From privilege to competition: unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington DC
World Bank
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Mena development report
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780821378779 9780821378892 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Benhassine, Najy |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a From privilege to competition |b unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa |c [Najy Benhassine, principal author] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington DC |b World Bank |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 243 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Economic development |z Middle East | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic development |z Africa, North | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Public-private sector cooperation |z Midde East | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Public-private sector cooperation |z Africa, North | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140732152283136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
xiii
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgments
xxiii
Glossary of Terms
xxvii
Abbreviations
xxix
Overview
1
What Is This Report About?
1
Is the Private Sector Able to Play the Role of a
Growth Engine?
2
How Has the Private Sector Performed So Far?
3
Is It about Missing Reforms?
6
Is It about the Way Rules Are Implemented?
9
Why Is It Difficult to Improve the Business Environment
in the Region?
12
Weak Demand for Reform: A Private Sector That Has Yet to
Become an Agent of Change
13
Weak Supply of Reforms: Policy-Making Institutions
That Lack Credibility
14
What Should Be Done Differently? Where Should Each
Country Start?
15
Getting Specific: A Roadmap for Credible Private-Led
Growth Strategies in
MENA
16
Looking Forward
22
1.
Voices of Entrepreneurs
—
Stories of Success,
Hope, and Challenge
25
Listening to Entrepreneurs
27
Government Successes and Pitfalls in Supporting
the Private Sector
30
Contents
Challenges
Facing Entrepreneurs
—
From Regulatory
Barriers to Conflict and War
31
Privileges, Unlevel Playing Fields, and the Credibility
of the Reforms
35
Hope and Enthusiasm for the Future
38
Part I Private Sector Performance in the
MENA
Region:
Explaining the Untapped Potential
43
2.
Searching for Signs of Sustained Private-Led
Growth in
MENA
45
The Growth of
MENA
Economies
46
An Economy-Wide Perspective
50
Firm-Level Productivity
63
Summing Up
65
3.
Explaining the Private Sector s Weak
Performance
—
An Organizing Framework
69
The Need for Humility in Prescribing the Keys to
Private-Led Growth
69
Policies, Institutions That Implement Them, and
Expectations about the Future
71
Measuring Rules, How They Are Applied, and
Expectations about the Future
75
4.
Policy Reforms in
MENA,
Their Credibility, and Their
Implementation
79
Is the Problem with Missing Reforms?
80
The Problem Is the Insufficient Private Sector
Response to Reforms
84
Is It about the Way Rules and Policies Are Implemented?
86
Symptoms of a Business Environment That Is Not
the Same for All 97
Summing Up
104
Part II Policies and How They Are Applied:
State Intervention and Discretion in Credit,
Land, and Industrial Policy 107
5.
Access to Credit in
MENA:
Toward Better
Supervision and Less Interference 1 09
Credit Markets and Banking Systems in
MENA
111
Business Manager Perceptions of Credit Constraints
113
Beyond Perceptions and Complaints: How Many
Firms Are Really Credit Constrained?
*
14
What Can Governments Do to Increase Access to Credit?
117
Contents
vii
6.
Reassessing the State s Role in Industrial
Land Markets
129
The Low Access to Land in
MENA
Countries
130
Sources of Inefficiencies in Land Markets
132
Getting the Incentives Right in Enclaves
142
Power and Rent Seeking in Public Land Allocation
and Regulation
143
The Way Forward
145
7.
New Industrial Policies: Opportunities and
Perils of Selective Interventions
151
A Tradition of Subsidies and Selective State Interventions
152
A Framework to Clarify a Controversial Debate
153
Private Sector Policies in
MENA
—
A Legacy of
Disproportionate Interventionism
159
Assessing Risks of Industrial Policy Interventions
162
Should Oil-Rich Countries Intervene? Yes, but the
Risks of Failure Are Higher
166
A Final Cautionary Note: Industrial Policies Could Succeed
if the Right Conditions and Processes Are in Place
167
Part III Designing Credible Private Sector Reforms
Informed by Political Economy Realities
169
8.
Institutions and State-Business Alliances
Constraining Reforms and Credibility
171
Weak Supply of Reforms: Policy-Making Institutions
That Lack Commitment and Credibility
173
Weak Demand for Reform: A Private Sector That Has
Yet to Become an Agent of Change
182
What Can Reformers Do to Change the Political
Economy Status Quo?
191
9.
