Joining of plastics: handbook for designers and engineers
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich [u.a.]
Hanser
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 592 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783446407862 9781569904459 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rotheiser, Jordan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Joining of plastics |b handbook for designers and engineers |c Jordan Rotheiser |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Joints (Engineering) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sealing (Technology) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140767866781696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Joining of plastics
Autor: Rotheiser, Jordan
Jahr: 2009
Contents
1 Rapid Guidelines for Joining of Plastics and Efficient Use of This Handbook 1
1.1 Efficient Use of This Handbook 1
1.2 Rapid Guidelines for Assembly of Plastics 2
1.2.1 Adhesives (Chapter 7) 2
1.2.1.1 Liquids: Solvent-Based, Water-Based, and Anaerobic Adhesives 2
1.2.1.2 Mastics 3
1.2.1.3 Hot Melts 3
1.2.1.4 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 3
1.2.2 Fasteners and Inserts (Chapter 8) 3
1.2.3 Hinges (Chapter 9) 4
1.2.4 Hot Plate/Hot Die/Fusion and Hot Wire/Resistance Welding (Chapter 10) 4
1.2.5 Hot Gas Welding (Chapter 11) 5
1.2.6 Induction Welding (Chapter 12) 5
1.2.7 Insert Molding (Chapter 13) 5
1.2.8 Multipart Molding (Chapter 13) 6
1.2.9 Press Fits/Force Fits/Interference Fits/Shrink Fits (Chapter 14) 6
1.2.10 Solvent Joining (Chapter 7) 6
1.2.11 Snap Fits (Chapter 15) 7
1.2.12 Spin Welding (Chapter 16) 7
1.2.13 Staking/Swaging/Peening/Cold Heading/Cold Forming (Chapter 17) 7
1.2.14 Threads - Molded in (Chapter 18) 8
1.2.15 Threads-Tapped (Chapter 18) 8
1.2.16 Ultrasonic Welding (Chapter 19) 8
1.2.17 Vibration Welding (Chapter 20) 9
1.2.18 Welding with Lasers (Chapter 21) 9
1.3 Assembly Methods Selection by Size 9
1.4 Assembly Methods Selection by Joining Time 11
2 Designing for Efficient Assembly 12
2.1 Avoiding Part Distortion 12
2.2 Inside Corner Stress 13
2.3 Ribs and Bosses 14
2.4 Draft 15
2.5 Shrinkage 17
2.6 Fitments 19
2.6.1 Drawing Conventions for Plastic Assembly 19
2.6.2 Importance of Tolerancing for Assembly 21
2.6.3 Special Drafting Practices for Plastics 22
2.6.4 Procedure for Establishing Tolerances 26
2.7 Design Practices for Looser Tolerances in Plastics 27
2.7.1 Three-Point Location 28
xiv Contents
2.7.2 Hollow Bosses 28
2.7.3 Crush Ribs 30
2.7.4 Flexible Ribs 31
2.7.5 Inside/Outside Fitments 32
2.7.6 Step Fitments 32
2.8 More Relaxed Tolerances for Large Parts 33
2.8.1 Drill in Place 33
2.8.2 Oversize Hole with Washer 33
2.8.3 Criss Cross Slots 33
2.8.4 Separation of Functions 34
2.8.5 Corner Clearance 34
2.9 Semidovetail Joint 35
2.10 Minimizing the Effect of Misalignment on Appearance 36
2.11 The Plastic Product Design for Assembly Checklist 36
2.12 Testing 36
3 Cost Reduction In Assembly 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 The Micro Approach to Part Reduction 40
3.2.1 Combining Parts Through Materials 41
3.2.2 Combining Parts Through Processes 42
3.3 The Macro Approach to Part Reduction 43
3.3.1 Multiple Material Processing 47
3.3.2 Coextrusion 48
3.3.3 Coinjection Molding 49
3.3.4 Multipart or Two-Color Injection Molding 49
3.4 Elimination of Fasteners 49
3.4.1 Multiple Parts per Fastener 50
3.4.2 Press and Snap Fits 50
3.4.3 Integral Hinges 51
3.4.4 Combining Fastener Elimination Concepts 51
3.5 Holistic Design 53
