Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Muzeum Okręgowe
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Oksywie culture in Chełmno Land in the light of sepulchral sources |
| Beschreibung: | 442 s., [6] k. tabl. złoż. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm 1 CD-ROM, 6 Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788360324240 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bokiniec, Ewa |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych |c Ewa Bokiniec |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Muzeum Okręgowe |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 442 s., [6] k. tabl. złoż. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 31 cm |e 1 CD-ROM, 6 Beil. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Oksywie culture in Chełmno Land in the light of sepulchral sources | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 250-264 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276132080877568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
SPIS
TREŚCI
.
З
1.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
. 7
1.1.
Cel i zakres pracy
. 7
1.2.
Zarys historii badań nad kulturą oksywską na ziemi chełmińskiej
. 8
1.3.
Podstawy chronologii młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego
. 9
2.
OGÓLNA CHARAKTERYSTYKA ŹRÓDEŁ
.13
3.
ANALIZA TYPOLOGICZNO-CHRONOLOGICZNAI KULTUROWA MATERIAŁÓW
. 16
3.1.
Ozdoby i części stroju
. 16
3.1.1.
Fibule
. 16
3.1.1.1.
Fibule
typu A (Zestawienie
1) .17
3.1.1.1.1.
Fibule
odmiany
A-I
(Zestawienie
1) .18
3.1.1.1.2.
Fibule
odmiany
A-Il
(Zestawienie
1).19
3.1.1.2.
Fibule
typu
В
(Zestawienie
2) .22
3.1.1.2.1.
Fibule
odmiany B-I (Zestawienie
2) .22
3.1.1.2.2.
Fibule
odmiany B-II (Zestawienie
2).24
3.1.1.3.
Fibule
z brązową „koszulką" na kabłąku (Zestawienie
4) .25
3.1.1.4.
Fibule
stopniowate (Zestawienie
3) .26
3.1.1.5.
Fibule
kulkowe (Zestawienie
3) .28
3.1.1.6.
Fibule
typu
С
(Zestawienie
2).32
3.1.1.6.1.
Fibule
odmiany
С
-I
(Zestawienie
2).32
3.1.1.6.2.
Fibule
odmiany
С
-II
(Zestawienie
2).32
3.1.1.7.
Fibule
typu
D
(Zestawienie
4) .33
3.1.1.8.
Fibule
typu
E
(Zestawienie
4).33
3.1.1.9.
Fibule
typu
F
(Zestawienie
4).34
3.1.1.10.
Fibule
typu
G
(Zestawienie
4) .34
3.1.1.11.
Fibule
typu
H
(Zestawienie
4) .36
3.1.1.12.
Fibule
typu I
. 37
3.1.1.13.
Fibule
typu
J
(Zestawienie
8) .38
3.1.1.14.
Fibule
typu
К
(Zestawienie
5
i
6).39
3.1.1.15.
Fibule
typu
L
(Zestawienie
6).44
3.1.1.16.
Fibule
typu
Nauheim
(Zestawienie
8) .45
3.1.1.17.
Fibule
typuM (Zestawienie
7) .46
3.1.1.18.
Fibule
typu
N
(Zestawienie
7) .48
3.1.1.19.
Fibule
typu O (Zestawienie
7) . 50
3.1.1.20.
Fibule
typu A.18 (Zestawienie
8) .51
3.1.1.21.
Fibule
typu A.65 (Zestawienie
8) .51
3.1.1.22. Fibula
ze zwierzęcą główką (Zestawienie
8).54
3.1.1.23.
Formy nietypowe (Zestawienie
8:8,10).54
Spis
tresei
3.1.2.
Klamry
do pasa i
sprzączki
.
56
3.1.2.1.
Klamry jednoczęściowe, taśmowate
-
typ Kl.I
-
Wil IÏI-VII
(Zestawienia
9
i
10)-----56
3.1.2.2.
Klamryjednoczęściowe.sztabkowate-typKl.lHWill) (Zestawienie
11) .59
3.1.2.3.
Klamry dwuczłonowe
-
żelazne (Zestawienie
12).59
3.1.2.4.
Klamry zawiaskowe
-
żelazne (Zestawienie
13
i
14).60
3.1.2.5.
Klamry trójczłonowe
. 73
3.1.2.5.1.
Klamry żelazne (Zestawienie
15) .73
3.1.2.5.2.
Klamry trójczłonowe z brązu (Zestawienie
16) .74
3.1.2.6.
Klamry pierścieniowate (Zestawienie
15) .76
3.1.2.7.
Sprzączki (Zestawienie
17).76
3.1.3.
Przedmioty szklane (Zestawienie
18:12-20) .81
3.1.4.
Bursztyn
. 83
3.1.5.
Bransolety z brązu i żelaza (Zestawienie
18:1-5).83
3.1.6.
Naszyjniki
. 84
3.1.7.
Kółka brodawkowate (Zestawienie
19:8-13).85
3.1.8.
Kółka z brązu i żelaza, ogniwa łańcuszków (Zestawienie
18:9-11; 19:1-7, 20-22).85
3.1.9.
Pierścionki (Zestawienie
18:6-8).88
3.1.10.
Zawieszki (Zestawienie
19:14-19).88
3.1.11.
Inne ozdoby
. 89
3.2.
Narzędzia i przybory toaletowe
. 89
3.2.1.
Noże sierpikowate (Zestawienie
20).89
3.2.2.
Noże proste (Zestawienie
21) .92
3.2.3.
Nożyce (Zestawienie
23) .93
3.2.4.
Brzytwy (Zestawienie
22) .93
3.2.5.
Igły
. 94
3.2.6.
Szczypczyki (Zestawienie
23) .95
3.2.7.
Narzędzia do krzesania ognia
. 96
3.2.8.
Sierpy
. 96
3.2.9.
Przęśliki (Zestawienie
24).97
3.2.10.
„Okładzina" kościana
. 99
3.2.11.
Przedmioty kamienne
. 100
3.2.12.
Instrumentaria kowali
. 100
3.3.
Uzbrojenie
. 106
3.3.1.
Miecze obosieczne (Zestawienie
25).106
3.3.1.1.
Pochwy mieczy obosiecznych (Zestawienie
25).109
3.3.2.
Miecze jednosieczne (Zestawienie
26) .110
3.3.2.1.
Pochwy mieczy jednosiecznych
. 111
3.3.3.
