"Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota: studium źródłoznawcze
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawn. Poznańskie
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Poznańskie Studia Historyczne
[21] |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The universal chronicle (Chronicon) by Marianus Scotus |
| Beschreibung: | 498, [1] s. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788371776731 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota |b studium źródłoznawcze |c Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Wydawn. Poznańskie |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 498, [1] s. |c 24 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Poznańskie Studia Historyczne |v [21] | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The universal chronicle (Chronicon) by Marianus Scotus | ||
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Marianus |c Scotus Ratisbonensis |d -1088 |0 (DE-588)102513643 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Chronik |0 (DE-588)4127914-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Marianus |c Scotus Ratisbonensis |d -1088 |0 (DE-588)102513643 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Chronik |0 (DE-588)4127914-1 |D s |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018696184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140804125491200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
......................... 11
A. Wydania Kroniki świata i stan badań nad nią
.......... 11
B. Autor Kroniki świata
.................. 13
C. Cel pracy i metoda badawcza
................ 15
D. Konstrukcja pracy
................... 18
E. Kroniki uniwersalne a poszukiwanie właściwej chronologii dziejów
... 21
1.
Kronika uniwersalna
-
geneza gatunku
............ 21
2.
Kronika uniwersalna w służbie komputystyki
.......... 24
I. Kronika świata
-
analiza kodykologiczna i paleograficzna zachowanych ręko¬
pisów
......................... 27
A. Kodeks
Biblioteca Apostolica
Vaticana
Pal. lat.
830........ 31
1.
Analiza kodykologiczna
................. 31
a. Oprawa
..................... 31
b. Pergamin
.................... 31
с
Liniowanie
.................... 32
d. Składki
..................... 33
e. Układ tekstu
................... 36
f. Miniatury
.................... 38
2.
Analiza paleograficzna
................. 38
a. Pisarze
..................... 38
b. Formy i funkcje inicjałów
............... 49
с
Formy i funkcje rubrykacji
............... 50
3.
Zawartość kodeksu
.................. 51
4.
Czas powstania kodeksu i jego dalsza historia
......... 57
a. Czas spisania kodeksu
................ 57
b. Dalsze losy kodeksu
................. 62
B. Kodeks
The British Library Cotton
Nero
CV.......... 65
1.
Analiza kodykologiczna
................ 65
a.
Oprawa
..................... 65
b.
Pergamin
.................... 66
c.
Liniowanie
.................... 66
d.
Składki
..................... 67
e.
Układ tekstu
................... 70
2.
Analiza paleograficzna
................. 71
a. Pisarze
..................... 71
b. Formy i funkcje inicjałów
............... 73
с
Formy i funkcje rubrykacji
............... 73
- 5 -
SIMS
I Kl
S(
3.
Zawartość kodeksu
.................. 74
4.
Czas powstania kodeksu i jego dals/a historia
......... 76
a. Czas spisania kodeksu
................ 76
b. Dalsze losy kodeksu
................. 77
II.
Kronika świata ~ analiza wykorzystanych
/rodet..........
SI
A. Źródła komputystyczne
.................. ^7
1.
Wiktoriusza z Akwitanii
Cyclus
рач
-lialis
.......... 87
2.
Paschazyna z Lilibeum
Epistola
ad Leonem
papam
de
гшите
ľasehae
88
3.
Dionizy Mniejszy
.................. 92
a. Epìstola ad
Petronium
................ 93
b.
Epistola
ad
Bonifác
¡uni et
Вопит
............ 96
4.
Pseudo-Teoťlla
Acta
smodi
(Akta
svnodii
w
(
Vrd/vM
....... 98
5.
Pseudo-Morinusa
z Aleksandrii
Disputano de raiione pacchiili
.... 101
6.
Beda
Czcigodny
...................
ì№
a. De temporibus
..................
1
04
b. De
temporum
rat ione
................ 05
7.
Prima
dies
secali
anonimowy traktat
/
Vili
w
.........
W6
8.
Pseudo-Bedy De rat
ume
computi
............. 08
9.
Dùngala
z
St. Denis De
anno magno
............