3.5.1 The Overall Design Considerations 53
3.5.2 The Thread Design 54
3.5.3 The Processing Considerations 55
3.5.4 The Tooling Considerations 55
3.5.5 Execution 56
3.5.6 Toward Holistic Design 56
4 Design for Disassembly and Recycling 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Design for Disassembly 59
4.2.1 Reopenable Assemblies 59
4.2.2 Permanent Assemblies 63
4.3 Design for Recycling 64
4.3.1 Simplification 65
4.3.2 Assembly Method Selection 65
Contents xv
4.3.2.1 Reopenable Methods 65
4.3.2.2 Permanent Methods 66
4.3.3 Material Selection 66
4.3.4 Additives 67
4.3.5 Contaminants 68
4.3.6 Material Reduction 68
4.3.7 Identification and Disassembly Instructions 70
5 Assembly Method Selection by Material 71
5.1 Thermoplastics Versus Thermosets 71
5.2 Amorphous Versus Semicrystalline Thermoplastics 72
5.2.1 Postmolding Shrinkage 73
5.2.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 73
5.2.3 Weldability 74
5.2.4 Solvent Sealability 74
5.3 Thermosets 74
5.4 Assembly Method by Material 75
5.4.1 Properties and Assembly-Related Data for Selected Materials 81
5.4.2 Adhesives 114
5.4.3 Using the SPI Tables 114
5.5 Material Databases 156
5.6 Material Suppliers 156
6 Assembly Method Selection by Process 158
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 Blow Molding 158
6.2.1 The Process 158
6.2.2 Assembly Considerations 159
6.3 Casting, Potting, Encapsulation, and Embedment 160
6.3.1 The Processes 160
6.3.2 Assembly Considerations 161
6.4 Coextrusion 161
6.5 Co-Injection Molding 161
6.6 Cold Press Molding 161
6.6.1 The Process 161
6.6.2 Assembly Considerations 162
6.7 Compression Molding 162
6.7.1 The Process 162
6.7.2 BMC: Bulk Molding Compound 163
6.7.3 SMC: Sheet Molding Compound 163
6.7.4 Assembly Considerations 163
6.8 Extrusion 164
6.8.1 The Process 164
6.8.2 Coextrusion 165
6.8.3 Assembly Considerations 166
6.9 Filament Winding 167
6.9.1 The Process 167
6.9.2 Assembly Considerations 168
xvi Contents
6.10 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding 168
6.11 Gas Counter Pressure Structural Foam Molding 168
6.12 Injection Molding 168
6.12.1 The Process 168
6.12.2 Assembly Considerations 169
6.13 Lay-up and Spray-up 170
6.13.1 The Processes 170
6.13.2 Assembly Considerations 170
6.14 Machining 171
6.14.1 The Process 171
6.14.2 Thermoplastics 172
6.14.3 Thermosets 172
6.14.4 Assembly Considerations 173
6.15 Pultrusion 173
6.15.1 The Process 173
6.15.2 Assembly Considerations 174
6.16 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) 174
6.16.1 The Process 174
6.16.2 Assembly Considerations 175
6.17 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 176
6.17.1 The Process 176
6.17.2 Assembly Considerations 177
6.18 Rotational Molding 177
6.18.1 The Process 177
6.18.2 Assembly Considerations 179
6.19 Structural Foam Molding, Gas Counterpressure Structural Foam Molding,
and Coinjection Molding 180
6.19.1 The Processes 180
6.19.2 Assembly Considerations 181
6.20 Thermoforming 183
6.20.1 The Processes 183
6.20.2 Thin-Gauge Thermoforming 184
6.20.3 Heavy-Gauge Thermoforming 184
6.20.4 Pressure Thermoforming 185
6.20.5 Other Forming Processes 185
6.20.6 Assembly Considerations 185
6.21 Twin-Sheet Thermoforming 186
6.21.1 The Process 186
6.21.2 Assembly Considerations 187
6.22 Transfer Molding 187
6.22.1 The Process 187
6.22.2 Assembly Considerations 188
6.23 Process Selection 188
6.23.1 Thermoplastic Open Shapes 190
6.23.2 Thermoset Open Shapes 191
6.23.3 Hollow Parts 192
6.23.4 Profiles 192
6.23.5 Ultra High Strength 193
Contents xvii