Umba (Zestawienie
27).114
3.3.4.
Imacze (Zestawienie
28) .118
3.3.5.
Groty
. 118
3.3.5.1.
Groty laurowate (grupa I, odmiana A); Zestawienie
31:1 .118
3.3.5.2.
Groty lancetowate (grupa I, odmiana B); Zestawienie
31: 2-4 .119
3.3.5.3.
Groty deltoidalne (grupa I, odmiana C); Zestawienie
30:1-3.120
3.3.5.4.
Groty smukłe odmiany A (grupa
II,
odmiana A); Zestawienie
29:1-2 .120
3.3.5.5.
Groty smukłe odmiany
В
(grupa
II,
odmiana B); Zestawienie
29:3.121
3.3.5.6.
Groty krępe (grupa III); Zestawienie
31: 5-7; 32:4-6 .121
3.3.5.7.
Groty z wykrojami (Zestawienie
33) .121
3.3.5.8.
Groty z zadziorami (Zestawienie
32:1-3) .122
3.3.5.9.
Groty strzał (Zestawienie
32:7-9) .122
3.3.5.10.
Groty nietypowe i nieokreślone typologicznie
. 123
Spis treści
3.3.6.
Toki
. 123
3.3.7.
Ostrogi (Zestawienie
35:1-4) . 124
3.3.8.
Topory (Zestawienie
35: 5-7) . 124
3.3.9.
Proca
. 124
3.3.10.
Uzbrojenie
-
podsumowanie
. 132
3.4.
Naczynia
. 135
3.4.1.
Naczynia ceramiczne
. 135
3.4.1.1.
Analiza typologiczno-chronologiczna i kulturowa naczyń ceramicznych
. 137
3.4.1.1.1.
Typ A
-
Garnki (Zestawienia
36-37). 137
3.4.1.1.1.1.
Podtyp
Al .
137
3.4.1.1.1.2.
Podtyp A2
. 138
3.4.1.1.1.3.
Podtyp
A3 . 139
3.4.1.1.1.4.
Podtyp
A4 . 140
3.4.1.1.1.5.
Podtyp A5
. 141
3.4.1.1.1.6.
Podtyp A6
. 141
3.4.1.1.1.7.
Podtyp A7
. 142
3.4.1.1.1.8.
Podtyp A8
. 143
3.4.1.1.2.
Тур В
-
dzbany i naczynia dzbanopodobne (Zestawienie
37) . 144
3.4.1.1.2.1.
Podtyp
Bl .
144
3.4.1.1.2.2.
Podtyp
В2
. 145
3.4.1.1.2.3.
Podtyp
ВЗ
. 146
3.4.1.1.2.4.
Podtyp
В4
. 146
3.4.1.1.2.5.
Podtyp
В5
. 147
3.4.1.1.2.6.
Podtyp
В6
. 147
3.4.1.1.3.
Тур
С
-
naczynia wazowate (Zestawienie
38). 147
3.4.1.1.3.1.
Podtyp
Cl
. 147
3.4.1.1.3.2.
Podtyp C2
. 148
3.4.1.1.3.3.
PodtypCS
. 148
3.4.1.1.3.4.
Podtyp C4
. 149
3.4.1.1.3.5.
Podtyp C5
. 149
3.4.1.1.3.6.
Podtyp C6
. 149
3.4.1.1.4.
Typ
D
-
kubki (Zestawienie
38) . 150
3.4.1.1.4.1.
Podtyp
Dl
. 150
3.4.1.1.4.2.
Podtyp D2
. 151
3.4.1.1.4.3.
Podtyp D3
. 152
3.4.1.1.4.4.
Podtyp D4
. 152
3.4.1.1.5.
Typ
E
-
misy (Zestawienie
38) . 152
3.4.1.1.5.1.
Podtyp
El
. 152
3.4.1.1.5.2.
Podtyp E2
. 154
3.4.1.1.6.
Typ
F
-
naczynia miniaturowe (Zestawienie
38) . 158
3.4.1.2.
Ceramika
-
podsumowanie
. 159
3.4.1.3.
Analiza technologiczna naczyń ceramicznych
. 178
3.4.1.3.1.
Analiza granulometrii domieszki
. 178
3.4.1.3.2.
Analiza grubości ścianek naczyń
. 179
3.4.1.3.3.
Analiza wykończenia powierzchni zewnętrznej naczynia
. 179
3.4.1.3.4.
Analiza barwy zewnętrznej ścianki naczynia
. 180
3.4.2.
Naczynia z brązu
. 183
4.
CHRONOLOGIA
. 184
6
Spis
tresei
5.
ANALIZA
ZWYCZAJÓW POGRZEBOWYCH I STRUKTURY SPOŁECZNEJ LUDNOŚCI ZIEMI
CHEŁMIŃSKIEJ
.
203
5.1.
Analiza cech i stanów cech
. 203
5.1.1.
Analiza antropologiczna wybranych grobów z cmentarzyska w Podwiesku, stan.
2
(za: A. Florkowski
1972;
A. Florkowski, M. Kamińska-Czakłosz
2005).203
5.1.2.
Analiza grobów według cech
4,5
i
6 . 205
5.1.3.
Analiza kamieni nagrobnych
-
cecha
7. 206
5.1.4.
Analiza wzajemnych relacji przestrzennych wśród ceramiki naczyniowej w jamie grobowej
— 207
5.2.
Analiza relacji pomiędzy poszczególnymi cechami i stanami cech
. 214
5.2.1.
Analiza relacji pomiędzy cechami
1
i
2
a pozostałymi cechami
. 214
5.2.2.
Analiza relacji pomiędzy cechą
3
a pozostałymi
. 218
5.2.3.
Analiza korelacji pomiędzy obecnością kości zwierzęcych a pozostałymi cechami
zespołu grobowego
. 219
6.
PROBLEM GENEZY OKSYWSKIEJ
.229
7.
POZYCJA CHEŁMIŃSKIEJ SPOŁECZNOŚCI W STRUKTURZE POWIĄZAŃ INTERREGIONALNYCH
. 235
7.1.
Powiązania z kręgiem jastorfskim i kulturami Europy Północnej
. 235
7.2.
Powiązania z kulturą przeworską
. 240
7.3.
Powiązania z kręgiem celtyckim
. 242
8.
