Holdings: Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science

$Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science$

Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science:

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Schwartz, Adam J. (Editor)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer 2009
Edition:	2. ed.
Subjects:	Crystallography Materials > Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Kristallographie Werkstoffkunde Elektronenbeugung Rückstreuung
Online Access:	Kapitel 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXII, 403 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780387881355

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245	1	0	\|a Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science \|c Adam J. Schwartz ... eds.
250			\|a 2. ed.
264		1	\|a New York \|b Springer \|c 2009
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336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
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338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
650		4	\|a Crystallography
650		4	\|a Materials \|x Microscopy
650		4	\|a Scanning electron microscopy
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_version_	1805083715668279296
adam_text	CONTENTS 1 PRESENT STATE OF ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION AND PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ROBERT A. SCHWARZER, DAVID P. FIELD, BRENT L. ADAMS, MUKUL KUMAR, AND ADAM J. SCHWARTZ 1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 GENERATION AND INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF AN EBSD SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . 4 1.4.1 THE PATTERN ACQUISITION DEVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4.2 MECHANICAL STAGE AND DIGITAL BEAM SCANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 SPATIAL RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.6 SEM SPECIFICATIONS FOR GOOD EBSD PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7 THE RADON OR HOUGH TRANSFORMATION FOR BAND LOCALIZATION . . . 11 1.8 INDEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.9 FAST EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.10 ION BLOCKING PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 DYNAMICAL SIMULATION OF ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AIMO WINKELMANN 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 DYNAMICAL ELECTRON DIFFRACTION IN EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.1 DYNAMICAL ELECTRON DIFFRACTION IN EBSD . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.2 DYNAMICAL ELECTRON DIFFRACTION IN EBSD . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . 24 2.4 APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 A REAL-SPACE VIEW OF EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.2 FULL SCALE SIMULATION OF EBSD PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . 27 2.4.3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF THE BACKSCATTERED ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4.4 DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF ANISOTROPIC BACKSCATTERING . . . . . 30 2.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 V VI CONTENTS 3 REPRESENTATIONS OF TEXTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 JEREMY K. MASON AND CHRISTOPHER A. SCHUH 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2 ROTATIONS AND ORIENTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.1 DEFINING A ROTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.2 DEFINING AN ORIENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 POLE FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4 DISCRETE ORIENTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4.1 AXIS-ANGLE PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4.2 RODRIGUES VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.3 QUATERNIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.4 EULER ANGLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.5 ORIENTATION DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.5.1 CIRCULAR HARMONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.5.2 SPHERICAL HARMONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.3 HYPERSPHERICAL HARMONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.4 GENERALIZED SPHERICAL HARMONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.5.5 SYMMETRIZED HARMONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4 ENERGY FILTERING IN EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 ALWYN EADES, ANDREW DEAL, ABHISHEK BHATTACHARYYA, AND TEJPAL HOOGHAN 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3 ENERGY FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4 OPERATING THE FILTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.5 EARLY RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.6 PATTERNS AT DIFFERENT ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.7 LOCALIZATION OF THE SIGNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.8 FUTURE ENERGY FILTERS IN EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5 SPHERICAL KIKUCHI MAPS AND OTHER RARITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AUSTIN P. DAY 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.2 ELECTRON BACKSCATTER PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.3 SPHERICAL KIKUCHI MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.4 EBSP DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.5 EBSP IMAGING AND UNIFORMITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.6 EBSP SIMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.7 