()9
B.
Źródła
historiografie/ne
.................
З
1.
Józef Flawiusz
...................
З
a. De bello
iudaica
..................
З
b.
Antìquìtates iudaicac
................ 5
2.
Kronika
Euzebiusza w tkiniac/eniu Hieronima
......... 17
3.
Hieronima ze Strydonu Kronika
su -iota...........
4.
Orozjusza
Historiarum
adversas
pagano*
I
ihn
ill
........
5.
Prospera
Tiro
z
Akwitanii Epitome chromcac
.........
6.
Kasjodor
.....................
a.
Chrániča
....................
b.
Historia
ecclesiastica tripartita
.............
7. Jordanesa
De origine
mundi
et aetibiis
romanorum icterarunupie
gentium
138
8.
Izydora z Sewilli
Chnmica
...............
l41
9.
Beda Czcigodny
................... 143
a. Kroniki uniwersalne
................. 43
b. Historia
ecclesiastica
gentis
Antonini
........... 47
10.
Paweł Diakon
....................
И«
a. Historia Romana
.... ........ 48
b.
Historia Longohurdorwn
...............
1
54
11.
Einharda Vita
Karali
Magni
...............
-^
12.
Thegana
z
Trewiru Gesta Hludowici
imperatori.·/
........
162
13.
Nieznany katalog papieży
................
68
14.
Liber pontifical is
................... 72
15.
Reginona
z
Prüm
Chromam
...............
76
16.
Roczniki, katalogi i nekrologi
..............
93
SPIS TREŚCI
C.
Źródła hagiograficzne
.................. 225
1.
Sulpicjusza Sewera
Vita sancii
Mariini
........... 225
2.
Hieronima
Vita sanctae Pauláé
.............. 227
3.
Epistola Luciani ad
отпет
ecclesiam,
de
revelatione corporis Stephani
Martyris
...................... 228
4.
Martyrologium
Hieronymianum
.............. 229
5.
Grzegorza I Wielkiego Dialogi
de vita et miraculis
patním italicorum
. 230
6.
Adona
z
Vienne
Martyrologium
.............. 234
7.
Odona
z Glanfeuil
Vita sancii Mauri
............ 239
8. Jana Hymonidesa
Vita Gregorii Magni
........... 240
9.
Vita sancii Eliphii
.................. 242
10.
Niezidentyfikowany żywot św. Patryka
........... 244
11.
Anonimowy rymowany poemat iryjski o św. Brygidzie
...... 250
12.
Adamnana
Vita Columbae
................ 251
D. Pisma Ojców Kościoła
.................. 255
1.
Hieronim
..................... 255
a.
Liber
hebraicarum
quaestionum in
Genesím
......... 255
b.
Commentarii! in
Ezechielem
.............. 256
c.
Commentario in
¿achariam
.............. 257
d.
Commentarla
in Matthaeum.............. 257
e. Commentarla in
epistolam
ad
Gaiatas
........... 258
ľ.
Adversus
Helvidium de perpetua
virginitate
beatae Mariae
.... 258
g. Listy
...................... 259
Epistola ad Damasium
(list
36)............. 259
Epistola ad
Paulínům
(list
53) ............. 260
Epistola ad
Paulínům
(list
58) ............. 261
Epistola ad
Vitalem
(list
72).............. 261
Epistola ad
Paulain et
Eustochium
............ 262
Epistola III ad Eustochium (tzw.
Epitaphium
sanctae Paulae,
list
108) 263
Epistola ad
Augustinům
(list
112)............ 263
2.
Ambrożego z Mediolanu
Expositio
Evangelii
secundum
Lucám
.... 263
3.
Augustyn z Hippony
.................. 264
a. De consensi! Evangelistaruin..............
265
b.
Quaestiones ad Heptateuchum
.............. 266
c.
De
trinitate
.................... 267
d.
De civitate Dei
................... 267
4.
Beda
Czcigodny
................... 269
a. ¡n Lucae
evangelium
expositio
.............. 269
b.
Expositio super
Acta Apostolorum
............ 270
c.
