Namely around such lennium
ВС.
For now, geologists, geomor-
a place were found a lot of anchors. The
exea-
phobgists and sedimentologists think that
vations on the shore revealed a storage house the Black Sea coast of Dobrudzha had suf¬
fer amphorae that had served the ancient fered strong local transgressive and· regressive
harbor. Many ceramic vessels (fish dishes and phenomena.
amphorae) were found by the archaeologists The big ancient town of Dionysopolis
before the walls of the stronghold and on the
(pres.
Balchik) together with some odier
beach. They witness to the everyday life of significant town centers in the area of the
the ancient settlement. western coast of the Black Sea suffered seri-
The typological analysis of the amphorae ous damages about the mid 4th century as a
discovered by the underwater exploration of result of a powerful undersea earthquake and
the bays of
Kavarna,
at Cape Kaliakra and the inflowing Black Sea flooding up to four
Yuailata show that the Greek amphorae came Roman miles of dry land. (111.
32)
from Chios, Thasos,
Sinope,
Heraclea, Knid, The tragedy that had stricken the poleis
Rhodos
and Knosk. (Ills.
28-29-30)
on the western coast of the Black Sea, in-
Yuailata Locality is a large terrace, situated eluding Odessus, was witnessed by the Early
on 1045m above the sea level and almost as Byzantine chronograph Theophanes.
much below the continental level. As could To preserve the culture of the Troglo-
be expected, the aquatory here is open to dytes
the stormy winds, and it does not present The troglodyte tradition as an original
any qualities for establishing a harbor today, form of living and of architecture presents
The tourists today use a small harbor I the a part of full value of the diversity of the
northern part of Yuailata. Two stone anchors world culture: the temple-tombs in
Petra
(Jor-
were found there deep in the sea, while two
dania),
the
Buda
monasteries and temples in
embedded in the ground stones each with a Ajanta and Ellora in India, the Guadix caves
horizontally drilled hole were discovered on (Spanish Andalusia), the lowlands of Bamian
the seashore. (111.
31)
(Afghanistan), the settlements of Matmatah
The situation at Kaliakra is different, (Tunisia), die Monsanto settlement in
Portu-
,. __
The long and high rocky cape is situated gal and the Rochenenier (France).
S
The Troglodyte heritage in Southeast Eu¬
rope includes a large number of monuments,
among which we should point out the mega¬
liths that are in the category of the endangered
monuments. It is interesting that some of the
more important Troglodyte sites along the
Mediterranean are included in the List of the
World Cultural Heritage of UNESCO; many
other
-
like the Bulgarian ones
-
still wait to
be evaluated and saved of destruction.
The Troglodyte heritage of ancient Thrace
is little known and, unfortunately, little has
survived to present day from the heritage
of the so-called cave goers. The coast along
which the present day archaeologists reveal
rock-monuments is being systematically ru¬
ined by the sea and natural cataclysms. The
first more serious recorded calamities along
the
Pontic
coast were noted in the literature
of the second half of the first millennium
ВС.
It is assumed that the sea had swallowed
then a significant part of the dry land of
various coastal areas. (Ills.
33-34-35)
The modem scientific community will be
faced with the task to analyze the situation
and to see how the rock-monuments inscribe
in the general geographic landscape of the
Thracian lands and what the mechanisms to
their preservation are.
As a matter of fact, the monuments of
the cave goers that have survived to present
day are among the most attractive ancient ar¬
chaeological monuments in present day Bul¬
garia. In the first place they compete success¬
fully with the so-called megalith monuments
of the East Rhodopes, and in the second,
they are made in an eternal material or in an
eternal rock.
The first steps toward the preservation
of the Troglodyte heritage were made as late
as in
1989,
when the ancient monuments in
Yuailata Locality were given status of National
Archaeological Reservation, embracing about
300
decares
(74.10
acres). A project is made
under the FARR Program of the European
Union for tourist attraction and developed
accessible infrastructure to the site. (111.
36)
However, Yuailata is just one example.
Tenth of sites with concentrations of inter¬
esting and attractive rock archaeological sites
remain. These zones penetrate into the inner
lands of Dobrudzha.
In my opinion there is something com¬
mon in the destiny of the already described
rock archaeological monuments that ap¬
peared in the lands of the cave goers and a
small natural phenomenon called the eternal
small fire by the inhabitants of the village
of
Kamen
Bryag. If the rock from which an
easily flammable natural gas is leaking goes
underwater, this will lead that tens of caves
and rock monuments will be lost for ever,
which you will be able to see in the end of
this book.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133090280 |
| author_facet | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Christov, Ivan 1970- |
| author_variant | i c ic |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035849054 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643457481 (DE-599)BVBBV035849054 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Schwarzmeerküste Nordwest (DE-588)4706816-4 gnd Kap Kaliakra (DE-588)4325222-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schwarzmeerküste Nordwest Kap Kaliakra |
| id | DE-604.BV035849054 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:06:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789545797873 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018707162 |
| oclc_num | 643457481 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 58 S., [16] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Izdat. Slavena |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Christov, Ivan 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)133090280 aut Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag Ivan Christov 1. izd. Varna Izdat. Slavena 2009 58 S., [16] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Troglodytes Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-400 gnd rswk-swf Thraker (DE-588)4119600-4 gnd rswk-swf Höhlenarchitektur (DE-588)4160370-9 gnd rswk-swf Kliff (DE-588)4580724-3 gnd rswk-swf Schwarzmeerküste Nordwest (DE-588)4706816-4 gnd rswk-swf Kap Kaliakra (DE-588)4325222-9 gnd rswk-swf Thraker (DE-588)4119600-4 s Schwarzmeerküste Nordwest (DE-588)4706816-4 g Kliff (DE-588)4580724-3 s Höhlenarchitektur (DE-588)4160370-9 s Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-400 z DE-604 Kap Kaliakra (DE-588)4325222-9 g Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018707162&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018707162&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Christov, Ivan 1970- Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag Thraker (DE-588)4119600-4 gnd Höhlenarchitektur (DE-588)4160370-9 gnd Kliff (DE-588)4580724-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4119600-4 (DE-588)4160370-9 (DE-588)4580724-3 (DE-588)4706816-4 (DE-588)4325222-9 |
| title | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag |
| title_auth | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag |
| title_exact_search | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag |
| title_full | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag Ivan Christov |
| title_fullStr | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag Ivan Christov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag Ivan Christov |
| title_short | Trogloditite |
| title_sort | trogloditite nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag |
| title_sub | nepoznatite traki i skalnite pametnici kraj morskij brjag |
| topic | Thraker (DE-588)4119600-4 gnd Höhlenarchitektur (DE-588)4160370-9 gnd Kliff (DE-588)4580724-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Thraker Höhlenarchitektur Kliff Schwarzmeerküste Nordwest Kap Kaliakra |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018707162&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018707162&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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