SPHERICAL KIKUCHI MAPS FROM EBSPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.8 KIKUCHI BAND PROFILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.9 SPHERICAL KIKUCHI MAP INVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.10 USES FOR SPHERICAL KIKUCHI MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.11 COLOUR ORIENTATION CONTRAST IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.12 STEM IN THE SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.13 UNUSUAL FEATURES IN EBSPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 CONTENTS VII 6 APPLICATION OF ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION TO PHASE IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 BASSEM EL-DASHER AND ANDREW DEAL 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PHASE ID WITH EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.3 CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.3.1 SIMULTANEOUS EBSD/EDS PHASE DISCRIMINATION . . . . . 85 6.3.2 DISTINGUISHING * AND * * IN NI SUPERALLOYS . . . . . . . . . 86 6.3.3 VOLUME FRACTION DETERMINATION IN A MULTIPHASE ALLOY . . 89 7 PHASE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH SYMMETRY DETERMINATION IN EBSD PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DAVID J. DINGLEY AND S.I. WRIGHT 7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.2 BASIS OF THE PHASE IDENTIFICATION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.3 DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTAL UNIT CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.4 DISCOVERING THE LATTICE SYMMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.5 RE-INDEXING THE PATTERN ACCORDING TO THE DISCOVERED CRYSTAL CLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 7.6 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.6.1 CASE 1, A CUBIC CRYSTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.6.2 CASE 2, A HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.6.3 CASE 3, A TRIGONAL CRYSTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.7 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ORIENTATION MICROSCOPY BY SERIAL SECTIONING AND EBSD-BASED ORIENTATION MAPPING IN A FIB-SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 STEFAN ZAEFFERER AND STUART I. WRIGHT 8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 8.2 THE GEOMETRICAL SET-UP FOR 3D CHARACTERISATION IN A FIB-SEM . 110 8.3 AUTOMATIC 3D ORIENTATION MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.4 SOFTWARE FOR 3D DATA ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.5.1 THE 3D MICROSTRUCTURE AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF PEARLITE COLONIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.5.2 MICROSTRUCTURE OF NANOCRYSTALLINE NICO DEPOSITS . . . 115 8.6 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 8.6.1 ACCURACY AND APPLICATION LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 8.6.2 MATERIALS ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 8.7 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 VIII CONTENTS 9 COLLECTION, PROCESSING, AND ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL EBSD DATA SETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 MICHAEL A. GROEBER, DAVID J. ROWENHORST, AND MICHAEL D. UCHIC 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.2 DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.3 PROCESSING STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.3.1 REGISTRATION AND ALIGNMENT OF SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.3.2 SEGMENTATION OF GRAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.3.3 CLEAN-UP ROUTINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 9.4 ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 9.4.1 MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 9.4.2 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 10 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF DIGITAL MICROSTRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 STEPHEN D. SINTAY, MICHAEL A. GROEBER, AND ANTHONY D. ROLLETT 10.1 MOTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.2 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.2.1 2D3D INFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.2.2 3D POLYCRYSTAL MICROSTRUCTURE GENERATION . . . . . . . . 140 10.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 10.3.1 DATA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 10.3.2 IDENTIFYING FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10.3.3 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10.4 METHODS FOR 3D STRUCTURE INFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10.4.1 MONTE CARLO-BASED HISTOGRAM FITTING . . . . . . . . . . 143 10.4.2 OBSERVATION-BASED DOMAIN CONSTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . 145 10.5 GENERATION OF 3D STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 10.5.1 PACKING OF ELLIPSOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 10.5.2 RELAXATION OF BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 10.6 QUALITY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 10.6.1 SIZE DISTRIBUTION COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 10.6.2 SHAPE DISTRIBUTION COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 10.6.3 NEIGHBORHOOD COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 10.6.4 BOUNDARY STRUCTURE COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 10.7 THOUGHTS ON CURRENT CONDITIONS AND FUTURE WORK . . . . . . . . . 151 11 DIRECT 3D SIMULATION OF PLASTIC FLOW FROM EBSD DATA . . . . . . . 