Retractatio in
Acta
Apostolorum
............. 271
d. Super
epistolas catholicas
expositio
............ 272
e. Hexameron
.................... 273
5.
Niezidentyfikowany komentarz
do
Księgi Daniela
........ 273
6.
Pseudo-Bedy In Pentateuchum
commentarii
.......... 274
7.
Grzegorza I Wielkiego
Homiliae in
evangelia
......... 275
8.
Leona Wielkiego Listy
................. 275
__ 7 _
SPIS TREŚCI
E.
Pismo Święte
..................... 277
F.
Dzieła encyklopedyczne
.................. 283
1.
Pliniusza Starszego Historia
naturális
............ 283
2.
Izydora z Sewilli
Liber rotarum
{De natura rerurń)
........ 284
G.
Dekrety papieskie
-
Collectio Pseudoisidoriana
.......... 287
H. Dokumenty
...................... 295
I. Tradycja ustna i autopsja
................. 299
III. Cel spisania i metoda dziejopisarska Kroniki świata
......... 309
A. Cel spisania i system komputystyczny Kroniki świata
........ 311
1.
Kronika świata
................... 312
2.
Traktat
Resurrectionis Christi
inquisitie...........
324
B.
Metoda pracy i warsztat naukowy Mariana Szkota
......... 329
IV.
Recepcja Kromki świata
.................. 339
A. Recepcja na kontynencie
................. 343
1.
Wypisy z Kroniki oraz jej skróty i przeróbki
......... 343
a. Zapiski annalistyczne z lat AE
1087-1105
w rękopisie Scaliger
49 . 343
b.
Annales Disiboderbergenses
.............. 345
Analiza kodykologiczna
............... 345
Analiza paleograficzna
................ 348
Zawartość kodeksu
................. 348
Czas spisania kodeksu i jego dalsze losy
.......... 349
с
Kodeks
Liège Bibliothèque de l Université, Codex
nr
242 .... 351
Analiza
kodykologiczna
і
paleograficzna
.......... 351
Zawartość kodeksu
................. 352
Czas spisania kodeksu
................ 353
2.
Ślady znajomości Kroniki świata u innych autorów
....... 353
a. Sigebert z
Gembloux
................ 353
b.
Helinand z Froidmont
................ 356
c. Jan
Trithemius
.................. 356
3.
Inne ślady stosowania ery ewangelicznej
........... 357
a. Tablica paschalna obejmująca lata AD
988-1595
z rękopisu Scaliger
49 357
b. Dokument papieża Urbana
II
.............. 358
B. Recepcja na Wyspach
.................. 359
1.
Roberta Losingi z
Hereford Excerptio
de chronica
Mariáni
..... 359
2.
Roczniki z Lindisfame i
Durham
.............. 366
3.
Jana z
Worcester Chronicon
ex
chronicis
........... 370
4.
Williama z Malmesbury De gestis pontificum Anglorum i De gestis
regum
Anglorum
................... 375
5.
Orderica Vitalisa
Historia ecclesiastica
...........
376
6.
Gerwazy z
Canterbury
................. 377
7.
Winchcombe Annals
.................. 378
8.
Kronika historii Anglii od stworzenia do AD
1225........
378
9.
Wypisy z Kroniki świata Mariana Szkota z
XIV
w
........
380
10.
Kronika historii Anglii uznawana za dzieło Mariana
.......
^
SIMS
TRI
SCI
1 1.
Wypisy historyczne powołujące
sie
m.
in. na
Mariana
S/kota
.... 383
12.
Roczniki z
Ulster
...................
3S4
13.
Rękopis kroniki Jana z
Worcester
z przełomu
XV/XVI
w
...... 3X6
14.
Wypisy historyczne
Si monda
D Lwes
............ 388
15.
Zaginiony rękopis z biblioteki opactwa św. Augustyna w
Canterbury
. . 389
Zakończenie
....................... 391
Aneksy
......................... 399
A. Glosy iroszkockie w Kronice świata
............. 399
B. Opis kodeksu
Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, I.at.
4860 . . . . 413
1.
Analiza kodykologiczna i
paleografie/na...........