REGIONALIZACJA KULTURY OKSYWSKIEJ
. 245
ZAKOŃCZENIE
. 249
BIBLIOGRAFIA
. 250
OKSYWIE
CULTURE IN
CHEŁMNO
LAND IN THE LIGHT OF SEPULCHRAL SOURCES
(SUMMARY)
. 265
1.
Introduction
. 265
2.
General characteristic of source material
. 265
3.
Typological, chronological and cultural analysis of source materials
. 265
4.
Chronology
. 266
5.
Analysis of
Chełmno
Land people burial rites and social structure
. 266
6.
Issue of
Oksywie
culture
s
genesis
. 267
7.
Position of
Chełmno
Land's population in interregional structure of connections
. 269
7.1.
Connections to Jastorf culture and North Europe
. 269
7.2.
Connections to
Przeworsk
culture
. 270
7.3.
Connections to Celts
. 271
8.
Oksywie
culture's
regionalisation
. 272
ANEKS
АЛ.
SKRÓCONY KATALOG STANOWISK Z MŁODSZEGO OKRESU PRZEDRZYMSKIEGO
NA ZIEMI CHEŁMIŃSKIEJ
. 275
ANEKS A.2. SPIS WYBRANYCH STANOWISK KULTURY OKSYWSKIEJ
. 423
ANEKS A.3. LISTY WYBRANYCH ZABYTKÓW Z OBSZARU KULTURY OKSYWSKIEJ
. 429
OKSYWIE
CULTURE
IN CHEŁMNO
LAND IN THE LIGHT
OF SEPULCHRAL SOURCES (SUMMARY)
1.
INTRODUCTION
The basic purpose of this elaboration is to characte¬
rise cultural transformation of the Late Pre-Roman
Iron Age
Chełmno
Land population and to draw up
a vision of social relations on the base of sepulchral
materials. For the purpose of proper presentation of
these problems, taxonomical studies of source mate¬
rials are necessary; in order to extract distinctive cul¬
tural and chronological characteristics. Completion
of this allows to start the next stage, concerning the
Chełmno
Land peoples genesis and transformation
during the mentioned period, their connection with
neighbouring cultures and their place in Central and
North European Barbaricum.
2.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SOURCE MATERIALS
The presented work concerns all of the
Oksywie
culture objects of a sepulchral character from
Chełm¬
no
Land. Items from other
Oksywie
culture areas,
known from literature concerning the subject were
made use of by the author when needed, chosen for
comparative purpose only. The purpose of the study
was to generate statistically reliable series of different
types and varieties items, rather than presentation of
all currently known
Oksywie
culture objects. Large
cemeteries were characterised in this chapter, giving
a basis for reconstruction of cultural situation in the
Late Pre-Roman Iron Age
Chełmno
Land. These ne¬
cropolises provided large series of objects and data
concerning funeral rites. Publications,
Kartoteka.
by J. Kostrzewski, as well as the unpublished report
by K. Florkowski and photographs of objects from
Rządź,
also unpublished, in many cases allowed for
reinterpretation, of data according to new, more
detailed typologies. During study of artefacts from
archival
Chełmno
Land cemeteries, identification of
pottery caused most problems. For the purpose of
better analysis of
intra-,
as well as
intercultural
rela¬
tions, individual finds from other sites of
Chełmno
Land were used.
3.
TYPOLOGICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SOURCE MATERIALS
Presented in this chapter typological evaluation of their position within
Oksywie
culture as well as in
objects of the studied area, given on a broad culture Central and North European Barbaricum. Further-
background, provides a base for further studies con- more it allows to draw up genesis of
Oksywie
culture,
cerning chronology of
Chełmno
Land cemeteries and and to study its internal differentiation.
266
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
4.
CHRONOLOGY
Chronological
establishment for Przeworsk
culture, nology is presented on a broad culture background
by T.
Dąbrowska
(1988),
was used by the author for (T.
Dąbrowska
1988).
Unfortunately such approach
basis. New studies concerning Scandinavian (J. Mar- meant loss of some regularities, distinctly present in
tens
1996, 1997)
and Jastorf culture
(
J. Brandt
2001 )
Oksywie
culture
Chełmno
Land sepulchral material,
chronology were also utilised. These systems are supported also by data from other regions of this
used as reference and comparison material within culture. For this reason the work presented proposes
the boundaries of relative chronology. At the same a relative chronology for
Chełmno
Land, taking into
time, when studying the period with strong
La Tene
consideration the local rhythm of development,
influence it is necessary to refer to absolute and La based on a number of foundation characteristics and
Tene
chronology, presented by R. Gebhard
(1989,
relations between them. In
Chełmno
Land there are
p.
118-127),
with modifications by J. Brandt
(2001,
around a
1000
graves, dated to Late Pre-Roman Iron
p.
63-67).
Age. They are furnished with numerous, co-occurring
In monograph of the Podwiesk cemetery (E. Bo- object categories in differing groupings, additionally
kiniec
2005)
the author attempted to
mach perio-
combined with correlated grave and burial charac-
disation of studied material with scheme used for teristics. This in comparison to previous chronology,
Przeworsk
culture. This decision was based on gives a base for a much more detailed division, for
a reason, that both cultures are similar and they have phases (Ap A2, A3), stages (Ala, Alb, A2a, A2b, A3a, A3b)
analogical (yet not identical) rhythm of development. and horizons
(Alb-A2a,
A2/A3
i A3b/Bla)
-
compare
The latest detailed study of
Przeworsk
culture chro- charts
21-22
and plate
50.
5.
ANALYSIS OF
CHEŁMNO
LAND PEOPLE BURIAL RITES AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Only a part of Podwiesk and
Małe Czyste
sites' burials Considering wealth distribution, age groups iu-
were analysed anthropologically. For the purpose of vents, adultus and maturus are divided in a similar
archaeological analysis the remaining large cemete- way. In every age class there are graves of individuals
ries
were also used. with poor, moderate and wealthy furnishing; Pod-
Inner organisation of archaic populations con- wiesk society's internal division manifests itself in
stitutes on differentiation in social position, role such way. Distinct difference in furnishing richness
and status, and personal contacts within small local of burials is visible between graves of A! phase and
groups and bonds of a larger scale (E. Nowicka
1991,
p. A^-A^ horizon and the fully develop stadium of
337-419).