Rethinking Private Sector Policy Making in
MENA
195
What Should Be Done Differently to Realign
Investor Expectations?
196
Looking Forward: Unlocking the Region s Private
Sector Potential
207
References
209
Index
219
Contents
VIII
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tables
4.1
Private Sector
Priority Constraints from
Enterprise Surveys,
2003
and
2005-08 88
5.1
Efficiency of Credit Markets
11°
6.1
Registering Property
(2009) 130
6.2
Industrial Land Prices in Selected
MENA
Countries
13 7
8.1
The Public Sector Wage Bill in
MENA
and
Comparator Countries,
2001-05 179
8.2
Advocacy Priorities of Business Associations
Do Not Match the Top Constraints of Enterprises
189
Figures
0.1
Stagnating Private Investment Rates
4
0.2
Lower Diversification of Exports
5
0.3
The Number of Regulatory Reforms Has
Increased Recently in
MENA
Countries
7
0.4
Reform Episodes and Private Investment Response
7
0.5
Overall, the Business Environment in
MENA
Countries Looks Average, as It Does in Many
Fast-Growing Economies
8
0.6
Policy Uncertainty and the Unequal Implementation
of Rules Are Leading Constraints to Businesses
10
0.7
Perceptions about the Consistency and Predictability
of Rules and Regulations as They Are Applied in
MENA
Countries
10
0.8
The Lasting Influence of the Business Elite and the
Lack of Dynamism and Competition in the Private
Sector
11
1.1
Most
MENA
Economies Are Private Sector Based,
2005
and Previous Decades
26
2.1
Middle East and North Africa s Weak Growth
in International Perspective
48
2.2
Middle East and North Africa s Growth over the
Long Term
49
2.3
Contributions to the Growth of GDP in
2007—
Insufficient Role for Exports
51
2.4
Private Investment as a Share of Total Investment
52
2.5
Private Investment as a Share of GDP,
1995-2006 53
2.6
Gross Private Investment,
1980-2006 54
2.7
Net FDI Flows as a Share of GDP,
1970-2005 54
2.8
Structure of Foreign Direct Investment,
Cumulative
2000-07 55
2.9
Manufactured Exports to GDP,
1965-2006 59
2.10
Recent Export Growth among MENAb
Resource-Poor, Labor-Abundant Countries
60
Contents
2.11 Technology Content
of
Exports: Medium- and
High-Technology
Exports 61
2.12
Number of
Products
Exported
62
2.13
Lower Diversification of
Exports 63
2.14
Proportion of New Products in
2006
Export Basket
64
2.15
Total Factor Productivity:
MENA
Countries
and Comparators
65
2.16
Labor Productivity:
MENA
Countries and Comparators
66
3.1
The Firm and Its Investment Climate
71
3.2
The Firm and Its Investment Climate: Rules and
Policies and the Institutions That Implement Them
74
4.1
Overall, the Business Environment in
MENA
Countries Looks Average, as It Does in Many
Fast-Growing Economies
81
4.2
The Number of Regulatory Reforms Has Increased
Recently in
MENA
Countries
82
4.3
MENA
Tariff Reductions Top Those of All Other
Regions,
2000-07 82
4.4
Private Investment Has Been Rising
84
4.5
MENA
Business Creation between
2002
and
2005
Leads the Developing World
85
4.6
Reform Episodes and Private Investment Response
85
4.7
Private Investment s Response to More than a
Decade of Reforms Has Been Relatively Weak,
1990
and
2006 86
4.8
Large Proportions of Investors Complain That
the Regulations Are Interpreted Inconsistently
and Unpredictably
87
4.9
Policy and Regulatory Uncertainty Are Leading
Constraints to Businesses
89
4.10
Days Spent in Inspections or Required Meetings
with Officials
91
4.11
Senior Management s Time Spent Dealing with
Regulations
92
4.12
Inspections Where an Informal Payment Is
Requested or Expected
92
4.13
Perception of the Corruption Constraint
among
MENA
Firms
93
4.14
Most
MENA
Countries Lag behind International
Norms in Their Corruption Ranking
94
4.15
Anticompetitive/Informal Practices
95
4.16
Entrepreneurs from Lebanon Complain
about Competitors Practices
96
4.17
Revenue Reported by Typical Establishment for
Tax Purposes
96
Contents
4.18
The Lasting Influence of the Old Business Elite
in
MENA:
Older Firms
98
4.19
The Lasting Influence of the Old Business
Elite in
MENA:
Older Entrepreneurs among
Younger Populations
99
4.20
Less Educated Business Owners
100
4.21
Business Creation and Entry into Export Markets
100
4.22
Entrepreneurship
in
MENA
and Other Regions
101
4.23
Dispersion in Value-Added per Worker
103
4.24
Competition in Manufacturing
103
5.1
Total Credit to the Private Sector Compares
Well with Other Developing Regions,
2007 111
5.2
Beyond Regional Averages: Diversity in the
Efficiency of
MENA
Credit Markets,
2007 112
5.3
Banking Sector Penetration Is Low