413
a.
Ogólny opis kodeksu
................ 413
b.
Liniowanie
.................... 413
c.
Składki
..................... 413
d.
Pisarze
..................... 417
2.
Zawartość kodeksu
.................. 418
3.
Czas spisania kodeksu i jego dalsze losy
........... 422
C. Opis
kodeksu
Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek,
Sealiger 49...... 425
1.
Analiza kodykologiczna i paleograficzna
........... 425
a. Ogólny opis kodeksu
................ 425
b. Liniowanie
.................... 425
с
Składki
..................... 425
d. Pisarze
..................... 428
2.
Zawartość kodeksu
.................. 429
3.
Czas spisania kodeksu i jego dalsze losy
........... 430
Wykaz ważniejszych skrótów
.................. 433
Bibliografía
........................ 435
A. Źródła
....................... 435
1.
Źródła rękopiśmienne
.................. 435
2.
Źródła drukowane
................... 437
B. Strony internetowe
................... 443
С
Opracowania
..................... 443
Indeks rękopisów
...................... 463
Indeks osób, nazw geograficznych i źródeł
............. 467
The Universal Chronicle
(Chronicon) by
Marianus Scotus.
A source study (summary)
495
The Universal Chronicle (Chronicon)
by Marianus Scotus. A source study
Summary
My purpose for undertaking research on Chronicon by Marianus Scotus was to conduct a complete
source study of this relic. First of all I was interested in the handwriting tradition of the Chronicon.
Having carried out the search query in the European archives and having analysed the manuscripts so far
recognised as copies of Marianus Scotus s chronicle I concluded that only the two oldest copies
represented the text of the Chronicon in the form created by the author. It is, first of all, a codex
Palatino
latini
830,
partially written in Marianus s hand, stored at present in the Vatican Library and its oldest
copy, stored today in the British Library in London (Cotton Nero
С
V). I believe that other manuscripts,
such as the
14th-century
manuscript from Frankfurt and the 15th- century codex stored in
Liège, due
to
abridgements and changes, and especially because of a removal of a chronological system used by
Marianus according to the evangelical era (further AE), which constitutes the nature of the Irish
Benedictine monk, are reworks of the Universal Chronicle, testifying to its reception.
Codicological and palaeographic analysis of both codices containing the Chronicon (chapter I)
yielded a lot of interesting results. First of all it enabled the recognition of the structure, phases of
formation and discrimination of writing hands of the Vatican codex. The analysis resulted in a conclusion
that the codex was written by only two writers (not as was previously believed by four), one of whom
should be with high probability identified as Marianus Scotus himself (described by me as R2). The other
writer was a professional Irish scribe, who rewrote a major part of the chronicle from a rough draft
prepared beforehand, which is testified by characteristic mistakes he made (he is described by me as Rl
).
Afterwards the text was amended and completed by Marianus Scotus himself. This finding
-
together
with an analysis of the contents of particular parts of the Chronicon
-
enabled the reconstruction of phases
and mode of Marianus Scotus s work, while owing to included glosses and a colophon it was possible to
reconstruct the chronology of the chronicle. Let s briefly summarise the results.
Marianus Scotus worked on the chronicle during a few periods. First, he prepared a rough draft of the
whole book I and II and part of III (up to AE
554
(AD
532),
thus till the end of the great Paschal cycle),
and later he added a prologue and a list of chapters. Thus a chronicle encompassed the history form the
creation of the world up to AD
532.
Then, in the second half of AD
1072
he made a final copy of the
Chronicon, with the help of an Irish writer (R
1).
Thereafter, still before the end of AD
1073,
Marianus
single-handedly completed book III, bringing it up to this year events, whereupon he put a colophon
-
in
advance
-
under AE
1098
(AD
1076).
In the colophon he hid his Irish name with the help of an acrostic.
- 495 -
SUMMARY
The date of completing the work was not chose randomly, because this year was exactly
-
according to
the evangelical era
- 1064
years, thus two full great Paschal cycle from the Death of Christ. Therefore,
this year Haster must have been exactly the same day as it was in the year of Passion. This computistic
caesura perfectly completed the work aimed at creating proper chronology of the history of mankind.