All societies are differentiated by biological A2 phase, this is caused by popularisation of a new
characteristics, such as sex and age, in every society custom of placing in graves items, such as: tools, toilet
there are always at least three age groups (child, adult, articles, beads and richer weapon sets (compare ap-
senior) and social positions associated with them. On propr
iate
chapters of source material analysis)
.
Podwiesk cemetery, childhood egalitarianism,
pre-
Differentiation of furnishing by sex is quite distinct,
sented by Tacitus (p.
275-276),
is partially confirmed belt hooks and more than one fibula were found in
by common poor furniture of burials, especially of burials determined as female twice as often as in those
group infans I. Basically, the differentiation in rich- determined as male, which is associated with specifics
ness of furnishing divides Podwiesk society into two of dress. Female graves, also twice more often than
distinctly separated groups
-
children and adults. In male are classified as rich (groups IV and V), which
Podwiesk, unlike in
Przeworsk
culture (K. Czarnecka is based on a larger number of brooches and items
1990,
p.
59),
younger children were treated differ- such as beads, sewing needles or sickle knives that
ently (the poorest group of the society) than older are found in them. Spindle-whorls are also strongly
ones. Group infans II is "separated" just as much from correlated with female burials. It is different with cor-
group infans I, as from other age groups (adults) of relation of sex and weaponry; it was revealed in
9%
of
the discussed population. female graveS; i6% of male graves. Complete lack of
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
267
senilis
aged individuals corresponds to their lack or wider range, it functions also in
Przeworsk
culture
very low presence
(1%
on average) on Roman Iron Age (K.
Godłowski
I960,1974).
cemeteries
(Z. Łubocka,
S. Gronkiewicz
2006,
p.
63).
Graves of a smiths, unique, in the scale of
Oksywie
Analysis based on anthropological determinants, culture, were uncovered on cemeteries in
Rządź
and
gives a picture of statistically perceptive regularities in
Nowe Dobra.
Rich furniture of
Rządź
grave, composed
treatment of the deceased, dependent of age and sex. of numerous iron tools, shows the significant role of
Yet, this picture is somewhat "blurred", it shows the the buried individual for local society. Yet, it has to
society under discussion as one respecting rules that be stated that the burial contains no weapon, usually
are impossible to reconstruct. The anthropological present in rich male burials, and it contains a crescent
data shows, that the same correlations of furnishing shaped knife, which in
Chełmno
Land is correlated in
traits and grave pit' properties can characterise both almost
100%
of cases with female burials. This could
male and female graves. mean, that the buried craftsman, was not considered
Analysis based on archaeological determinants to be a warrior like other men were, thus maybe he
proves, that there is a number of burial rite's charac- was not a member of the local population. In such
teristics subordinate to strict rules, allowing gender situation the crescent shaped knife could have been
identification of the deceased almost
100%
sure, a symbol of the smiths ambiguous social status. Lack
Comparing to this,
anthropologie
method, with error of a weapon seems to suggest that the craftsman was
in up to
40%
of gender identification attempts, proves a travelling smith, allowed to reside within a defined
to be rather unreliable. On the base of archaeological population, yet on specific conditions. The
Nowe
criteria, it can be assumed that there is a specific set
Dobra
burial, suggests that this man, if he actually
of offerings characteristic for male graves: weapons, was equipped with an axe, had a completely different
straight knives, razors and tongs, and for female social position in the local group. As an axe is one of
graves: belt hooks, spindle-whorls, needles, sickle the elements of warrior burials furnishing in
Oksywie
knives, bracelets and beads. Yet this rule has a much culture.
6.
ISSUE OF
OKSYWIE
CULTURE'S GENESIS
In spite of efforts made to unsolved the issue of only a solitary discovery of ambiguous cultural and
Oksywie
cultures origin, the subject is still a problem chronological significance which needs further con-
with more questions remaining then answered.
Ar- firmation.
A ball brooch was found in
Nowe Dobra
chaeologists
J.
Kostrzewski
(1961)
and R.
Wołągiewicz (W.
La Baume 1934),
it can be dated to LT Cl, but its
( 1979)
where the scholars who spent most time on cultural origin in unknown. There are no unambigu-
this problem. Some questions were taken up by ous proofs of
Pomerania
being inhabited in LT B,
H. Machajewski
(1999; 2001),
while T.
Dąbrowska
or even in LT A, as there are only a few finds dated
and
Z. Woźniak
(2005)
approached the topic on the to this phase, there is even less LT
С
finds (which
background of
Przeworsk
cultures genesis. is very problematic). The closet site, with the latest
Considering the few examples of Pomeranian- chronology, is in Rembielin (J. Okulicz
1979,
p.
28
Cloche Grave cultures long chronology (reaching and further.;
Ł.
Okulicz, A. Pozarzycka, W. Nowa-
LT C), issue of origin of substrate, representing Late kowski
1974;
Z. Woźniak
1994,
p.
203
and further) it
Hallstatt
-
Early
La Tene
tradition in the newly form- indicates the existence of a settlement centre which
ing
Oksywie
culture is not certain, also because of the functioned in LT B. The remaining finds from Poland,
impossibility to define its closure (M. Andrzejowska certain to be LT
В
(including metal objects), are just
1995).
It is only in fully developed LT C, that first as few
(Z. Woźniak
1995,
maps
2-3).
On the other
trends possible to connect both with
Przeworsk
and side, examples confirming
La Tene
influenced accul-
Oksywie culture come into view. In
Nowe Dobra
turation process, overlapping Late
Hallstatt
-Early
La
А
-Ic
variant brooch, characteristic for LT C2, has
Tene
tradition, are very numerous. Yet they are only
been uncovered in an intact Cloche grave (after evident in assemblages of the new culture.of definite
O. Romanowska-Grabowska). Nonetheless, it was LT
С
chronology. Such examples are found in pottery
268
Kultura
oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
_
genetically strongly connected with Cloche Grave vessel (M. Pietrzak
1987,
PL LXVI:46a) analogical
cultures vessels, coinciding with fibulae of early stage to Jutland specimens (R. Hachmann
1961,
fig.
56:6)
of A, phase. Bearing in mind the above facts, taking is known from the coast of the Baltic Sea. Over
20
into account Jastorf migration and strong influence large fragments and a big series of smaller ones of
of
Przeworsk
culture on
Chełmno
Land people, it characteristic parts of pottery, of the Szynych assem-
should be considered whether it would be possible
blage
(E.
