The ecology and silviculture of oaks:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wallingford [u.a.]
CABI
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 580 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781845934743 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140716355485696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The ecology and silviculture of oaks
Autor: Johnson, Paul S.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition x
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1
Conflicting Environmental Philosophies 1
Silviculture: a Consilient Discipline 5
References 7
Part I. Ecology
1 Oak-dominated Ecosystems 8
Introduction 8
The Taxonomy of Oaks 9
The Geographic Distribution of US Oaks 10
Species ranges and groupings 10
Distribution of oaks by hierarchically classified ecoregions 16
Eastern Oak Forests 19
Tho Northern Hardwood Region 19
The Central Hardwood Region 26
The Southern Pine-Hardwood Region 33
The Forest-Prairie Transition Region 36
Western Oak Forests 40
The Southwestern Desert-Steppe Region 40
The Pacific Mediterranean-Marine Region 43
The Influence of Climate Change 48
Notes 52
References 52
2 Regeneration Ecology I: Flowering, Fruiting and Reproduction Characteristics 58
Introduction 58
Flowering 59
Male flowers 59
Female flowers 62
Factors Affecting Acorn Production 63
Weather 65
Premature abscission 66
Variation in acorn production 68
Acorn Predation and Dispersal 73
vi Contents
Insects: destroyers of acorns 74
The significance of acorn dispersal by animals 81
Oak Seedling Establishment 92
Germination and initial establishment 92
Early growth 94
Seedling Sprouts 100
Shoot dieback and root:shoot ratio 100
Occurrence of shoot dieback 102
Stump Sprouts and Related Growth Forms 106
Definitions and origins 106
Sprouting probability 109
Sprout growth and mortality 112
Dominance probability 116
Notes 118
References 118
3 Regeneration Ecology II: Population Dynamics 134
Introduction 134
Regeneration Strategy 135
Reproductive mechanisms: seeding and sprouting 135
Accumulation of oak reproduction 138
Fluctuation in population density 159
Regeneration Potential 165
Regeneration mode 165
Modelling theory and objectives 173
Stand-level regeneration models: purpose, problems and limitations 175
Notes 176
References 177
Part II. Site Productivity and Stand Development
4 Site Productivity 188
Introduction 188
Measures of Site Productivity 189
Relation of Site Productivity to Ecological Classification 192
Productivity and Related Self-sustaining Properties of Oak Forests 193
Effects of harvesting on site productivity 193
Modifying site productivity through fertilization 196
Methods of Evaluating Site Quality 197
Site index 197
Site evaluation alternatives to site index 206
Notes 210
References 210
5 Development of Natural Stands 216
Introduction 216
Forest Canopy Layers 216
Disturbance 217
Disturbance type 218
Disturbance size and frequency of occurrence 218
Response to disturbance 220
Development of Even-aged Stands 221
The stand initiation stage 223
Contents vii
The stem exclusion stage 225
The understorey reinitiation stage 231
The complex stage 238
Development of Uneven-aged Stands 238
Disturbance-Recovery Cycles 239
References 247
6 Self-thinning and Stand Density 250
Introduction 250
Self-thinning 250
Reineke s model 250
The -3/2 rule 252
Stand Density and Stocking 258
Terminology 258
Maximum and minimum growing space 260
Stand density diagrams 264
Note 276
References 276
Part III. Silviculture, Growth and Yield
7 Even-aged Silvicultural Methods 280
Introduction 280
Natural Regeneration Methods 281
The clearcutting method 281
The shelterwood method 300
The seed tree method 304
Artificial Regeneration Methods 305
Afforestation 306
Enrichment planting 318
Intermediate Cuttings 329
Definitions and theory 329
Application 330
Special Problems: Reducing Insect and Disease Impacts 340
Gypsy moth 340
Oak decline 350
Oak wilt 353
Sudden oak death 357
Economic, Environmental and Social Considerations 359
The clearcutting method 359
The shelterwood and seed tree methods 361
Note 361
References 361
8 Uneven-aged Silvicultural Methods 379
Introduction 379
The Single-tree Selection Method 381
Principles of application 381
Applicability to oak forests 396
The Group Selection Method 411
Economic, Environmental and Social Considerations 419
Notes 421
References 421
viii Contents
9 Silvicultural Methods for Multi-resource Management 429
Introduction 429
Oak Savannahs and Woodlands 429
Characteristics and extent 429
Disturbance processes 431
Managing oak savannahs and woodlands 435
Managing Stands for Acorn Production 441
Assessing and predicting acorn crops 442
Guidelines for sustaining acorn production 450