After a lew years, probably owing to the influence of events occuring in relation to the investiture
conflict, Marianus wrote a continuation of the Chronicon, encompassing years AE
1095
(AD
1073)
1104 (1082).
Then, already after Marianus s death, two writers from Mainz added two short
continuations and single supplements in the
Universa/
Chronicle, encompassing years AE
1105
(AD
1083) -1117 (1095)/1123 (1101)
and
AĽ
1126
(AD
1104)-
I
128 (1 106)
accordingly.
Analysis of the London manuscript led to a conclusion that it was an early copy made in Mainz at
St.
A Iban
s
monastery, between the year
1082
and
1086.
Terminus ad quern is
adate
of writing Excerptio
de
chmnica Marianusi by Robert Losinga from Lorraine, the bishop of Hereford, written directly or
indirectly on the basis of this manuscript. As it was possible to infer, the copyist of the London codex on
the one hand left out part of the glosses from the base, and on the other hand he supplemented it with
available sources. The codex was brought to the British Isles yet before
1086,
where it triggered off
a relatively lively reception ot Marianus s work.
Having reached such basic conclusions in terms of time and circumstances of writing the Chronicon
1
turned to identifying sources that Marianus drew on in his chronicle. This chapter (chapter II) is the
essential part of the book, because apart from drawing up a catalogue of sources, I carried out
-
in case of
each of recognised books (including those known to Marianus from other sources, when he explicitly
related to them)
-
a detailed analysis of their usage. This chapter is filled with a great number of
quotations, which was crucial, as comparison of particulars texts, frequently unpublished (or published in
an unsatisfactory way without variants of manuscripts interesting for me), would be impossible without it.
A thoroughly conducted analysis allowed a recognition of a great number a sources that Marianus
drew on, which testifies to his enormous erudition. Marianus Scotus knew and creatively applied
computistic tracts of nine different authors, not only works of Dionysius Exiguus and
Bede,
but he also
read those less commonly known, such as
Pseudo Morinus
or Dungal from St. Denis. The author from
Mainz knew
historiographie
sources even better and universal chronicles held special significance for
him. starling from works of Eusebius and Jerome. However, he also knew Chronicle of Orosius, Prosper,
Jordanes,
Bede,
Paul the Deacon and
Regino.
Moreover, Marianus intensively used biographies by
Einhard and Thegan of Trier, catalogues of popes, starting from
Liber pontificalii
as well as various
annuals and obituaries, including those of Hiberno-Scottish origin. A few times he related to Josephus
Flavius,
which he probably did not know first-hand. Marianus drew on a number of
hagiographie
works in
the Universal Chronicle, among which it was possible to distinguish twelve: from the Biography of Saint
Martin by Sulpitius Severus and Jerome s Vita
Pauli
Monachi,
to works devoted to major Irish saints:
Patrick,
Brygid,
and
Columba.
Another numerous group of works include writings of the Church Fathers,
which were employed by Marianus for the analysis and interpretation of the Bible. Out of more than
twenty recognised pieces, of greatest significance for Marianus were
exegetic
writings of Jerome,
Augustine and
Bede.
He was also acquainted with single works of Ambrose of Milan, Gregory the Great,
Leon the Great and anonymous works wrongly ascribed to
Bede.
Finally Marianus used encyclopaedic
works of Pliny the Elder
{Naturalis
Historia)
and Isidore of Seville (Liber rotarum), papal decrees from
Collectie Pseudoisidoriana,
papal documents from cathedral archives in Mainz and a source of the
greatest authority
-
the Bible, with particular significance of The Book of Genesis and Gospels. Moreover,
as I proved, Marianus Scotus could adroitly include into his work information from local oral tradition
and his own observations. The last category includes also autobiographic notes, in which Marianus
precisely perpetuated the most important events of his life, which distinguishes Chronicon among his
contemporary
historiographie
rivals .