7 Adhesive and Solvent Joining 194
7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 194
7.1.1 Advantages 194
7.1.2 Disadvantages 196
7.2 Basic Theory and Terminology 197
7.3 Methods for Measuring the Wettability of a Plastic Surface 199
7.3.1 Contact Angle Test 199
7.3.2 Wetting Tension Test (ASTM D-2578-73, Wetting Tension
of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films) 199
7.3.3 Adhesion Ratio Test (Tentative ASTM D-2141-63R) 200
7.3.4 Water Spreading Test 200
7.3.5 Dye Stain Test 200
7.3.6 Ink Retention Test 200
7.4 Surface Treatments 201
7.4.1 Solvent Cleaning 202
7.4.1.1 Solvent Immersion 203
7.4.1.2 Solvent Wiping 203
7.4.1.3 Solvent Spray 203
7.4.1.4 Vapor Degreasing 203
7.4.1.5 Ultrasonic Vapor Degreasing 203
7.4.1.6 Ultrasonic Cleaning with Liquid Rinse 203
7.4.2 Abrasive Methods 203
7.4.2.1 Dry Abrasion 204
7.4.2.2 Dry Abrasive Blast 204
7.4.2.3 Wet Abrasive Blast 204
7.4.2.4 Wet Abrasive Scour 205
7.4.2.5 Detergent Scrub 205
7.4.3 Surface Energy Treatments and Process Selection Factors 205
7.4.3.1 Chemical Treatment 205
7.4.3.2 Corona Treatment 205
7.4.3.3 Plasma Treatment 207
7.4.3.4 Flame Treatment 207
7.4.3.5 Process Selection Factors 208
7.4.4 Shelf Life of Surface Treatments 208
7.5 Design for Adhesion 208
7.5.1 Shear Stress 209
7.5.2 Tensile Stress 209
7.5.3 Cleavage 209
7.5.4 Peel 210
7.5.5 Adhesive Joint Designs 210
7.5.5.1 Load-Bearing or Non-Load-Bearing Joints 210
7.5.5.2 Lap Joints 211
7.5.5.3 Butt Joints 216
7.5.5.4 Screw and Glue 219
7.6 Adhesives 219
7.6.1 Acrylics 226
7.6.2 Anaerobics 226
7.6.3 Cyanoacrylates 227
xviii Contents
7.6.4 Epoxies 227
7.6.5 Hot Melts 228
7.6.6 Phenolics 228
7.6.7 Polyurethanes 229
7.6.8 Polysulfides 229
7.6.9 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 229
7.6.10 Silicones 230
7.6.11 Solvent-Based Adhesives 230
7.6.12 Water-Based Adhesives 230
7.7 Solvents 231
7.8 Adhesive and Solvent Assembly Techniques 233
7.8.1 Fixturing 233
7.8.2 Clamping 234
7.8.3 Application Methods 235
7.8.3.1 Capillary Method 235
7.8.3.2 Dip or Soak Method 236
7.9 Adhesive and Solvent System Selection 237
7.10 Glossary 239
7.11 Sources 241
8 Fasteners and Inserts 244
8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 244
8.1.1 Advantages of Using Fasteners 244
8.1.2 Disadvantages of Using Fasteners 244
8.2 Basic Design Considerations for Fasteners 246
8.2.1 Creep Effects 246
8.2.2 Stress Relaxation Effects 247
8.2.3 Notch Sensitivity 247
8.2.4 Craze Resistance 248
8.2.5 Stiffness Considerations 249
8.2.6 Differentials in the Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion 249
8.2.7 Loss of Properties Due to Moisture 250
8.2.8 Clamp Load 250
8.2.8.1 Strain Method 250
8.2.8.2 Torque Method 251
8.2.9 Vibration Resistance 252
8.3 Methods of Using Fasteners with Plastics 252
8.3.1 Press-in Fasteners 253
8.3.2 Self-Tapping Screws 254
8.3.2.1 Strength of Plastic Threads 254
8.3.2.2 Thread-Forming and Thread-Cutting Screws 256
8.3.3 Special Screws for Plastics 259
8.3.3.1 Narrow Thread Forms 259
8.3.3.2 Alternating Thread Heights 259
8.3.3.3 Asymmetrical Thread Forms 259
8.4 Selection of Self-Tapping Screws 259
8.4.1 Cost Criteria 260
8.4.2 Fail/Drive Ratio and Differential 260
Contents xix
8.4.3 Strength Criteria 261
8.4.4 Thread Cutting or Thread Forming 262
8.4.5 Tapped or Molded-in Threads 262
8.5 Threaded Inserts: Advantages 263
8.6 Boss Cap 264
8.7 Helical Coil Inserts 264
8.8 Self-Tapping Inserts 265
8.9 Press-in Inserts 265
8.10 Glue-in Inserts 266
8.11 Expansion Inserts 266
8.12 Molded-in Inserts 267