Bokiniec 2006d, fig. P23-24), were found
for Late
Hallstatt
-
Early
La Tene
tradition to last out; to be representing features unknown until now in
question remaining where did its bearers come from. Pre-Roman Iron Age cultures of the mentioned
The localization of this population in
Chełmno
Land region. Such characteristics are known from Lower
and in remaining areas of
Oksywie
culture causes
Odra
group of Jastorf culture (T. Laszkiewicz
1971,
doubts. Swift adoption of cinerary urn's bowl cover- PL V-VI
),
found in Hodde settlement in Jutland
ing, in A2 phase could have been a result the men- (compare S. Hvass
1985,
fig.
120:135g), Poznan-Nowe
tioned tradition lasting out in the regions population.
Miasto
district, site
226
(H.
Machaj
ewski, R. Pietrzak
It can be assumed, that the cultural differentiation
2004,
Pi. VIL3)
or
Osłonki
(M. Grygiel
2004,
fig. 9e).
of
Oksywie
cultures northern and southern regions It seems, that analogies for these forms should also
was based fundamentally on a phenomenon with be looked for in Jastorf culture cemeteries (compare
intense Late
Hallstatt
-
Early
La Tene
tradition; the H.
Hingst 1989,
PL
86:62, 116:160).
In Szynych site
tradition that lasted out in a varying degree of
pres-
source material, there is also, a cognitively valuable
ervation in different regions of Central Europe. The (in reference with the Jastorf and North European
phenomenon was best visible in regions and periods, tradition, visible in the extensive series of uncovered
where
Przeworsk
type acculturation with its specific pottery) bronze pin, for which there are analogies
pottery style made the smallest impact. Stylistic simi- in only two, very distant from each other places,
larity of Jutland (compare S. Hvass
1985),
Bornholm,
The first of this, probably the place of origin is the
Oksywie, Czerniczyn
and Zarubintsy pottery could North European culture circle, especially Jutland
be the result of a common Late
Hallstatt
-
Early La and Fionia
(A. Maciałowicz
2008).
The second is
Tene
heritage, that lasted on into Late Pre-Roman the Baits' territory (J. Jaskanis, J. Okulicz
1981,
fig.
Iron Age. In
Przeworsk
culture on the other hand,
91;
J. Okulicz-Kozaryn, W. Nowakowski
1996).
"cloche" stylistic impression is noticeable only mar- This is a very important element of early cultural
ginally, reduced to a minimum during the process of influence, especially in the light of already known
intense
La Tene
influenced conversion. strong bonds with this island, indicated by fibulae
During the same period, Jastorf settlements
de-
with bronze "mantle" on bow
(mit Bronzehülle auf
velops over the lower course of
Odra
River. Until
dem Bügel)
and bipartite belt hooks. Thus, the pin
recently presence of its pottery in
Oksywie
culture is a proof of very early contacts between the Baltics
was considered to be coping of foreign vessels, but south coast and
Bornholm.
The above mentioned
now, in view of numerous discoveries of Jastorf
cul-
non-sepulchral objects of Jastorf and North
Euro-
ture
forms in Szynych near
Grudziądz,
argument of
pean
provenience, uncovered in
Chełmno
Land, have
migration appears (E. Bokiniec 2006d, 2006e). The numerous equivalents in regions which in later
(?)
large assemblage of Jastorf characteristic pottery period were occupied by
Przeworsk
culture. There,
uncovered in Szynych has to be mentioned here they are an element of settlements with strong
(E. Bokiniec 2006d, 2006e), even though this study Jastorf characteristics, with no known correspond-
concentrates mainly on sepulchral material. The main ing cemeteries (T.
Dąbrowska, Z. Woźniak
2005,
reason for this, is that presence of these materials in p.
88-92).
In spite of numerous metal objects of
settlement area and their almost complete absence foreign provenience, asides of some
Przeworsk speci-
on cemetery reflects an analogical trend, known
mens
there is almost no pottery of a nonlocal char-
from regions of
Przeworsk
culture (T.
Dąbrowska,
acter on
Oksywie
culture cemeteries. In
Chełmno
Z. Woźniak
2005).
The Szynych assemblage of vessels Land we can observe a kind of cultural phenomenon,
is strongly differentiated morphologically. Up until which was already known, mainly from
Kujawy
and
recently there were no forms of this type neither
Wielkopolska;
a horizon of finds preceding Bastar-
from
Pomerania
region (asides of its western fringe,
пае
and Scirii migration for the Black Sea and time
occupied by Lower
Odra
group of Jastorf culture) of
Przeworsk
cultures formation (T.
Dąbrowska,
nor from
Chełmno
Land, only one strongly profiled
Z. Woźniak
2005).
Bearing in mind the extent of the
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
269
phenomenon, there is a theory concerning more or between the latest, precisely dated assemblages of
less intense settling of Jastorf people on considerable Pomeranian culture (with Kowalowice type fibulae)
part of Polish lands; which would enclose the gap and
Przeworsk
colonisation.
7.
POSITION OF
CHEŁMNO
LAND'S POPULATION IN INTERREGIONAL STRUCTURE
OF CONNECTIONS
7.1.
Connections to Jastorf culture and North Europe
The first period of Jastorf culture influence is strongly cultural relationship of lower
Odra
and lower Vistula
associated with its Lower
Odra
group, and it starts basins evidently intensifies. In this light, the north-
as already in early stage of
Аг
phase (tripartite iron em
Wielkopolska
and
Kujawy
regions, particularly
belt hook with B-I type fibula). This suggests, that saturated with Jastorf origin objects prove to be the
А
-I
and B-I type fibulae, usually associated with La connection route between Lower
Odra
group and
Tene
influence process brought by
Przeworsk
cul-
Oksywie
culture.