155 NATHAN R. BARTON, JOEL V. BERNIER, RICARDO A. LEBENSOHN, AND ANTHONY D. ROLLETT 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 11.2 MATERIAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 11.2.1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURE GENERATION . . . . . . 157 11.2.2 MICROMECHANICAL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 11.2.3 FINITE ELEMENT MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 11.3 SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 11.4 DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER COMPUTATIONAL DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . 162 11.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 CONTENTS IX 12 FIRST-ORDER MICROSTRUCTURE SENSITIVE DESIGN BASED ON VOLUME FRACTIONS AND ELEMENTARY BOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 SURYA R. KALIDINDI, DAVID T. FULLWOOD, AND BRENT L. ADAMS 12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 12.2 QUANTIFICATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 12.3 MICROSTRUCTURE SENSITIVE DESIGN FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 12.4 PROPERTY CLOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13 SECOND-ORDER MICROSTRUCTURE SENSITIVE DESIGN USING 2-POINT SPATIAL CORRELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 DAVID T. FULLWOOD, SURYA R. KALIDINDI, AND BRENT L. ADAMS 13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 13.2 DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF THE 2-POINT CORRELATION FUNCTIONS . . 178 13.2.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 13.2.2 PROPERTIES OF THE 2-POINT FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 13.2.3 VISUALIZATION OF THE 2-POINT FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 179 13.2.4 METRICS FROM 2-POINT CORRELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 13.2.5 COLLECTING 2-POINT CORRELATIONS FROM MATERIAL SAMPLES . 180 13.3 STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 13.3.1 LOCALIZATION TENSORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 13.3.2 EFFECTIVE TENSORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 13.4 MICROSTRUCTURE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 14 COMBINATORIAL MATERIALS SCIENCE AND EBSD: A HIGH THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENTATION TOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 KRISHNA RAJAN 14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 14.2 INTRODUCTION TO COMBINATORIAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 14.2.1 HIGH THROUGHPUT EBSD SCREENING . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 14.2.2 INFORMATICS AND DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 14.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 15 GRAIN BOUNDARY NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 BRYAN W. REED AND CHRISTOPHER A. SCHUH 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 15.2 MEASUREMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF LOCAL NETWORK ELEMENTS . . . 202 15.2.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS FOR SINGLE BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . 202 15.2.2 STRUCTURES WITH MORE THAN ONE BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . 203 15.3 GEOMETRY OF THE NETWORK STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 15.3.1 PERCOLATION MEASURES OF THE GRAIN BOUNDARY NETWORK . . 205 15.3.2 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 15.4 MICROSTRUCTURE-PROPERTY CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 15.4.1 COMPOSITE AVERAGING VS. PERCOLATION THEORY . . . . . . . 209 15.4.2 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 15.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 X CONTENTS 16 MEASUREMENT OF THE FIVE-PARAMETER GRAIN BOUNDARY DISTRIBUTION FROM PLANAR SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 GREGORY S. ROHRER AND VALERIE RANDLE 16.1 INTRODUCTION: GRAIN BOUNDARY PLANES AND PROPERTIES . . . . . . . 215 16.2 SERIAL SECTIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 16.3 SINGLE-SURFACE TRACE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 16.4 FIVE-PARAMETER STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 16.4.1 PARAMETERIZATION AND DISCRETIZATION OF THE SPACE OF GRAIN BOUNDARY TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 16.4.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE GRAIN BOUNDARY CHARACTERIZATION DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 16.4.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . 221 16.4.4 COMPARISON GBCDS MEASURED STEREOLOGICALLY AND BY SERIAL SECTIONING IN THE DUAL BEAM FIB . . . . . . 223 16.5 EXAMPLES OF FIVE-PARAMETER ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 17 STRAIN MAPPING USING ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . 231 ANGUS J. WILKINSON, DAVID J. DINGLEY, AND GRAHAM MEADEN 17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 17.1.1 THE NEED FOR LOCAL STRAIN ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . 231 17.1.2 COMPETING STRAIN MAPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . 231 17.1.3 REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF EBSD TO ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC STRAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 17.2 CROSS-CORRELATION-BASED ANALYSIS OF EBSD PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 17.2.1 GEOMETRY: LINKING PATTERN SHIFTS TO STRAIN . . . . . . . . 234 17.2.2 PATTERN SHIFT MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 17.2.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 17.2.4 ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 17.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 18 MAPPING AND ASSESSING PLASTIC DEFORMATION USING EBSD . . . . . . 251 LUKE N. BREWER, DAVID P. FIELD, AND COLIN C. MERRIMAN 18.1 PLASTIC DEFORMATION EFFECTS ON THE EBSD PATTERN AND ORIENTATION MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 18.2 PATTERN ROTATION APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 18.2.1 MAPPING ORIENTATIONS AND MISORIENTATIONS . . . . . . . . 253 18.2.2 AVERAGE MISORIENTATION APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 18.2.3 MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF GND DENSITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 19 ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION STRUCTURES IN FCC MATERIALS USING EBSD AND TEM TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 OLEG V. MISHIN, ANDREW GODFREY, AND DORTE JUUL JENSEN 19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 19.2 ORIENTATION NOISE IN EBSD DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 19.2.1 A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF ORIENTATION NOISE . . . . . 265 19.2.2 POSTPROCESSING ORIENTATION FILTERING OPERATIONS . . . . . 266 19.3 QUANTITATIVE TEMEBSD COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 19.4 HETEROGENEITY IN MICROSTRUCTURAL REFINEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . 271 CONTENTS XI 19.4.1 ANALYSIS OF LOCAL HETEROGENEITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 19.4.2 POTENTIAL FOR ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE HETEROGENEITIES . . 272 19.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 20 APPLICATION OF EBSD METHODS TO SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION (SPD) AND RELATED PROCESSING METHODS . . . . . . . . 277 TERRY R. MCNELLEY, ALEXANDRE P. ZHILYAEV, SRINIVASAN SWAMINATHAN, JIANQING SU, AND E. SARATH MENON 20.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 20.2 MICROSTRUCTURES DURING THE INITIAL ECAP PASS . . . . . . . . . . . 278 20.3 MICROSTRUCTURES DEVELOPED BY MACHINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 20.4 GRAIN REFINEMENT DURING FSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 20.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 21 APPLICATIONS OF EBSD TO MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL IN FRICTION STIR WELDING/PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 SERGEY MIRONOV, YUTAKA S. SATO, AND HIROYUKI KOKAWA 21.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 21.2 BRIEF EXPLANATIONS OF FSW/P TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 21.3 MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 21.4 MATERIAL FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 21.5 STRUCTURE-PROPERTIES RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 21.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 22 CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEAR LOCALIZATION AND SHOCK DAMAGE WITH EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 JOHN F. BINGERT, VERONICA LIVESCU, AND ELLEN K. CERRETA 22.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 22.2 SHEAR LOCALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 22.2.1 CONSTRAINED SHEAR IN PURE FESHEAR ZONE GEOMETRY . . 302 22.2.2 CONSTRAINED SHEAR IN PURE FETEXTURE DEVELOPMENT . . 306 22.2.3 EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY ON GRAIN INSTABILITY IN CU . . . . . 307 22.3 SHOCK LOADING DAMAGE IN TANTALUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 22.3.1 EFFECT OF SHOCK DURATION ON INCIPIENT SPALL STRUCTURE . . 310 22.3.2 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON INCIPIENT SPALL STRUCTURE . . . . . . 313 22.4 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 23 TEXTURE SEPARATION FOR * / * TITANIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 AYMAN A. SALEM 23.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 23.2 MICROSTRUCTURE OF * / * TITANIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 23.3 TEXTURE OF TI-6AL-4V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 23.3.1 SEPARATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ALPHA TEXTURE . . . 319 23.3.2 EBSD + BSE IMAGING TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 23.3.3 EBSD OR XRD + HEAT TREATMENT TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . 320 23.4 TEXTURE SEPARATION USING EBSD + EDS TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . 320 23.4.1 TEXTURE SEPARATION USING EBSD + EDS TECHNIQUE . . . . 320 23.4.2 MICROSTRUCTURE OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 23.4.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MAPS (EDS) . . . . . . . . . . . 321 23.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: CONTROLLING TEXTURE DURING HOT-ROLLING OF TI-6AL-4V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 XII CONTENTS 23.5.1 MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 23.5.2 OVERALL TEXTURE EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 23.5.3 PRIMARY-ALPHA ( * P ) TEXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 23.5.4 SECONDARY-ALPHA ( * S ) TEXTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 23.6 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: CONTROLLING TEXTURE DURING HOT-ROLLING OF TI-6AL-4V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 24 A REVIEW OF IN SITU EBSD STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 STUART I. WRIGHT AND MATTHEW M. NOWELL 24.