8.13 Ultrasonic Inserts 267
8.14 Heat-Installed Inserts 270
8.15 Induction Inserts 271
8.16 Hermetic Seals 272
8.17 Studs 272
8.18 Insert Design Considerations 273
8.19U-orJ-Clips 273
8.20TeeNuts 274
8.21 Machine Screws 274
8.22 Tapping and Stud Plates 276
8.23 Plastic Screws 276
8.24 Screw Heads and Washers 277
8.25 Boss Designs 277
8.25.1 Design Criteria 277
8.25.2 Boss Sinks 278
8.25.2.1 Coring 278
8.25.2.2 Location 280
8.25.2.3 Support 280
8.25.2.4 Material 281
8.25.2.5 Surface Treatment 281
8.25.3 Weld Lines 281
8.26 Self-Threading Nuts 283
8.27 Twist Nuts 283
8.28 Press-on Nuts 283
8.29 Spring Clips 284
8.30 Push-in Fasteners 284
8.31 Rivets 284
8.32 Sources 286
8.32.1 Fasteners and Inserts 286
8.32.2 Threaded-Insert 287
8.32.3 Thermal Insertion Equipment 288
8.32.4 Induction Insertion Equipment 288
8.33.5 Ultrasonic Insertion Equipment 288
9 Hinges 289
9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 289
9.1.1 Advantages 289
xx Contents
9.1.2 Disadvantages 289
9.2 One-Piece Integral Hinges 289
9.2.1 The Living Hinge 290
9.2.1.1 Living Hinge Design 291
9.2.1.2 Living Hinge Molding Considerations 294
9.2.1.3 Living Hinges by Other Processes 298
9.2.2 The Mira Spring Hinge 300
9.2.3 Standard Hinges 302
9.2.4 Tab Hinges 303
9.3 Two-Piece Plastic Hinges 303
9.3.1 Ball-and-Socket Hinges 304
9.3.2 Two-Piece Lug-and-Pin Hinges 304
9.3.3 Hook-and-Eye Hinges 305
9.4 Three-Piece Hinges 305
9.4.1 Three-Piece Lug and Pin 306
9.4.2 Piano Hinge 306
9.5 Latches 307
9.5.1 Snaps 307
9.5.2 Rathbun Spring 307
9.6 Number of Hinges and Location 307
10 Hot Plate/Hot Die/Fusion and Hot Wire/Resistance Welding 308
10.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 308
10.1.1 Description 308
10.1.2 Advantages 308
10.1.3 Disadvantages 309
10.2 Materials 310
10.3 The Process 311
10.4 Types of Hot Plate Welding 315
10.4.1 Low Temperature Hot Plate Welding 315
10.4.2 High Temperature Hot Plate Welding 315
10.4.3 Noncontact Hot Plate Welding 316
10.5 Hot Plate Welding Joint Designs 316
10.6 Equipment 318
10.7 Hot Wire/Resistance Welding 319
10.8 Sources 320
11 Hot Gas Welding 321
11.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 321
11.1.1 Advantages 321
11.1.2 Disadvantages 321
11.2 The Process 322
11.2.1 Tack Welding 322
11.2.2 Permanent Hot Gas Welding 323
11.2.3 High Speed Welding 324
11.2.4 Extrusion Welding 326
11.3 Joint Designs 326
11.4 Welding Practice 328
Contents xxi
11.4.1 Appearance Problems 329
11.4.2 Cracking Problems 330
11.4.3 Distortion 330
11.4.4 Fusion Problems 330
11.4.5 Penetration 330
11.4.6 Porosity 331
11.4.7 Scorching 331
11.5 Testing the Weld 331
11.5.1 Nondestructive Testing 331
11.5.1.1 Visual Examination 331
11.5.1.2 Leak Tests 332
11.5.2 Destructive Tests 332
11.5.2.1 Tensile Test 332
11.5.2.2 Bending Test 332
11.5.2.3 Rod Removal Test 332
11.5.3 Chemical Test 332
11.5.4 Spark Test 333
11.6 Applications 333
11.7 Sources 333
11.7.1 Welding Rods 333
11.7.2 Welding Equipment 333
11.7.3 Welding Rod And Equipment 334
12 Induction/Electromagnetic Welding 335
12.1 Description 335
12.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 335
12.2.1 Advantages 335
12.2.2 Disadvantages 336
12.3 The Equipment 337
12.4 The Process 339
12.5 The Coil 340
12.5.1 Single-Turn Coils 340
12.5.2 Hairpin Coils 340
12.5.3 Multi-Turn Coils 341
12.5.4 Split Coils 341
12.5.5 Other Types of Coils 342
12.5.6 Coil Positioning 342
12.5.7 Flux Concentrators 343
12.6 Materials 343
12.6.1 Polymers 343
12.6.2 The Electromagnetic Material 343
12.6.2.1 Molded-in Pre-Forms 343
