Verfügbarkeit: Politeness :: THWS Bibkatalog

Politeness: some universals in language usage

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Brown, Penelope (VerfasserIn), Levinson, Stephen C. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2009
Ausgabe:	18. print.
Schriftenreihe:	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4
Schlagworte:	Interaktion Höflichkeit Konversation Sprachgebrauch Höflichkeitsform Sprechakt Sprache Pragmatik Soziolinguistik Umgangsformen
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780521308625 9780521313551

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Politeness Autor: Brown, Penelope Jahr: 2009 CONTENTS Symbols and abbreviations xii Foreword by John J. Gumperz xiii Introduction to the reissue 1 Notes 51 1 Introduction 55 1.1 Prologue 55 1.2 The problem 56 1.3 Method 58 2 Summarized argument 59 3 The argument: Intuitive bases and derivative definitions 61 3.1 Assumptions: Properties of interactants 61 3.1.1 Face 61 3.1.2 Face as wants 62 3.1.3 Rationality 64 3.2 Intrinsic FTAs 65 3.2.1 First distinction: Kinds of Face threatened 65 3.2.2 Second distinction: Threats to H s face versus threats to S s 67 3.3 Strategies for doing FTAs 68 3.4 Factors influencing the choice of strategies 71 3.4.1 The payoffs: a priori considerations 71 3.4.2 The circumstances: Sociological variables 74 3.4.2.1 Computing the weightiness of an FTA 3.4.2.2 Context-dependence of P, D.and R 3.4.2.3 P, D, and R as independent variables 3.4.2.4 Ambiguity and disambiguation as evidence for P, D, and R 3.4.3 The integration of assessment of payoffs and weighting of risk in the choice of strategies 83 4 On the nature of the model 84 4.1 Remarks on alternative models 84 4.2 Toward a formalization 87 5 Realizations of politeness strategies in language 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Bald on record 94 vii 5.2.1 Cases of non-minimization of the face threat 95 5.2.2 Cases of FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage 98 5.3 Positive politeness 101 5.3.1 Claim common ground 103 Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H (his interests, wants, needs, 103 goods) 104 Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H) 106 Strategy 3: Intensify interest to H 107 Strategy 4: Use in-group identity markers Address forms Use of in-group language or dialect Use of jargon or slang Contraction and ellipsis Strategy 5: Seek agreement 112 Safe topics Repetition Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement 113 Token agreement Pseudo-agreement White lies Hedging opinions Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground 117 Gossip, small talk Point-of-view operations Personal-centre switch: StoH Time switch Place switch Avoidance of adjustment of reports to H s point of view Presupposition manipulations Presuppose knowledge of H s wants and attitudes Presuppose H s values are the same as S s values Presuppose familiarity in S-H relationship Presuppose H s knowledge Strategy 8: Joke 124 5.3.2 Convey that S and H are cooperators 125 Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose S s knowledge of and concern for H s wants 125 Strategy 10: Offer, promise 125 Strategy 11: Be optimistic 126 Strategy 12: Include both S and H in the activity 127 Strategy 13: Give (or ask for) reasons 128 Strategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocity 129 viii 5.3.3 Fulfil H s want for some X 129 Strategy 15: Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation) 129 5.4 Negative politeness 129 5.4.1 Be direct 130 Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirect 132 Politeness and the universality of indirect speech acts Degrees of politeness in the expression of indirect speech acts 5.4.2 Don t presume/assume 144 Strategy 2: Question, hedge 145 Hedges on illocutionary force Hedges encoded in particles Adverbial-clause hedges Hedges addressed to Grice s Maxims Hedges addressed to politeness strategies Prosodic and kinesic hedges 5.4.3 Don t coerce H 172 Strategy 3: Be pessimistic 173 Strategy 4: Minimize the imposition, Rx 176 Strategy 5: Give deference 178 5.4.4 Communicate S s want to not impinge on H 187 Strategy 6: Apologize 187 Admit the impingement Indicate reluctance Give overwhelming reasons Beg forgiveness Strategy 7: Impersonate S and H 190 Performatives Imperatives Impersonal verbs Passive and circumstantial voices Replacement of the pronouns T and you by indefinites Pluralization of the you and T pronouns Address terms as you avoidance Reference terms as T avoidance Point-of-view distancing Strategy 8: State the FTA as a general rule 206 Strategy 9: Nominalize 207 5.4.5 Redress other wants of H s 209 Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebtingH 210 ix 5.5 Off record 211 5.5.1 Invite conversational implicatures 213 Strategy 1: Give hints 213 Strategy 2: Give association clues 215 Strategy 3: Presuppose 217 Strategy 4: Understate 217 Strategy 5: Overstate 219 Strategy 6: Use tautologies 220 Strategy 7: Use contradictions 221 Strategy 8: Be ironic 221 Strategy 9: Use metaphors 222 Strategy 10: Use rhetorical questions 223 5.5.2 Be vague or ambiguous: Violate the Manner Maxim 225 Strategy 11: Be ambiguous 225 Strategy 12: Be vague 226 Strategy 13: Over-generalize 226 Strategy 14: Displace H 226 Strategy 