ture,
could also be related with Lower
Odra
group. The next stage of
Oksywie
relations with Jastorf
In consequence it seems possible that Jastorf culture culture falls to A2 phase, impulses from Brandenburg
adopted these early forms, where they constituted became more eminent with appearance of
G type
numerous group. Nonetheless, considering the strong fibula. Mutual relations go only as far as acceptance
correlation between early fibulae and pottery charac- of objects of new type, while the society remains
teristic for
Przeworsk
tradition, contacts with centres traditional with its burial rites. Graves furnished
of this last culture cannot be excluded entirely. with
G type
objects, continue the burial rite tradi-
The second, rich wave of imports (and their
imita-
tion
characteristic from graves furnished with fibulae
tions), took place in late stage of Aj phase, it includes with rectangular bow,
nota bene
still present in A2
a large collection of fibulae of Jastorf type with rectan- phase. Burial rite characteristics and their elements,
guiar
bow
(mit stufenförmigem Bügel),
iron brooches the same as found in
Oksywie
culture, are also present
with bronze "mantle"
( mit Bronzehülle auf dem Bügel) in
West Pomeranian Lubieszewo. Acculturation feed-
ball brooches (with connected bronze balls), and back between Lower
Odra
and Lower Vistula people
bipartite belt hooks. This phase is probably older is one of fundamental processes determining the Late
than appearance of
С
type brooches. The discussed Pre-Roman Iron Age culture character of
Pomerania,
stage of imports inflow (not excluding appearance At the same time, as
G type
fibulae (with centre of
of local imitations), asides of evident relations with occurrence in Brandenburg and in
Saale
and Unstrut
Lower
Odra
land, displays contacts with Mecklen- basins) reach
Oksywie
culture, tripartite bronze belt
burg as well (characteristic form of ball fibulae). In hooks reach regions over Havel and Spree rivers, both
some cases (ball brooches) analogies to Hannover as imports and imitations. The question of contacts
forms can be spotted. Obviously, in both of the
de-
with cultures of Northern Europe is more complex,
scribed cases, assimilation of new forms must have this is mainly due to the fact that chronology of these
come through Lower
Odra
group of Jastorf culture, regions is still not fully synchronised with that of La
A barely wider range is noticeable only in case of
Tene
culture. The considerably numerously, Podwiesk
fibulae with a characteristic elongated bronze "man- uncovered, fibulae with bronze "mantle" on bow are
tie" on bow, as these are also met on
Bornholm
and insufficient to solve this problem. In Northern Eu-
Gotland, where in most cases they differ in details of rope, both on Gotland and
Bornholm
these brooches
construction. In
Oksywie
culture there are individual directly precede the
К
type fibulae horizon, most of
items as well as all sets of objects characteristic for which represent the later variant (among other with
mentioned regions. In spite of some differences, the openwork catch-plate). Such chronological layout of
burial rites of Lower
Odra
group
Bornholm
and Ok- these fibulae in Northern Europe, suggests at least
sywie culture show most similarities when compared
synchronie
appearance of type with bronze "mantle"
with their neighbouring cultural entities. With
tíme,
on bow, in entire area of their presence. No doubt
270
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
frequent occurrence of miniature vessels is a peculiar
rect.
Historical records allow to assume that a tribe
characteristic of
Bornholm
pottery. In Podwiesk, the of Rugians (according to Tacitus) and Ulmerugians
same tradition is known from graves furnished with (according to
Jordanes)
inhabited
Pomerania,
around
bronze "mantle" fibulae, later on
К
type fibulae and Vistula estuary. R.
Wołągiewicz
(1981a, p.
196)
sug-
from the last phase of Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. It is
gests
identification of Lower
Odra
group of Jastorf
at that time that a radical change in burial rites takes culture with those mentioned "island" Rugians. Their
place in
Chełmno
Land. Urn graves disappear almost migration to central
Pomerania
could be associated
entirely.
Bornholm
is the only other place where ere- with, abandonment of lower
Odra
regions, on one
mation
pit graves are so dominant at that time. It is side and on the other, with expansion of
Oksywie
also from there, that the tradition of sparse furnishing culture in late stage of A2 phase.
"Burgundián"
and
of graves with pottery and preference of miniature "Rugian" theories seem to contradict each other, but
vessels came from. At that time, it is noticeable, that spatial-cultural differentiation of
Oksywie
culture in
Chełmno
Land decisively differs from other regions A3 phase suggests a possibility of connection of both
of
Oksywie
culture. Elsewhere men are still interred concepts. Considerable mobility of Germanic people
in urns, while in
Chełmno
Land this tradition disap- allows to assume, that more migrations took place
pears almost entirely. It can be assumed, that such in last two centuries
ВС
then there are in historic
radical change of burial rites (the most stable cultures records. Frequent changes in burial rites of Pomera-
heritage), is the effect of foreign people inflow.
nia
and spatial differentiation, seam to confirm this
Thus, in early phase of Late Pre-Roman Iron Age, unique mobility. It is possible that Burgundians
a specific cultural complex starts to form on the south inhabited lower
Odra
regions and maintained active
coast of the Baltic Sea (lower
Odra
and Vistula ba- contacts (including migrations of smaller groups of
sins, and
Bornholm). In
Archaeological sources it is people) with lower Vistula region people. This could
visible in a number of objects of a local character be confirmed by the fact than Burgundians under
(of the above mentioned territory). It is also stable a name of Furgundiones are mentioned in those last
enough to allow the culture to consolidate, in spite regions. Meaning that this could be a true informa-
of new trends in stylistics. This concerns both metals
tion
and not just a misuse of analogical term. In A2
and (what is most important) pottery, which char- phase Burgundians migrated to central
Pomerania,
acterises with much more decisive local divergence, However already at the turn of A2 phase a new fac-
when compared to other relic categories. Intensity tor appears, this being the migration of Ulmerugians
of lower Vistula region contacts with Lower
Odra
from lower Elbe region in the west (S. Czarnowski
group suggest existence of relations more complex
1956).
In archaeological sources, this expansion is
than just trade, it can be assumed that migration of visible in presence of Hannover type fibulae and
some groups took place as well. in popularisation of situla shaped and wide-frieze
Archaeological data is usually very difficult to ornamented vase-like and jug shaped vessels, which
connect with ethnics, yet in this case, with such af- are absent in
Chełmno
Land, on the other hand often
fluent archaeological data, it should be reconsidered uncovered in
Pruszcz Gdański,
site
10;
found also in
whether sceptic approach to Ptolemy records is cor- Warszkowo.
7.2.
Connections to
Przeworsk
culture
Przeworsk
cultures influence is best visible in pot- shaped C5 sub-type vessels and corresponding in
tery,
for which there are widely established "norms of shape D4 sub-type cups as well as D2 sub-type cups.
Przeworsk
character". This is based on a number of Also bowls are similar to
Przeworsk
forms. Rims with
characteristics, that form an undeniable trait always facets are the strongest associated with
Przeworsk cul-
geneticaUy bonded with
Przeworsk,
even when found
ture
element of micro-morphology, so are the small,
outside of dense cultures regions. Vessels of undeni- narrowed and faceted-lugs starting at the edge of the
ably
Przeworsk
character are: inverted pear-shaped rim, same as presence of distinctly marked necks and
(Bla variety) and pear-shaped (B6 sub-type) jugs, as low placed belly maximum diameter,
well as identical in shape with those last mentioned, In spite of some differences,
Przeworsk
and Oksy-
but considerably smaller D3 sub-type cups; also vase-
wie
region pottery is strongly related, when placed
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
271
against the background of neighbouring cultures. Yet more popular as late as the last phase of Late Pre-
the similarities are more of a general nature than it Roman Iron Age.
was considered to be up until now, they are based In contrast to clearly visible borrowing in pottery
mainly on common rim and lug faceting, and
imi-
production techniques, influence in metal decora-
tation of vessel form. In Podwiesk vessel rims with
tion
and everyday objects is not as obvious, when
facets are correlated with even the earliest fibulae analysing grave finds. A, and A2 phases assemblages
of A and
В
type, and it is characteristic for typical of burial furnishing (especially in earlier stage of the
Przeworsk
vessel forms, such as jugs described in later one) are more similar to Jastorf model than
literature as inverted pear-shaped. Therefore it can to
Przeworsk,
as it includes fibulae and belt hooks
be assumed that
Przeworsk
pattern of a specific type with absence of tools. Consequently
Oksywie
metal
vessels production was accepted; utilised in Podwiesk objects of this period should not be associated with
as cinerary urns. Speaking of micro
-
and macro-
Przeworsk
influence. Possibly the
H type
fibulae,
morphology, or even of utilisation (as cinerary urns), numerously uncovered in Podwiesk, could be an
A[ phase pottery, are based on
Przeworsk
techniques exception of this rule. Their considerable percentage
and traditions. In cases where their rims or lugs are is similar to that presented on
Przeworsk cemeter-
broken off before placing in a grave, they bear signs
ies,
where they are also an element of women graves
of treatment alien to
Przeworsk
culture, more often furnishing. However their sizeable concentration in
found in Jastorf tradition. It is astonishing that in Aj Brandenburg suggest a possibility of their penetration
phase there are no, or almost no bowls in
Oksywie
east
-
and northwards from around Havel and Spree,
culture. At the same time they are widely utilised in This being even more probable, since the model of
Jastorf as well as in
Przeworsk
and Pomeranian-Cloche burial furnishing is closer there then it is in Prze-
Grave cultures. Vessels of this form are only absent on worsk tradition.
that time's cemeteries of Northern Europe. Fibulae that occur in both mentioned cultures, yet
Population of A2 phase continues tradition of are absent or rare in Jastorf culture (such as
D, E, J
vessel forms similar to those of
Przeworsk
origin, and
Nauheim
types), could be a result of long distance
Share of vessels with facets is analogical to this of trade exchange (possibly via
Przeworsk
territories),
the previous phase. It is in that period that bowls start associated with Amber Road. In A3 phase
Chełmno
to appear (usually with facets), which can be consid- Land population sustains its long distance trade via
ered
to be
Przeworsk
influence. This type of vessels
Przeworsk.
However, penetration of
Przeworsk ele-
was used as cinerary urn covers. Identical tradition
ments
northwards is even less clear then it was in
can be found on Jastorf cemeteries. Moreover, some previous periods. Similarity, reduction of share of
of burial rite element, such as braking pottery and vessels with facets, is noticeable in both regions, but
burning it through before placing in grave, have to in
Chełmno
Land it is a result of pit grave adaptation
be associated with
Przeworsk
influence. Nevertheless, and not of
Przeworsk
influence, while in the other
although deposition of broken pottery in graves is culture the process is reversed, urn graves become
common in
Oksywie
culture, right from the begin- more frequent. Hinged and bronze belt hooks found in
ning,
burning through of furnishing pottery becomes
Przeworsk
culture evidently are of
Oksywie
origin.
7.3.
Connections to Celts
The
Oksywie
culture's connections with Celts were main characteristic for telling apart local and foreign
of indirect character rather than of broadly under- craftsmen. The fact that trade routes, towards Baltic,
stood acculturation (meaning celtisation). Migration passed through
Przeworsk
people territories (the
of Celtic people is not a possibility as, their presence
Oksywie
culture's closest neighbour) suggests they
would manifest itself in archaeological evidence. On had a role in assimilation of Celtic decorations. Trade
the other hand presence of foreign smiths is probable, routes were also a natural way of spreading ideas,
their production of objects for local population would First element of Celtic character uncovered in Ok-
have been based on Celtic designs on one side, and sywie culture graves, origin from regions over lower
local or Jastorf tradition on the other. Presence or Vistula, these are
А
-I
and B-I fibulae. The oldest of
absence of weapons in smith graves, is probably the these are dated as early as LT Cl. It is very probable
272
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
that they reached this far north via Jastorf culture, in Noricum and
Pannonia,
and on Central European
However, considering correlation of fibulae with
oppida,
from which they probably spread to our lands
Przeworsk
character pottery, it is possible that also (T.
Dąbrowska
1988,
p.
138).
There are also two grave
people of this culture conveyed
La Tene
objects to assemblages, from A2 phase, that contain smith im-
Oksywie territory. The A2 phase is the period of lively plements, for which there are numerous analogies
trade activity on Amber Road, Celtic-Illyrian imports on Celtic sites.
appear in increased quantities. Exceptionally large Started earlier
Oksywie
cultures contacts with
Oksywie
cultures assemblage of Celtic origin fibulae, Celtic world, continue on in A3 phase. This is con-
of
D, E, J
and
Nauheim
type, and bronze specimens firmed by imported objects, such as: numerous glass
of A-IIa-1 variant, is a direct indicator of the direc- beads,
Knotenringen,
A.