12.6.2.2 Hot Melt Electromagnetic Materials 344
12.6.2.3 Liquid Electromagnetic Materials 345
12.7 Joint Designs 345
12.8 Encapsulation 348
12.9 Film and Sheeting 348
12.9.1 Intermittent Sealing 348
xxii Contents
12.9.2 Continuous Sealing 349
12.10 Inserting Metal into Plastic 349
12.11 Sources 350
13 Insert and Multipart Molding 351
13.1 Description 351
13.2 Insert Molding 351
13.2.1 Advantages of Insert Molding 351
13.2.2 Disadvantages of Insert Molding 352
13.2.3 Design with Threaded Inserts 353
13.2.4 Mold Considerations for Threaded Inserts 356
13.2.5 Custom-Designed Inserts 358
13.2.6 Outserts: Inserts Larger than the Moldment 362
13.2.7 Hermetic Seals 363
13.2.8 Preparation of Inserts 363
13.2.9 Decorative Inserts 364
13.3 Multi-Part Molding 366
13.3.1 Description 366
13.3.2 Advantages Particular to Multi-part Molding 366
13.3.3 Disadvantages Particular to Multi-part Molding 367
13.3.4 The Process 367
13.3.5 Materials 368
13.4 Sources 370
14 Press Fits/Force Fits/ Interference Fits/Shrink Fits 372
14.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 372
14.1.1 Advantages 372
14.1.2 Disadvantages 372
14.2 Press Fit Engineering 373
14.2.1 Engineering Notation 373
14.2.2 Geometric Factor 375
14.2.3 Changes Due to Temperature Variations 375
14.2.4 Hoop Stress 376
14.2.4.1 Metal Shaft in Plastic Boss 376
14.2.4.2 Shaft and Boss of Same Material 376
14.2.4.3 Shaft and Boss of Different Plastics 376
14.2.4.4 Quick Methods 377
14.2.5 Assembly and Disassembly Forces 377
14.2.6 Dimensional Changes Due to Assembly 378
14.2.7 Relationships 378
14.2.8 Equation Limitations 379
14.3 Safety Factor 384
14.4 Processing 384
14.5 Material Selection 385
14.6 Part Design 385
14.6.1 Heavy-Duty Press Fits 385
14.6.2 Light-Duty or Reopenable Press Fits 386
14.6.3 Other than Round 387
Contents xxiii
14.7 Case Studies 388
14.7.1 Determination of Changes in Diameter Due to Temperature Variations 388
14.7.2 The Geometric Factor for Use In Press Fit Equations 389
14.7.3 Determination of Design Stress and for a Metal Shaft in a Plastic Boss
Maximum Allowable Interference for a Metal Shaft in a Plastic Boss 389
14.7.4 Dimensional Changes Due to Assembly 391
14.7.4.1 Metal Shaft in Plastic Boss 391
14.7.4.2 Plastic Shaft and Metal Boss 391
14.7.5 Determination of Design Stress and Maximum Allowable Interference
for a Shaft and Boss of the Same Material 392
14.7.6 Determination of Design Stress and Maximum Allowable Interference
for a Shaft and Boss of Different Plastics 393
14.7.7 Determination of Assembly and Disassembly Forces 395
14.7.8 Determination of Torsional Holding Capacity 395
15 Snap Fits 396
15.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 396
15.1.1 Advantages 396
15.1.2 Disadvantages 397
15.2 General Applications 398
15.3 General Engineering Principles 398
15.3.1 Allowable Dynamic Strain 398
15.3.2 Corner Stress Concentrations 399
15.3.3 Engineering Adjustments When Both Parts Are Elastic 400
15.3.4 Finite Element Analysis 401
15.4 Cantilever Snap Fits 401
15.4.1 Cantilever Snap Fit Designs 401
15.4.2 Cantilever Snap Fit Engineering 404
15.5 Cylindrical, Ring, Perimeter, or Annular Snap Fits 410
15.5.1 Cylindrical Snap Fit Designs 410
15.5.2 Engineering of Cylindrical, Ring, Perimeter, or Annular Snap Fits 412
15.5.2.1 Maximum Permissible Interference 412
15.5.2.2 Transverse and Axial Forces 412
15.6 Torsion Snap Fits 415
15.6.1 Torsion Snap Fit Designs 415
15.6.2 Engineering of Torsion Snap Fits 415
15.7 Strippable Snap Fits 417
15.8 The Injection Molding Process 418
15.9 Molds for Snap Fits 419
15.9.1 The Basics of Injection Mold Construction 419
15.9.2 Ejection and Cooling Systems for Stripping Molds 421
15.9.3 Cores for Nonstripping Molds 423
15.9.4 Snap Fit Details in the Mold Cavity 425
15.10 Conclusions 427
15.11 Case Studies 428
15.11.1 Cantilever Snap Fit Determination of Permissable Deflection 428
15.11.2 Cantilever Snap Fit Determination of Radial and Mating Forces 431
xxiv Contents
15.11.3 Annular Snap Fit Determination of Maximum Permissable Interference... 432
15.11.4 Annular Snap Fit Determination of Maximum Design Strain 432
15.11.5 Annular Snap Fit Determination of Transverse and Axial Forces
for a Snap Fitment Located Near the End of the Tube 433
15.11.6 Annular Snap Fit Determination of Transverse and Axial Forces
for a Snap Fitment Located Remote From the End of the Tube 434
15.11.7 Self-locking Angle 435
16 Spin Welding 436
16.1 Description of Spin Welding 436
16.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Spin Welding 436
16.2.1 Advantages 436
16.2.2 Disadvantages 437
16.3 Spin Welding Process 438
16.4 Materials 440
16.5 Design for Spin Welding 442
16.5.1 Overall Design Considerations 442
16.5.2 Joint Designs 442
16.6 The Equipment for Spin Welding 444
16.6.1 Drill-Press-Based Spin Welders 444
16.6.1.1 Tooling for Drill-Press-Based Inertial Welding 444
16.6.1.2 Tooling for Drill-Press-Based Pivot Tool Welding 445
16.6.2 Commercial Inertia Spin Welders 445
16.6.3 Commercial Direct-Drive Spin Welders 447
16.7 Sources 449
17 Staking/Swaging/Peening/ Cold Heading/Cold Forming 450
17.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Staking/ Cold Forming 450
17.1.1 Advantages 450
17.1.2 Disadvantages 451
17.2 Staking 451
17.2.1 Cold Forming of Stakes 452
17.2.2 Hot Air/Cold Staking 454
17.2.3 Ultrasonic Cold Forming 455
17.2.4 Hot Die Forming of Stakes (Thermal Staking) 457
17.2.5 Ultrasonic Hot Forming of Stakes 457
17.2.6 Laser Staking 458
17.3 Stake Design 458
17.3.1 The Stud 458
17.3.2 Stake Heads 459
17.4 Swaging 462
17.5 Sources 463
17.5.1 Thermal Staking 463
17.5.2 Hot Air/Cold Staking 464
17.5.3 Laser Staking 464
17.5.4 Ultrasonic 464
Contents xxv
18 Threads: Tapped and Molded-in 465
18.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Integral Threads 465
18.1.1 Advantages Common to Threads of Both Types 465
18.1.2 Disadvantages Common to Threads of Both Types 465
18.2 Drilled and Tapped Holes in Plastics 466
18.2.1 Advantages Unique to Tapped Threads 466
18.2.2 Disadvantages Unique to Tapped Threads 466
18.2.3 Drilling Holes in Plastics 467
18.2.4 Reaming Holes in Plastics 468
18.2.5 Tapping Holes in Plastics 468
18.3 Molded Threads in Plastics 471
18.3.1 Advantages Unique to Molded-in Threads 471
18.3.2 Disadvantages Unique to Molded-in Threads 471
18.3.3 Thread Design 471
18.3.4 Molds for Threads 473
18.3.4.1 Stripping Molds for Internal Threads 474
18.3.4.2 Collapsing Core Molds for Internal Threads 475
18.3.4.3 Expandable Cavity Molds for External Threads 477
18.3.4.4 Split-Cavity Molds for External Threads 477
18.3.4.5 Unscrewing Molds for Internal Threads 479
18.3.4.6 Unscrewing Chuck Plate Mold 479
18.3.4.7 Molds for Parts with Less than One Turn of Thread 479
18.4 Sources 480
18.4.1 Collapsing Cores and Cavities 480
18.4.2 Unscrewing Chuck 480
19 Ultrasonic Welding 481
19.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Welding 481
19.1.1 Advantages 481
19.1.2 Disadvantages 482
19.2 General Applications 483
19.3 The Principle of Ultrasonic Welding 483
19.4 Materials for Ultrasonic Welding 484