15: Be incomplete, use ellipsis 227 5.6 Conclusion to section 5.00 227 6 Derivative hypotheses 228 6.1 Exploitations of strategies 228 6.1.1 Trying to re-rank R, P, or D 228 6.1.2 Use of non-expectable strategy to insult 229 6.2 Mixture of strategies 230 6.2.1 The delicacy of the interactional balance 231 6.2.2 Moods 231 6.3 FTAs and conversational structure 232 7 Sociological implications 238 7.1 Social theory and the study of interaction 238 7.2 Sociological applications 242 7.2.1 Ethos 243 7.2.2 Distribution of strategies 253 8 Implications for language studies 255 8.1 Face wants as functional pressures on language 255 8.1.1 Functionalism in linguistic theory 255 8.1.2 Relations between structure and usage 258 8.1.3 Examples 262 8.1.3.1 Ironic composition and understatement 8.1.3.2 Lexical usage x 8.1.3.3 Phonology and prosody 8.1.3.4 Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges 8.1.3.6 Impersonalization mechanisms The passive Impersonal modals 8.1.3.7 Honorifics 8.2 Implications for sociolinguistics 280 9 Conclusions 283 Notes 285 References 301 Author index 328 Subject index 333 xi
any_adam_object	1
author	Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C.
author_facet	Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C.
author_role	aut aut
author_sort	Brown, Penelope
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dewey-raw	401.9
dewey-search	401.9
dewey-sort	3401.9
dewey-tens	400 - Language
discipline	Sprachwissenschaft Soziologie Literaturwissenschaft
edition	18. print.
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isbn	9780521308625 9780521313551
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018646049
oclc_num	551985416
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM
owner_facet	DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM
physical	XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst.
publishDate	2009
publishDateSearch	2009
publishDateSort	2009
publisher	Cambridge Univ. Press
record_format	marc
series	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics
series2	Studies in interactional sociolinguistics
spelling	Brown, Penelope Verfasser aut Politeness some universals in language usage Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson 18. print. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2009 XIV, 345 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd rswk-swf Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd rswk-swf Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd rswk-swf Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd rswk-swf Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd rswk-swf Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd rswk-swf Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 s Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 s DE-604 Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 s Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 s Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 s 1\p DE-604 Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 s 2\p DE-604 3\p DE-604 Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 s 4\p DE-604 Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 s 5\p DE-604 Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 s 6\p DE-604 Levinson, Stephen C. Verfasser aut Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 4 (DE-604)BV000005630 4 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018646049&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Brown, Penelope Levinson, Stephen C. Politeness some universals in language usage Studies in interactional sociolinguistics Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4027266-7 (DE-588)4160349-7 (DE-588)4165198-4 (DE-588)4191506-9 (DE-588)4160350-3 (DE-588)4077747-9 (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4076315-8 (DE-588)4077623-2 (DE-588)4078514-2
title	Politeness some universals in language usage
title_auth	Politeness some universals in language usage
title_exact_search	Politeness some universals in language usage
title_full	Politeness some universals in language usage Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson
title_fullStr	Politeness some universals in language usage Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson
title_full_unstemmed	Politeness some universals in language usage Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson
title_short	Politeness
title_sort	politeness some universals in language usage
title_sub	some universals in language usage
topic	Interaktion (DE-588)4027266-7 gnd Höflichkeit (DE-588)4160349-7 gnd Konversation (DE-588)4165198-4 gnd Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Höflichkeitsform (DE-588)4160350-3 gnd Sprechakt (DE-588)4077747-9 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Umgangsformen (DE-588)4078514-2 gnd
topic_facet	Interaktion Höflichkeit Konversation Sprachgebrauch Höflichkeitsform Sprechakt Sprache Pragmatik Soziolinguistik Umgangsformen
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018646049&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000005630
work_keys_str_mv	AT brownpenelope politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageusage AT levinsonstephenc politenesssomeuniversalsinlanguageusage

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