Managing Stands for Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration 455
Sequestering carbon in trees 455
Estimating biomass and carbon 456
Managing for biomass production 459
Managing for carbon sequestration 461
Old-growth Oak Forests 465
Extent and characteristics 466
Silvicultural options 467
Old-growth oak forests at the landscape scale 471
Aesthetics 473
Stand-level aesthetics 474
Landscape-level aesthetics 477
Notes 479
References 479
10 Growth and Yield 492
Introduction 492
Growth of an Oak 493
Annual phenology 493
Diameter growth 494
Height growth 500
Survival rates 507
Stand Growth 509
Growth and yield in even-aged stands 509
Growth and yield in uneven-aged stands 516
Growth and Yield Models 517
Modelling methods 517
Stand-level models for oaks 518
Stand table projection models 521
Individual-tree-level models for oaks 522
Estimating ingrowth 528
Model evaluation 531
Volume Equations 532
Regional Patterns in Yield and Productivity 533
Note 534
References 534
Appendix 1 Common and Scientific Names of Species Mentioned 543
Appendix 2 Forest Cover Types of Eastern USA Dominated by Oaks or
Oaks Mixed with other Species 551
Appendix 3 Forest Cover Types of Western USA Dominated by Oaks or Oaks
Mixed with other Species 556
Contents ix
Appendix 4 Formulae for Converting Site Index (in feet at base age 50) of
One Species to Another in Unglaciated Regions of Indiana, Kentucky,
Ohio and West Virginia 559
Appendix 5 Formulae for Converting Site Indexes (in feet at base age 50) for
Oaks and Associated Species from One Species to Another in Three Regions 560
Appendix 6 Formulae for Converting Yellow-poplar Site Index to Oak Site
Indexes in the Virginia-Carolina Piedmont 562
Appendix 7 Parameter Estimates for Site Index Asymptotes (S) and Species
Coefficients (b) for Deriving Height/dbh Site Index Curves from Equation 4.1 563
Appendix 8 Common Conversions 564
Index 566
|
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| spelling | Johnson, Paul S. Verfasser aut The ecology and silviculture of oaks Paul S. Johnson, Stephen R. Shifley and Robert Rogers 2. ed. Wallingford [u.a.] CABI 2009 XIV, 580 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Ökologie Oak United States Oak Ecology United States Eichen (DE-588)4198762-7 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Eiche (DE-588)4151140-2 gnd rswk-swf Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd rswk-swf Eichenanbau (DE-588)4276745-3 gnd rswk-swf Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Eichen (DE-588)4198762-7 s Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 s DE-604 Eichenanbau (DE-588)4276745-3 s Eiche (DE-588)4151140-2 s Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 s USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g 1\p DE-604 Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s 2\p DE-604 Shifley, Stephen R. Verfasser aut Rogers, Robert 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)139422277 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018640538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Johnson, Paul S. Shifley, Stephen R. Rogers, Robert 1941- The ecology and silviculture of oaks Ökologie Oak United States Oak Ecology United States Eichen (DE-588)4198762-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Eiche (DE-588)4151140-2 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd Eichenanbau (DE-588)4276745-3 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd |
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| title | The ecology and silviculture of oaks |
| title_auth | The ecology and silviculture of oaks |
| title_exact_search | The ecology and silviculture of oaks |
| title_full | The ecology and silviculture of oaks Paul S. Johnson, Stephen R. Shifley and Robert Rogers |
| title_fullStr | The ecology and silviculture of oaks Paul S. Johnson, Stephen R. Shifley and Robert Rogers |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ecology and silviculture of oaks Paul S. Johnson, Stephen R. Shifley and Robert Rogers |
| title_short | The ecology and silviculture of oaks |
| title_sort | the ecology and silviculture of oaks |
| topic | Ökologie Oak United States Oak Ecology United States Eichen (DE-588)4198762-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Eiche (DE-588)4151140-2 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd Eichenanbau (DE-588)4276745-3 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Oak United States Oak Ecology United States Eichen Eiche Waldbau Eichenanbau Forstökologie USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018640538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT johnsonpauls theecologyandsilvicultureofoaks AT shifleystephenr theecologyandsilvicultureofoaks AT rogersrobert theecologyandsilvicultureofoaks |