19.4.1 Additives and Contaminants 487
19.4.1.1 Colorants 487
19.4.1.2 Fillers, Extenders, and Fibrous Reinforcements 487
19.4.1.3 Flame Retardants 489
19.4.1.4 Foaming Agents 489
19.4.1.5 Impact Modifiers 489
19.4.1.6 Lubricants 489
19.4.1.7 Mold Releases 489
19.4.1.8 Painted Parts 490
19.4.1.9 Plasticizers 490
19.4.1.10 Regrind 490
19.5 Part Design for Ultrasonic Welding 490
19.5.1 Overall Ultrasonic Welding Considerations 490
19.5.1.1 Strength Requirements 491
19.5.1.2 Appearance Requirements 491
xxvi Contents
19.5.1.3 Rigidity Considerations 491
19.5.2 Joint Fundamentals 494
19.5.2.1 Part Alignment 494
19.5.2.2 Uniform Vibration Travel Distance 494
19.5.2.3 Minimal Initial Contact Area 495
19.5.3 Energy Director Joints 496
19.5.3.1 Butt Joint 496
19.5.3.2 Joint Layout 498
19.5.3.3 Textured Surface 500
19.5.3.4 Step Joint 500
19.5.3.5 Tongue-and-Groove Joint 501
19.5.3.6 Thin-Walled Joint 502
19.5.4 Shear Joints 502
19.5.5 Hermetic Seals 506
19.5.6 Scan Welding 506
19.5.7 Stud Welding, Staking, Swaging, and Spot Welding 508
19.5.7.1 Staking and Swaging 508
19.5.7.2 Stud Welding 508
19.5.7.3 Spot Welding 512
19.6 Fabric and Film Sealing 513
19.7 The Ultrasonic Equipment 515
19.7.1 The Basic Principles 515
19.7.2 The Power Supply or Generator 516
19.7.3 The Converter or Transducer 517
19.7.4 The Booster 517
19.7.5 The Horn 517
19.7.6 The Fixture 519
19.7.7 The Controls 520
19.7.8 Equipment Frequency 521
19.7.9 Automation of Ultrasonic Welding 523
19.8 Sources 523
20 Vibration Welding 524
20.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 524
20.1.1 Comparison with Ultrasonic Welding 524
20.1.2 Advantages of Vibration Welding 524
20.1.3 Disadvantages of Vibration Welding 525
20.2 The Process of Vibration Welding 526
20.2.1 Linear Vibration Welding 528
20.2.2 Orbital Vibration Welding 528
20.2.3 Angular Vibration Welding 529
20.3 Materials 529
20.4 Vibration Welding Part Design 532
20.4.1 Basic Considerations 532
20.4.2 Joint Designs for Linear Vibration Welding 533
20.5 The Equipment 536
20.6 Sources 537
Contents xxvii
21 Welding with Lasers 538
21.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 538
21.1.1 Non-Contact, Surface, Direct, or Butt Laser Welding 538
21.1.2 Laser Staking 539
21.1.3 Through Transmission Infra-Red Laser Welding 539
21.1.4 Advantages of Through Transmission Laser Welding 540
21.1.5 Disadvantages of Through Transmission Laser Welding 542
21.2 The Process of Laser Welding 542
21.2.1 The Laser 542
21.2.2 Basic Through Transmission Laser Welding Methods 544
21.2.3 Spot or Contour Welding 545
21.2.4 Simultaneous Through Transmission Infra-Red (STTIr)
Laser Welding (Also Known as Simultaneous Line or Flash Welding) 547
21.2.5 Quasi-Simultaneous Laser Welding 548
21.2.6 Mask Welding (Leister Patented Process) 549
21.3 Materials for Laser Welding 550
21.3.1 Material Properties Affecting Laser Weldability 550
21.3.2 Effects of Refraction Properties on Material Selection 552
21.3.3 Effects of Pigments, Fillers, and Additives on Light Transmission 553
21.3.4 Laser Welding Transmitting Materials 554
21.3.5 Compatibility of Plastics for Laser Welding 556
21.4 Joint Designs 556
21.5 Equipment 558
21.6 Applications 559
21.7 Sources 560
References 561
Index 568
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rotheiser, Jordan |
| author_facet | Rotheiser, Jordan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rotheiser, Jordan |
| author_variant | j r jr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035814787 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA455 |