18
and A.65 type fibula,
tion
they came from. Such fibulae are rarely met in and bronze vessels. Concentration of the mentioned
Jastorf culture, while numerously found in
Przeworsk
imports away from Jastorf territories, in Celtic and
culture territory. Association with the main route of
Przeworsk
culture regions, also suggests that Amber
Amber Road is confirmed by the fact that the largest Road passing through Polish lands was the way of
concentration of mentioned types' fibulae is located their transportation from the south,
at the Vistula estuary, which is the final point of trade Asides of objects imported from the Celtic
from the south which passes through
Przeworsk dominium
in the south, some of objects based on
territory and
Chełmno
Land. Therefore, the theory Celtic stylistics are produced locally in
Chełmno
concerning Celtic influence coming to
Oksywie
from Land. With this phenomenon a number of object
Czech and Moravia via the lower Elbe basin, cannot types can be associated, such as: some types of sickle
be agreed with (J. Okulicz-Kozaryn, W. Nowakowski knives,
К
type fibulae with openwork catch-plate,
1996,
p.
163).
The issue of Celtic origin weapon finds with
Stützfalte
characterised by stunning similarity
has to be mentioned here. Early presence of
arma-
to analogical bowl shaped parts of
J
type fibulae. This
ment
in
Przeworsk
culture burials, suggests the origin also concerns K-IIIb variant with flat bow specimens,
of this custom to be adopted from Celtic tradition. Fibulae with openwork catch-plate and with knobs on
The leading role of this cultures people in initiation feet, are assumed to be of late imports. In Polish lands
of weapon distribution is certain. Also swords came they were placed in burials probably already in Early
to the north via this culture, though their Celtic Roman Iron Age; although they occur in assemblages
origin is often questioned; whereas the openwork of distinct Late Pre-Roman Iron Age character (both
ornamented sheaths
(Rządź),
for these swords, are in
Oksywie
culture, as well as
Przeworsk
one). The
usually considered Celtic imports. Sword sheath first of these brooches is a zoomorphic form (grave
from Podwiesk grave no.
32
is fitted with a unique explored in year
1963,
Podwiesk), the only specimen
pendant, to which there are only indirect analogies: of this type found so far north and the oldest at the
in Hungary and Serbia. Circular buckles, to which same time; the second fibula is a unique example of
swords were fastened, are partially connected with a type with a knee shaped bow, also from Podwiesk
armament; analogies for these are found in East Alps, (grave
65).
8.
OKSYWIE
CULTURE'S REGIONALISATION
Oksywie
culture's non-homogeneity and lack of emphasised that
Chełmno
Land differs from other
uniformity of specific regions character is a known regions of
Oksywie
culture throughout the entire Late
problem, already discussed. Usually
Oksywie
is being Pre-Roman Iron Age.
divided in three regions:
Chełmno
Land, lower
Vi-
The
Oksywie
culture, or
Oksywie
circle of cultures
stula
basin, and Central
Pomerania
(R.
Wołągiewicz
as would be more appropriate, appears as a new phe-
1981a). Now, after reinterpretation of materials, on nomenon in
Chełmno
Land and lower Vistula basin
the basis of criteria developed for Podwiesk
cerne- in
Aj phase. Though the lack of cultural uniformity of
tery,
it is possible to create a more detailed analysis these regions is obvious, the theory suggesting a Prze-
of the cultures internal differentiation. It has to be worsk character of area between
Osa
and
Drwęca
Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych
(summary)
273
(R.
Wołągiewicz
1981a, p.
142)
cannot be agreed
with and it was already questioned by some scholars
(K.
Godłowski
1985,
map
1;
T.
Dąbrowska
1988,
p.
63
and further). It is already in initial phase of the cultures
existence, that to many differences, of fundamental
issues, separate the lower Vistula basin people from
Przeworsk
culture. Going further, A2 phase was not the
time of formation of
Oksywie
circle of cultures. At this
stage, the culture formed in an earlier phase "captures"
the east part of Central
Pomerania;
colonisation of
the western part
(Drawsko Pomorskie, Niemica
and
Warszkowo) takes place at the turn of A2 phase. The
source material from this region is closer to this charac¬
teristic for Vistula estuary cemeteries, and substantially
different from that of
Chełmno
Land necropolises. Yet
already as early as A2 phase, an advanced "convergence"
oflower
Odra
region and remaining part of
Oksywie
Pomerania
takes place, Lubieszewo and Ginawa cem¬
eteries, located on eastern periphery oflower
Odra
group of Jastorf culture territory are a proof of that.
Though the A2 phase is a time of cultural unification
of
Pomerania
and
Chełmno
Land, the last stage of Late
Pre-Roman Iron Age is a period of obvious "divergence",
especially in reference to
Chełmno
Land. The internal
demarcation of
Oksywie
culture allows distinction of
few regions, these are differentiated by the rhythm of
development resulting of varying speed in reception
and transformation of external influence from vary¬
ing directions. The cultures internal differentiation is
not restrained to territorial aspect, it is also visible in
time where results in fluctuation of dominating axis
of connections.
Tłumaczenie: Maciej Majewski |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bokiniec, Ewa |
| author_facet | Bokiniec, Ewa |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bokiniec, Ewa |
| author_variant | e b eb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035791961 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 250-264 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316472613 (DE-599)BVBBV035791961 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Culm Region (DE-588)4490502-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Culm Region |
| id | DE-604.BV035791961 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:07:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788360324240 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018651281 |
| oclc_num | 316472613 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 442 s., [6] k. tabl. złoż. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm 1 CD-ROM, 6 Beil. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Muzeum Okręgowe |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bokiniec, Ewa Verfasser aut Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych Ewa Bokiniec Toruń Muzeum Okręgowe 2008 442 s., [6] k. tabl. złoż. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm 1 CD-ROM, 6 Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Oksywie culture in Chełmno Land in the light of sepulchral sources Bibliogr. s. 250-264 Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Culm Region (DE-588)4490502-6 gnd rswk-swf Culm Region (DE-588)4490502-6 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018651281&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018651281&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bokiniec, Ewa Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych Bibliogr. s. 250-264 Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4490502-6 |
| title | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych |
| title_auth | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych |
| title_exact_search | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych |
| title_full | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych Ewa Bokiniec |
| title_fullStr | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych Ewa Bokiniec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych Ewa Bokiniec |
| title_short | Kultura oksywska na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle materiałów sepulkralnych |
| title_sort | kultura oksywska na ziemi chelminskiej w swietle materialow sepulkralnych |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Funde Ausgrabung Culm Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018651281&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018651281&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bokiniecewa kulturaoksywskanaziemichełminskiejwswietlemateriałowsepulkralnych |