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 24.2 IN SITU POSTMORTEM EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 24.3 DEFORMATION STAGE EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 24.4 HEATING STAGE EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 24.4.1 PHASE TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 24.4.2 RECRYSTALLIZATION AND GRAIN GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 24.5 COMBINED HEATING AND TENSILE STAGE EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . 335 24.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 25 ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION IN LOW VACUUM CONDITIONS . . . . 339 BASSEM S. EL-DASHER AND SHARON G. TORRES 25.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 25.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOW VACUUM EBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 25.3 EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 25.3.1 MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ALN-TIB2 CERAMIC COMPOSITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 25.3.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CAHPO4 2H2O SINGLE CRYSTALS . . . . 342 26 EBSD IN THE EARTH SCIENCES: APPLICATIONS, COMMON PRACTICE, AND CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 DAVID J. PRIOR, ELISABETTA MARIANI, AND JOHN WHEELER 26.1 DEVELOPMENT OF EBSD IN EARTH SCIENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 26.2 CURRENT PRACTICE, CAPABILITIES, AND LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 346 26.2.1 RANGE OF MATERIALS AND PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 26.2.2 SPEED OF DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 26.2.3 SPATIAL RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 26.2.4 MISINDEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 26.2.5 POLYPHASE SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 26.3 APPLICATION OF EBSD IN EARTH SCIENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 26.3.1 ROCK DEFORMATION AND SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS . . . . . . 352 26.3.2 METAMORPHIC PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 26.3.3 METEORITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 26.3.4 OTHER AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 26.4 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 CONTENTS XIII 27 ORIENTATION IMAGING MICROSCOPY IN RESEARCH ON HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 BAE-KYUN KIM AND JERZY A. SZPUNAR 27.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 27.2 HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 27.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 27.3.1 OXIDATION OF SAMPLES AND OXIDE FORMATION . . . . . . . 363 27.3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND GEOMETRY IN OIM . . . . . . . . 364 27.3.3 MICROSTRUCTURE AND TEXTURE MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . 365 27.3.4 OXIDATION OF LOW CARBON STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 27.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 27.4.1 GRAIN GROWTH IN IRON OXIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 27.4.2 EFFECT OF THE OXIDATION PROCESS ON MICROSTRUCTURE . . . . 371 27.4.3 OXIDATION OF PURE IRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 27.5 CRACKS AND DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 27.6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
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spelling	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science Adam J. Schwartz ... eds. 2. ed. New York Springer 2009 XXII, 403 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Crystallography Materials Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd rswk-swf Rückstreuung (DE-588)4178653-1 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 s Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 s Rückstreuung (DE-588)4178653-1 s DE-604 Schwartz, Adam J. edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-387-88136-2 DE-576;springer application/pdf http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz302803726kap.htm 20090623101948 Kapitel 2 SWBplus Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018639269&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science Crystallography Materials Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd Rückstreuung (DE-588)4178653-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4033217-2 (DE-588)4079184-1 (DE-588)4151862-7 (DE-588)4178653-1
title	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science
title_auth	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science
title_exact_search	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science
title_full	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science Adam J. Schwartz ... eds.
title_fullStr	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science Adam J. Schwartz ... eds.
title_full_unstemmed	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science Adam J. Schwartz ... eds.
title_short	Electron backscatter diffraction in materials science
title_sort	electron backscatter diffraction in materials science
topic	Crystallography Materials Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd Rückstreuung (DE-588)4178653-1 gnd
topic_facet	Crystallography Materials Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Kristallographie Werkstoffkunde Elektronenbeugung Rückstreuung
url	http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz302803726kap.htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018639269&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT schwartzadamj electronbackscatterdiffractioninmaterialsscience

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