A number of search queries conducted in various archives and libraries in order to recognise the
source basis of the chronicler enabled recognition of few manuscripts that either Marianus used directly
or they belonged to a common family together with a codex missing today. As far as codices are
- 496 -
SUMMARY
concerned, of greatest significance was the so called codex of
Wilhelm,
stored at present in the National
Library in Paris, containing the majority of computistic works and a number of
historiographie
pieces,
that Marianus drew on in his chronicle.
1
describe this codex in detail in annex B.
The important part of the undertaken task was to answer the question what was the purpose of
writing the Chronicon. Already the lecture of its prologue enables a conclusion that computistic matters
were of greatest significance here. Marianus Scotus, conscious of imperfection of Dionysius Exiguus s
computation, already noticed by
Bede,
albeit without further consequence, decided to correct it and
establish a new chronology in accordance with real data of the Gospel
-
iuxta veritatem
Evangelii.
Therefore
-
unlike previous writers
-
he decided not only to argue with the theses of their tracts, or even
scrupulous lecture of the Holy Bible. It became obvious for him that it was not enough and the desired
goal may be achieved only by correlating biblical history with the relations of historians. It was possible
through exceedingly scrupulous reconstructions, on the basis of all available sources, the whole history of
the then world and arranging it in a proper sequence of subsequent events. Thus Marianus was forced to
create a universal chronicle, systematising year after year the history of mankind. Apart from his own
computation, another purpose of such a collation was a construction of a chronologically proper
-according to the chronicler
-
compendium of the history of the world, from creation to the author s own
times. The compendium was to take into account all used methods of dating (eras), including computation
of Eusebius or Dionysius regarded as wrong. The result was a voluminous book, a hybrid of a computistic
tract and a universal history, which introduced a new chronological system of history both before Christ
and after his birth.
Computation and historical research that Marianus carried out made him correct two basic eras: the
era of the origin by
230
years (birth of Christ in AM
4183
instead of AM
3952)
and Dionysius era by
22
years (AE
1 =
AD
22
ВС),
whereas the analysis of the Bible and historical sources allowed him to
complete the 230-year gap in the chronology of the Old Testament history (he added
230
years to the
2.
epoch of the history of mankind:
100
years during the reign of Arpachshadz and
130
during the reign of
Cainan II) and
18
years in the history of the Roman Empire (he added
16
years to the reign of Decius and
2
to Galerius). A detailed analysis and thorough arguments of the changes of dating for these two periods
occupy a large fragment of book I and II. Furthermore, a summary of Marianus
s
arguments was also
included in the prologue written by the end of work on the chronicle
-
the tract Resurrectio
Christi
inquisitie.
The analysis of the
historiographie
method used in the Universal Chrincle, carried out in the next
part of chapter III enabled picturing of the mode of work of the writer from Mainz. A specific feature of
his narration was a scrupulous recounting of the previous state of research and quoting precisely
selected pieces of various sources. Marianus Scotus almost always strives to point to the source of an
adopted fragment, not only giving the name of the author but also indicating his exact work, and even
a particular book and a chapter. Scrupulousness of the chronicler was also expressed in noting parts of the
basis that were left out, which he marked by appropriate wording. The chronicler from Mainz frequently
compares and selects sources known to him, and even pinpoints mistakes in works of other authors. Such
critical approach to the source base belongs to the best aspects of the
historiographie
method of the author
of the Chronicon.
Marianus Scotus did not resign from
a compilative
method typical for Medieval authors. It is
particularly well visible in the
historiographie part,
where he, just like his predecessors, makes
a compilation of available works, trying to create the most complex synthesis of history from the creation
of the world and up to the present. The analysis of the Universal Chronicle reveals clearly that subsequent
parts are basically based on particular works of Marianus
s
great predecessors. For example, the oldest
period to the year AD
325
drew first of all on Euzebius
s
Chronicon in Jeronime s translation, another
period, to
379
is based on the continuation of Jeronime, further, from
380
to
452
on
Prósperos
work, from
453
to
518
on Cassiodorous s and from
519
to736 mostly on the basis of
Bede
and Isidore of Seville s
work, less on Paul the Deacon s. Together with the onset of the Carolingian period, the number of works
used by the chronicler from Mainz distinctly increases, and thus a period from AD
737
to
906
is based
- 497 -
SUMMARY
mostly on a few different German annuals and obituaries, the chronicle of
Regino
and works of Einhard
and Thegan of Trier. Furthermore, history from AD
907
to
973
was reconstructed by the Irish Benedictine
monk on the basis of annuals from Reichenau and
Hersfeld.
Finally from AD
974
Marianus has got
information mostly based on local tradition, both oral and written (from
Fulda
and Mainz, including
a catalogue of Mainz archbishops and some lists of abbots), as well as his own observations.
On the other hand Marianus entwined a number of local and personal notes into his synthesis of
universal history, such as information on Hiberno-Scotish monasteries in Germany, or information
regarding the history of Mainz archbishopric. Moreover, as I have already mentioned,
-
and what is really
unique in comparison with other universal histories
-
he included a lot of autobiographic notes, thus we
know quite a lot about the life of the author of the Chronicon.
It must be finally noticed that Marianus Scotus relatively often provided day dates in his Chronicle.
He used it not only whilst computistic deliberations, where it was of great significance, (the problem of
a day date of Easter), but also for usual annalistic notes, contemporary to him, including autobiographic
notes. Such precision, used apparently in cases when these dates where familiar to him, did not result only
from willingness to be as precise as possible, but had a very practical dimension. Day dates, while using
different chronological systems, were very important for the synchronisation of the latter, as the
beginning of the year was calculated differently in different chronological systems (e.g. consular era
started on Iм January; imperial era calculated the 1st year of reign from the beginning of a Caesar s tenure
to 31st December, whereas next years lasted already from 1st January to
3
1st December; Olympic era
started in July).
While we assess the work of our chronicler, it must be noticed that while writing about present
events, he attempted to be as objective as a real historian. The continuation of the Chronicon, when the
author describes the course of the investiture conflict without showing clearly where his political
sympathies lay, illustrates such an attitude very well. His animosity towards the papal side may be
inferred only from the fact that he did not mention some facts he must have known or that he
consequently called Pope Gregory
VII a
Hildebrand.
Description of the reception of Chronicon in the last part of the book (chapter IV), proved that the
chronicle aroused considerable interest and appreciation, as testified by its usage and references in other
authors works as well as abridgements and modifications and the reception of computistic ideas of
Marianus. The knowledge of Marianus Scotus s work was the strongest on the British Isles, where it
became lively till the end of Middle Ages. A search query I conducted in continental and British libraries
enabled pinpointing a number of works and particular codices that are traces of the reception of the
Universal Chronicle.
On the Continent there are two extensive abridgements-modifications of the Chronicon: the first
one, dating back to the 14th century, is called
Annales Disibodenbergenses
and the other from the
beginning of the
Іб 1
century is stored at present in the library at
Liège. Futhermore,
we have one
manuscript from Leiden, including some fragmentary excerpts from the Chronicle. Knowledge of the
Scotus s Chronicon in Continental Europe is testified by works of Sigebert of Gembloux, Helinand of
Froidmont and Johannes Trithemius, who either mention the Universal Chronicle, or, like Sigebert in one
of his works, argue with its chronological statements.
Reception of the Chronicon was even stronger on British Isles, as proved by works of bishop Robert
of Hereford, William of Malmesbury or Gervase of Canterbury, as well as a number of abridgements and
compilations prepared by anonymous authors, known from manuscripts from the following centuries. We
also recognise knowledge of work of the chronicler of Mainz in the ^-century annuals from Lindisfarne
and Durham as well as in the ^-century Irish annuals from Ulster. It is worth emphasising here that
John of Worcester s chronicle dependent to a great extent drew on the Chronicon and in some
manuscripts it even functioned as work of Marianus Scotus s own work. Undoubtedly, this contributed to
even better knowledge of work and computistic ideas of Marianus on British Isles.
Reception of Marianus Scotus work is visible also in popularising and adopting his computistic
ideas. It can be traced mainly on Easter tables, giving the dates of Easter according to evangelic era
- 498 -
SUMMARY
worked out by Marianus, instead of Dionysus computation. We have also one very interesting example
of using Marianus Scotus s estimations in the clerical practice, in form of a letter of Pope Urban II from
1098
addressed to Uldaricus, abbot of St Michael s monastery on the
Meuse,
who, next to Dionysus era,
relates also to evangelic era.
The reception of the Universal Chronicle, both on the Continent and on the British isles unfolded in
accordance with one rule. Whereas at the beginning the authors and copyists were interested in the
content of the chronicle and at the same time adopted Marianus s computistic estimations, with time their
interest was limited only to the chronicle. Manuscripts from Frankfurt and
Liège,
including the
modifications of the Chronicon are significant here; in book HI only AD years were given, and dates in
evangelic era were removed. Likewise, traces of practical usage of the estimations of the chronicler from
Mainz, namely Easter tables and chronology according to evangelic era disappear with time. Sources
from the British Isles follow the same pattern.
If I were to evaluate Marianus Scotus Chronicle of the world, I should emphasise that it is
a fascinating testimony of Hiberno-Scotish culture and computistic-historiographic erudition on the
Continent in the
1
lth century. The uniqueness of the chronicler from Mainz s work does not only result
from the rejection of Dionysius calculation and a will to estimate the date of the beginning of our era in
accordance with the Gospel , albeit first of all from unusual research consequence of the author, which
resulted in the origin of a unique synthesis of computation and historiography.
I must emphasise here the great erudition of the chronicler. Not only did he use all computistic tracts
of his predecessors, but also utilised almost a whole canon of Christian
historiographie
works. The way he
drew on and quoted those works cannot but arouse admiration even of contemporary historians. In places
he felt it was appropriate to, he was not afraid to give extensive quotations, most frequently signifying it
directly; in other parts, in which he assumed that exact quotations are unnecessary
-
he could skilfully
shorten the meaning of his basis, entwining used information into his text. Undoubtedly, the
incluse
of
Mainz was one of the most interesting, and at the same time least appreciated chroniclers of the 11th
century. His contemporaries were conscious of his uniqueness, which is well illustrated by an opinion of
a copyist of the London codex, who noted at the beginning of his work:
Nulla enim cronica
conservat
diem mensis Solaris resurrectionis
Christi
iuxta
historiam
evangelii
nisi
ista
sola1.
Tłumaczenie Agnieszka Tokarczuk-Rożańska
Bayerisch*
л
|
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| author | Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech |
| author_facet | Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech |
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| author_sort | Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech |
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| id | DE-604.BV035837795 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:05:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371776731 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018696184 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Poznańskie |
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| series | Poznańskie Studia Historyczne |
| series2 | Poznańskie Studia Historyczne |
| spelling | Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech Verfasser aut "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski Poznań Wydawn. Poznańskie 2009 498, [1] s. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Poznańskie Studia Historyczne [21] Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The universal chronicle (Chronicon) by Marianus Scotus Marianus Scotus Ratisbonensis -1088 (DE-588)102513643 gnd rswk-swf Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 gnd rswk-swf Marianus Scotus Ratisbonensis -1088 (DE-588)102513643 p Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 s DE-604 Poznańskie Studia Historyczne [21] (DE-604)BV020831903 21 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018696184&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018696184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Baran-Kozłowski, Wojciech "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze Poznańskie Studia Historyczne Marianus Scotus Ratisbonensis -1088 (DE-588)102513643 gnd Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)102513643 (DE-588)4127914-1 |
| title | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze |
| title_auth | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze |
| title_exact_search | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze |
| title_full | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski |
| title_fullStr | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota studium źródłoznawcze Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski |
| title_short | "Kronika świata" Mariana Szkota |
| title_sort | kronika swiata mariana szkota studium zrodloznawcze |
| title_sub | studium źródłoznawcze |
| topic | Marianus Scotus Ratisbonensis -1088 (DE-588)102513643 gnd Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Marianus Scotus Ratisbonensis -1088 Chronik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018696184&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018696184&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV020831903 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT barankozłowskiwojciech kronikaswiatamarianaszkotastudiumzrodłoznawcze |