| callnumber-raw | TA455.P5 |
| callnumber-search | TA455.P5 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3455 P5 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | UV 9900 ZM 5250 ZM 8405 |
| classification_tum | CIT 720f FER 650f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)471933485 (DE-599)DNB994105770 |
| dewey-full | 668.4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.4 |
| dewey-search | 668.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.4 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Fertigungstechnik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV035814787 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:05:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783446407862 9781569904459 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018673646 |
| oclc_num | 471933485 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-523 DE-210 DE-29T DE-703 DE-83 |
| physical | XXXII, 592 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hanser |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rotheiser, Jordan Verfasser aut Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers Jordan Rotheiser 3. ed. Munich [u.a.] Hanser 2009 XXXII, 592 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Joints (Engineering) Plastics Sealing (Technology) Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffkleben (DE-588)4033696-7 gnd rswk-swf Fügen (DE-588)4131313-6 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffschweißen (DE-588)4033707-8 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Fügen (DE-588)4131313-6 s DE-604 Kunststoffkleben (DE-588)4033696-7 s Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 s Kunststoffschweißen (DE-588)4033707-8 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018673646&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rotheiser, Jordan Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers Joints (Engineering) Plastics Sealing (Technology) Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Kunststoffkleben (DE-588)4033696-7 gnd Fügen (DE-588)4131313-6 gnd Kunststoffschweißen (DE-588)4033707-8 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
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| title | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers |
| title_auth | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers |
| title_exact_search | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers |
| title_full | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers Jordan Rotheiser |
| title_fullStr | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers Jordan Rotheiser |
| title_full_unstemmed | Joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers Jordan Rotheiser |
| title_short | Joining of plastics |
| title_sort | joining of plastics handbook for designers and engineers |
| title_sub | handbook for designers and engineers |
| topic | Joints (Engineering) Plastics Sealing (Technology) Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Kunststoffkleben (DE-588)4033696-7 gnd Fügen (DE-588)4131313-6 gnd Kunststoffschweißen (DE-588)4033707-8 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Joints (Engineering) Plastics Sealing (Technology) Kunststoffverarbeitung Kunststoffkleben Fügen Kunststoffschweißen Kunststoff Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018673646&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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