112
5.4
Dissatisfaction with Access to Finance
113
5.5
Dissatisfaction Increases with the Demand for Credit
114
5.6
How Firms Use Bank Credit
115
5.7
Credit Constraints Are Stronger in Countries
That Have Reformed Less
115
5.8
Smaller Firms Are More Credit Constrained
Than Larger Firms
116
5.9
Transparency in Financial Statements Helps to Enter
the Credit Market
116
5.10
MENAjs Nonperforming Loans
—
Highest in
the World
118
5.11
The Risk of Nonperforming Loans
—
Higher with
State-Owned Banks
119
5.12
Credit Information in
MENA
124
5.13
Collateral Legislation and Creditors Rights in
MENA
124
5.14
Foreign Ownership of Banks in
MENA
126
6.1
Access to Industrial Land Is Perceived More
Often as a Major Constraint to Businesses
in
MENA
Countries
131
6.2
Ownership Status of Industrial Land in
MENA
Countries
134
6.3
Master Developer Requirements to Invest in
Industrial Zones
148
7.1
The Basic Framework: Government Subsidies by
Degree of Firm Selectivity
15 5
8.1
The Effects of Ruling Party Institutionalization on
Private Investment
174
8.2
Party Institutionalization in
MENA
and Comparator
Countries,
2004 176
Contents
Boxes
2.1 An
Emerging Consensus on the Link between
Export Diversification and Growth
57
5.1
Bank Bailouts and the Financial Crisis
—
A Return
to Nationalizations or a Temporary Cure?
120
5.2
Credit Rationing and the Availability of Credit
Information
123
8.1
The Gulf Cooperation Council: Exception to the
Resource Curse?
181
8.2
Oil Rents, Foreign Aid Rents, and the
(Disincentives to Institutionalize
183
8.3
The Genesis of Business Elites in Morocco
185
9.1
Cairo s One-Stop Shop
199
9.2
The Federal Institute of Access to Public
Information in Mexico
203
|
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| series2 | Mena development report |
| spelling | Benhassine, Najy Verfasser aut From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa [Najy Benhassine, principal author] Washington DC World Bank 2009 XXVIII, 243 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mena development report Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Middle East Economic development Africa, North Public-private sector cooperation Midde East Public-private sector cooperation Africa, North Privatwirtschaft (DE-588)4123981-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten Nordafrika (DE-588)4042482-0 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf Nordafrika (DE-588)4042482-0 g Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 s Privatwirtschaft (DE-588)4123981-7 s DE-604 Weltbank Sonstige (DE-588)121364-7 oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650637&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Benhassine, Najy From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Middle East Economic development Africa, North Public-private sector cooperation Midde East Public-private sector cooperation Africa, North Privatwirtschaft (DE-588)4123981-7 gnd Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4123981-7 (DE-588)4066527-6 (DE-588)4042482-0 (DE-588)4068878-1 |
| title | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_auth | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa [Najy Benhassine, principal author] |
| title_fullStr | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa [Najy Benhassine, principal author] |
| title_full_unstemmed | From privilege to competition unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa [Najy Benhassine, principal author] |
| title_short | From privilege to competition |
| title_sort | from privilege to competition unlocking private led growth in the middle east and north africa |
| title_sub | unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Middle East Economic development Africa, North Public-private sector cooperation Midde East Public-private sector cooperation Africa, North Privatwirtschaft (DE-588)4123981-7 gnd Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Middle East Economic development Africa, North Public-private sector cooperation Midde East Public-private sector cooperation Africa, North Privatwirtschaft Wirtschaftswachstum Naher Osten Nordafrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650637&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT benhassinenajy fromprivilegetocompetitionunlockingprivateledgrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica AT weltbank fromprivilegetocompetitionunlockingprivateledgrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica |