Jałta: w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Księgarnia Akademicka
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Societas
13 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Yalta as the foundation myth of the Polish political emigration 1944 - 1956 |
| Beschreibung: | 447, [1] s. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788371881411 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Jałta |b w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 |c Jan Lencznarowicz |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Societas |v 13 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Yalta as the foundation myth of the Polish political emigration 1944 - 1956 | ||
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Rzeczpospolita Polska (Government-in-exile) |
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Yalta Conference |d (1945) |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Migration | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Polish people |z Foreign countries |x Politics and government | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polen |g Volk |0 (DE-588)4046497-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Exil |0 (DE-588)4015959-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Polen | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Poland |x Emigration and immigration | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polen |g Volk |0 (DE-588)4046497-0 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140708784766976 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
............................................................. 7
Rozdział
1
Mit polityczny. Wybrane zagadnienia
........................ 27
1.
Mit
-
zjawisko uniwersalne
........................................ 28
2.
Wielość definicji mitu
............................................. 31
3.
Mit a narracja
................................................... 33
4.
Mit a prawda
................................................... 37
5.
Mit a wartość
................................................... 40
6.
Mit a grupa społeczna
............................................ 43
7.
Mit a emocje
................................................... 46
8.
Funkcje mitu
................................................... 47
9.
Jeszcze o definicji mitu politycznego
................................. 51
Rozdział
2
Jałta
-
symbol zdrady Zachodu
............................. 55
1.
Krótki zapis emigracyjnego mitu Jałty
................................ 55
2.
Początki mitu Jałty i jego związki z mitami wojennego bohaterstwa
......... 58
3.
Cyniczna zdrada czy błędna kalkulacja?
.............................. 67
4.
„Choroba Francji
............................................... 71
5.
Obojętność i zakłamanie świata
..................................... 73
Rozdział
3
Jałta i Polska w prasie anglosaskiej. Wybrane głosy
............ 77
1.
Polska przeszkodą w jedności Wielkiej Trójki
.......................... 77
2.
Naturalne interesy Rosji w Polsce i antyrosyjskość Polaków
............... 83
3.
Jałta
-
„obietnica nowej Polski
..................................... 87
4.
Kompromis w sprawie rządu i granic
................................. 92
5.
Reakcyjni „londyńscy Polacy i realista Mikołajczyk
..................... 98
6.
Humanitarna troska o polskich uchodźców
............................ 103
7.
Romantyczni Polacy, ich okrutna historia i nowa Polska
.................. 106
Rozdział
4
Kiedy Polskę zdradzono?
.................................. 113
1.
„Dobre porozumienie jałtańskie i jego „złe wykonanie
.................. 113
2.
Jałta to całość
................................................. 119
3.
Różne sposoby odczytania mitu Jałty
................................. 122
Rozdział
5
Jałta a stosunek do Zachodu
............................... 127
1.
Zachwiana wiara w Zachód
........................................ 127
2.
Polska nieodłączną częścią świata zachodniego
......................... 132
3.
Spory wokół wniosków z polityki jałtańskiej
........................... 137
4.
Rola mitu Jałty w kształtowaniu postaw emigracji wobec Zachodu
.......... 142
446
SPIS
TREŚCI
Rozdział
6
Jałta a kryzys kultury zachodniej
............................ 149
1.
Na Krymie Zachód zaparł się samego siebie
........................... 149
2.
Walka o Polskę obroną zachodniej kultury, walka o odrodzenie moralne
Zachodu obroną Polski
........................................... 153
3.
Sprawa Polski sprawą Bożą
........................................ 157
Rozdział
7
Jałta
-
tam, gdzie zwycięstwo militarne zamieniono w moralną
klęskę
.......................................................... 159
1.
Jałta przekreśliła ideowy sens wojny
.................................. 159
2.
Karta Atlantycka a Jałta
........................................... 162
3.
Co się stało z natchnieniem i sumieniem świata?
....................... 165
Rozdział
8
Jałta samobójstwem politycznym Zachodu
.................... 173
1.
Przekleństwo złego czynu
......................................... 173
2.
Bankructwo polityki jałtańskiej
..................................... 177
Rozdział
9
Jałtański podział Europy
.................................. 181
1.
Przeciwko „małej Europie
........................................ 181
2.
Polska
-
„zwornik konstrukcji europejskiej
........................... 185
3.
Niepodzielność wolności
.......................................... 190
Rozdział
10
„Prawdziwego pokoju wciąż brak
......................... 195
1.
Jałta zarzewiem przyszłej wojny
..................................... 195
2.
Niepodległość Polski a pokój i bezpieczeństwo Zachodu
................. 199
3.
Polemiczne i mobilizacyjne funkcje przedstawień porządku jałtańskiego jako
zagrożenia dla pokoju
............................................ 203
Rozdział
11
Jałta jako kategoria ogólna
................................ 207
1.
„Wobec gwałtu nieznanego historii
................................. 207
2.
Monachium a Jałta
............................................... 209
3.
Wyjaśniająco-profetyczne funkcje analogii Monachium-Jałta
.............. 214
4.
Jałta
-
miara i matryca
............................................ 220
5.
Jałta w niemieckim wydaniu
........................................ 223
Rozdział
12
Zdradzony bohater
-
opowieść o generale
Mihailoviciu
........ 227
1.
Draža Mihailović
-
symbol walki przeciwko wspólnemu ciemięzcy
......... 227
2.
Męczeńska śmierć bohatera oskarżeniem Zachodu i zaczynem odrodzenia
... 232
Rozdział
13
Zachodni twórcy Jałty
.................................... 237
1.
Winston Churchill ...............................................
237
1.1.
„Jeden z głównych sprawców naszego nieszczęścia
.................. 237
1.2.
Nowe nadzieje i nowe rozczarowania
............................. 244
1.3.
Churchill
-
autor Drugiej wojny światowej
......................... 252
1.4.
Ani wróg, ani przyjaciel, tylko brytyjski imperialista
................. 258
2.
Franklin
Delano Roosevelt
......................................... 263
2.1.
Od „przyjaciela ludzkości do uosobienia cynizmu i bezwzględności
polityki wielkiego mocarstwa
.................................... 263
2.2.
Otoczenie prezydenta
......................................... 273
SPIS TREŚCI
447
Rozdział
14
„Koniec czeskiej legendy
-
klęska
Edvarda Beneša ..........
279
1.
Nieuchronne fiasko czechosłowackiego eksperymentu
................... 279
2.
Polityka czeska jako odwrotność polityki polskiej
....................... 286
3.
Przegrana prezydenta
Beneša
dowodem na zwodniczość „małego realizmu
.. 295
Rozdział
15
Polska kasandra
........................................ 301
1.
Polacy widzą to, co niewidoczne dla innych
............................ 301
2.
Przebudzenie Zachodu misją polskiej emigracji
........................ 308
Rozdział
16
Mit Jałty a wewnątrzemigracyjne podziały
................... 313
1.
Probierz Jałty
................................................... 313
2.
Między jednością a wykluczeniem
................................... 320
Rozdział
17
„Jałtańczycy
-
wzory zdrady i kapitulacji
................... 333
1.
Stanisław Mikołajczyk
............................................ 333
1.1.
Naiwny realista
.............................................. 333
1.2.
Zdrajca
.................................................... 343
1.3.
^konawca anglosaskiej polityki
................................. 348
1.4.
Szkodnik
................................................... 354
2.
Stanisław Kot
................................................... 359
3.
Stanisław Grabski
................................................ 369
4.
Inni emigracyjni antybohaterowie
................................... 373
5.
Rola „jałtańczyków w emigracyjnej mitologii politycznej
................ 381
Rozdział
18
„Nie ulec i nie zwątpić . Podsumowanie
.................... 389
Bibliograäa
........................................................ 407
Summary..........................................................
425
Indeks osobowy
.................................................... 433
SUMMARY
Yalta As the Foundation Myth
of the Polish Political Emigration
1944-1956
At
Valta
in February
1945
American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill officially accepted the Soviet annexa¬
tion of Poland s Eastern pre-war territories. They ignored their war-time ally
-
the
Polish government-in-exile, with whom they had diplomatic relations (in the case of
Britain, a formal alliance), and agreed with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to reorganize
the Soviet-installed Provisional Government and promised to ensure that demo¬
cratic leaders from Poland itself and abroad would be included in the new govern¬
ment. The Big Three declared that this Provisional Government of National Unity
was to hold free and unfettered elections as soon as possible . However, with the
notable exception of Peasant-party leader
Stanislaw Mikolajczyk,
who joined the
Warsaw government at the urging of the British and Americans, the overwhelming
majority of Polish politicians in exile did not believe that the Yalta agreement would
secure free elections in Poland and a democratic system, let alone Poland s indepen¬
dence. They were convinced that eventually the Soviets would impose the commu¬
nist regime that some of them knew first hand from their experiences under Soviet
occupation
(1939-1941)
and their subsequent deportations to the Soviet Union.
Consequently, they supported the Government-in-Exile in London as a visible sign
of protest against the Soviet domination of Poland, and as the official voice for the
now captive nation. It came as no surprise to them when Mikolajczyk s Peasant
Party was destroyed in Poland and Mikolajczyk himself had to flee the country. By
the end of
1947
the Communist Party had eliminated the opposition and set about
building a political and social system based on the Soviet model. By this time the so-
called Iron Curtain divided Europe, leaving the Polish communist state as a Soviet
satellite in Eastern Europe and PoHsh exiles stranded in the West.
It is estimated that after the war over half a million Poles, including numerous
ex-servicemen and ex-POWs, as well as refugees and deportees, did not return to
their homeland from the West. Apart from Great Britain, where most Polish ex-
servicemen and politicians settled, Poles were scattered across France, the Middle
East, Africa, India and in many other countries, as well as occupied Germany and
426
SUMMARY
Austria, where in fact the majority of deportees and ex-POWs were kept. In the
late
1940s,
Polish Displaced Persons and ex-servicemen began their migration to
Argentina, Canada, Australia and the United States where they gradually integrated
with existing Polish immigrant communities, or formed new ones. Quickly, a strong
network of post-war Polish refugee communities emerged, based on organisational,
personal and ideological links, common generational experience, shared political
beliefs, as well as an opposition to the Soviet-imposed Communist regime in Poland.
Of course, there were various motives behind the decision to stay abroad and they
cannot be reduced solely to political reasons. This is more to say that the political
consciousness and involvement, especially among Polish Displaced Persons in occu¬
pied Germany and Austria, varied greatly. It seemed, however, that opposition to the
communist government in Poland and the Soviet dominance of East-Central Europe
played a fundamental role, especially among soldiers and civilians who escaped the
USSR. As the British authorities had demobilized the Polish Armed Forces, influ¬
ential organisations and circles formed by ex-servicemen fulfilled an essential part
of shaping and unifying the political and ideological identity of emigrant communi¬
ties.
The
Valta
Conference, as well as its origins and the aftermath, became a strong
inspiration and a rich source of material for building a political mythology of the
post-World War
Π
Polish emigration. In addition to the myth of Polish heroic contri¬
bution in the victory over Nazi Germany and the myth of legalism (the continuation
of a legitimate Polish authority in exile), the myth of
Valta
was the principle foun¬
dation myth held by the Polish emigrant community which was formed as a result
of World War
Π.
Drawing on diverse Polish sources produced in the West in the
years
1944-1956,
the author interprets the myth of Poland s betrayal at Yalta, anal¬
yses its content and attempts to answer the question of the social functions that the
Yalta Myth fulfilled in the emigrant community or, strictly speaking, functions to
which its content was adopted. Therefore, the work aims at sketching a model of
a substantial fragment of the emigrant political imagination.
As myths are historical phenomena, one has to discuss them in a historical perspec¬
tive, taking into account a given socio-political situation. The context in which Polish
emigrants political mythologies were borne was constituted by the refugee expe¬
rience: crossing the borders of their occupied homeland, their plight during the
Second World War, arriving at their country of settlement, and the life of their group
as it was formed in this new place. Despite their differences and divisions (mainly
organisational and personal), as well as their dispersions in different countries of
settlement, Polish emigration was characterised by the strong internal ideological
connection, based on common and individual war-time experiences and shared
fundamental political ideas; in other words, based on the relatively cohesive struc¬
ture of their shared symbolic universe. In recent years, studies examining political,
social and cultural activity of this emigration, as well as the penetration of the Polish
Diaspora by Communist intelligence agencies have developed rapidly. However, this
SUMMARY
427
group s collective ideas, fears and hopes, myths and symbols still remain on the
margins of historical research. Without including them, it is difficult to understand
their political activities and attitudes, the common and individual behaviour of Poles
thrown out of their home country due to World War
П,
and its resulting situation in
East-Central Europe.
In general, myths, stereotypes and social images manifest themselves in various
areas of social life. The selected political and literary sources used in this book,
such as propaganda, journalistic and educational texts, which include examples like
speeches, sermons, poems, military orders, declarations, political programmes and
pamphlets; are not always devoted exclusively to the Crimean Conference or the
policy of the Big Three towards Poland. For instance, these may refer to internal
Polish politics in exile or personal disputes, historical deliberations, or descriptions
of the international situation. In each case, the author chose and analysed suit¬
able fragments, which were used in different contexts, in the process sometimes
unintentionally revealing fundamental motives and variants of the Yalta myth. In
a majority of sources, the dominant version can be summarised as follows: Poland,
the first ally and an important member of the victorious coalition, was represented
throughout the war by a legal government-in-exile, and made a great contribution
to the victory through the Polish Armed Forces in the West and the Home Army in
the occupied homeland. At the Crimean Conference it was abandoned and sold out
by the US and Great Britain to the USSR, and the remaining East-Central Euro¬
pean countries suffered a similar fate. This happened against her will and without
the participation of the Polish government and nation, who were not responsible for
the decisions made for them, and continued to oppose Soviet imperialism while in
the country and as well as emigrants in the West. The
ïàlta
agreement, constituting
a culmination of the policy which had already been adopted by Western leaders at
the Teheran Conference and continued through to the Potsdam Conference, was
essentially immoral, inconsistent with the Atlantic Charter and the fundamental
principles of European culture.
The American and British consent for Soviet expansion at the expense of Poland
and other European countries was not only a dishonourable act; it was above all
a tragic political error, which strengthened the USSR immensely in Europe, as well
as in Asia. Further, it weakened the West and for many years negatively influenced
the international situation. Despite naive Western hopes, the concessionary policy
towards Stalin, understood as an analogy for the policy of appeasement towards
Hitler before World War
П,
did not bring security or permanent peace for the world
closer towards reality, as they could not be achieved through selling half the world
into captivity. There was no chance for international security so long as the Yalta
mentality directed the policy of the Western powers. Only the rejection of the Yalta
agreement could open the road to a principle aim of Polish political emigrants
-
restoring the independence and territorial integrity of Poland, as well as freedom to
other countries subjugated by the communist imperialism of Russia.
428
SUMMARY
A closer analysis of the above summarised narrative is prefaced in chapter
1
with a comprehensive discussion of the chosen theoretical issues concerning the
political myth, while explaining the definition of this term as assumed in the study.
Chapter
2
contains a record of the most widespread version of the Yalta myth held
by Polish post-World War
Π
emigrants, and a discussion of its primary variants
(betrayal versus error, Anglo-American powers as opposed to France). An essential
context of these images and narratives was the indifferent, sometimes averse nature
of Western public opinion, received bitterly by the emigrants, which was hidden
-
as Polish authors assessed
-
behind hypocritical language with which the
Valta
poli¬
tics and the fate of Poland were described. Chapter
3
presents opinions concerning
Yalta, Poland and the Poles in leading Anglo-American newspapers, illustrating the
pressures of Western political and ideological symbolism on the collective repre¬
sentation of the Polish political emigration. In chapter
4,
the reader is shown how
the analysed myth rejected widely popularised opinions in the West in regards to
the dichotomy between good Yalta and its bad realisation. Polish emigrants,
taking the perspective of the Yalta myth, disagreed with numerous Western inter¬
pretations, for example the Crimean agreement created a chance for at least limited
Polish sovereignty, and it was the subsequent
realÍ2ation
of particular events which
completely destroyed such a possibility.
The reconstructed myth of Yalta did not relate only to the conference of the Big
Three, but to the entire policy of the Western powers towards Poland in the afore¬
mentioned period. That is why the following chapters focus on the influence of this
myth on the attitudes of the post-Yalta emigration towards the West (chapter
5),
on
the emigrants perception of the crisis of Western civilisation (chapter
6),
and on
the prevailing notion among Polish emigrants that the ideological sense of the war,
summarised in the Atlantic Charter, was shattered by Churchill s and Roosevelt s
decision to comply to Stalin s demands, (chapter
7).
The consequences of the evil
act committed at Yalta, including the moral bankruptcy of the entire Yalta policy, as
various formulations of the examined myth presented them, are discussed in chapter
8,
and mentioned additionally in those following. Chapter
9
contains an analysis
of the Yalta myth as opposition against the division of Europe, whereas chapter
10
discusses views which served as prophetic warnings about the seeds of a future war
hidden in the Yalta order. In both of these chapters, as well as the remainder, the
role that Poland is assigned with and the importance of her independence and terri¬
torial integrity for the freedom and security of all of Europe is considered. Chapter
11
constitutes an attempt at capturing the function of
^ appeasement
analogy of
Yalta as Munich, and the position this holds in the emigrant myth. In this mythic or
mythopoeic discourse, Yalta is no more a single historical event, but a general cate¬
gory outside of time, making it possible to understand and judge past, present, and
even future events.
Further chapters contain a presentation of personal myths of (or mythopoeic
narratives about) leaders of other nations, inseparably intertwined with the Yalta
SUMMARY
429
myth held by Polish emigrants:
Draža Mihailović
(chapter
12),
Winston Churchill
and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (chapter
13),
as well as
Edvard
Beneš
(chapter
14).
Chapter
15
discusses the image of a Polish Cassandra based on the popular
conviction among emigrants about the privileged (in comparison with Western soci¬
eties) cognitive position of Poles, who knew and understood the realities of the
USSR, as well as the essence of its political system and foreign policy, and who
were ready to fulfil their duty of making Western democracies realise the imminent
danger facing them. The subsequent chapter
(16)
concerns the touchstone of patri¬
otism and the pro-independence standpoint, which according to the
Valta
myth was
the position taken by those Poles who found themselves in the West, towards
tlie
resolution of the Crimean conference and its associated consequences. Addition¬
ally, the role of this myth in marking the boundaries of its own group
-
the post-
Yalta emigrants
-
is addressed, as well as the means by which it strengthened its soli¬
darity and excluded renegades. Their profiles, along with images of antiheroes of
the emigrant political mythology are reconstructed in chapter
17.
They are personi¬
fied by the top characters
oijałtańczycy
-
Polish politicians who decided to return
to Poland or, while staying in the West, cooperate on the basis of the Yalta agree¬
ment with the Communists towards the formation of the Provisional Government
of National Unity
(Stanislaw Mikolajczyk,
Stanisław Kot,
Stanislaw Grabski
and
others). The final chapter
(18)
concentrates on the social functions of the myth,
additionally showing its connections with the ritual of the emigrant-celebrated cere¬
mony dedicated to the anniversary of the
Taita
betrayal .
The
Valta
myth carried an enormous emotional charge caused by the experience
of a national catastrophe, a feeling of collective and personal hurt and betrayal, the
futility of enormous war sacrifices, the destruction of moral order, the mixing of
good and evil, and the loneliness inherent in an indifferent world, where brutal force
and lies govern. It expressed and explained these feelings, connected them to cogni¬
tive aspects and images elucidating the world of post-Yalta emigrants. But above all,
it gathered and mobilised them to joint political choices and collective actions. It
sustained the institutional structures of the post-World War
Π
Polish emigration, and
in this sense it can be called conservative, but in the perspective of Polish and inter¬
national politics, it was aimed at the destruction of the existing status quo.
In the Yalta myth, Polish emigrants gained perspective, allowing them to describe
and judge the changing trends and diversity in the politics of non-communist coun¬
tries. Its expressions, which exposed threats for world security and peace resulting
from the Yalta division of Europe, were also disputes with the dominant attitude
towards the USSR in Western societies and their political elites and with influen¬
tial ideas of establishing on the Yalta basis lasting peaceful relations with Moscow.
It showed Western ineffectiveness, and even threats to the free world flowing from
every foreign policy doctrine, which accepted the shape of Europe and the world after
the end of the war as permanent, despite whether it was named a policy of appease¬
ment, containment, peaceful co-existence or others. This myth carried a message of
430
SUMMARY
the fundamental unity of Europe and pointed to the role of Poland and her fellow
Central and East European countries in the continent s past and future. Above all,
it answered to the current course of events in the world, especially during subse¬
quent stages of evolution in West-East relations where there was a constant warning
against lethal danger for the West from the USSR and global communism.
The Yalta and legalism myths connected with one another, and along with a number
of related representations served the need of defining this emigrant group s iden¬
tity, determining Polish pro-independence policy, delineating borders amongst those
who ran it, and those who disowned it. They marked the border between the pro-
independence camp ( free Poland in exile ) and the Yalta people ( undertakers
of Polish independence ) by appealing to the Yalta criterion. It was not a result of
a theoretical speculation or intellectual game. It had its source in the then-current
needs of the Polish communities in the West (soldiers, refugees and deportees), for
whom there arose a necessity of taking a stand in opposition against the new posi¬
tion of their motherland. In the situation of the most difficult collective and indi¬
vidual political and ideological choices, as well as very practical life choices, it was
necessary to clearly determine the essence of the pro-independence attitude and to
mark a well-defined division line; to determine what is acceptable within the inde¬
pendence policy, and to close the ranks of the emigrant society. The effectiveness of
such operations required appealing to the symbolic sphere, to the earlier shaped and
deeply rooted and generalised mythic ideas and images, among which in this matter
the leading role was played by the Yalta myth and the legalist myth connected with
it. In the emigrant political consciousness, they created the possibility of extracting
a clear dichotomy between us
-
the post-Yalta political emigration and all those,
while using the Yalta test, were pushed down to the them category.
This trilogy of foundation myths: of heroic fighting and the war sufferings of the
Poles, legalism, as well as Yalta, these three reminded and explained not only the
genesis of the post-war Polish political emigration, but also its mission of continuing
to fight for Poland s independence. Although this was not the main subject, they
also uncovered the beginning and fundamental essence of the communist regime
in Poland, which was not changed by co-opting non-communist politicians recon¬
ciled to the decisions of Yalta, nor by recognising the Provisional Government of
National Unity by the Anglo-American powers. In the light of the Yalta myth, the
new authorities residing first in Lublin, then in Warsaw could not be anything else
but an illegal foreign agent, or at worst a stooge, and any justification legitimising
them was a result of manipulations and lies.
The emigrant myth of Yalta in the name of freedom, the integrity and security
of Poland and Europe, questioned the Yalta-Potsdam order and opened before the
Polish war refugees and soldiers (later ex-servicemen) of the Polish Armed Forces
a perspective of further possible actions as an organised political emigration focused
around a clear goal. It spoke about the betrayal of the West, about its deep moral
and political crisis, while at the same time, it tied independent Polish politics with
SUMMARY
431
the free world. It described the political naivety and moral evil of the l<a policy
(containment, peaceful co-existence), and rejected its alleged realism. Above all,
it justified further political activity of Poles who stuck by their decision to remain
in exile. As long as Poland continued to be trapped by the Yalta agreement and its
consequences, as these emigrant authors claimed, the mission of the Emigration was
not concluded.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lencznarowicz, Jan 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)113330530X |
| author_facet | Lencznarowicz, Jan 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lencznarowicz, Jan 1960- |
| author_variant | j l jl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035776332 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D734 |
| callnumber-raw | D734 |
| callnumber-search | D734 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3734 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)476839728 (DE-599)BVBBV035776332 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1956 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Poland Emigration and immigration |
| geographic_facet | Polen Poland Emigration and immigration |
| id | DE-604.BV035776332 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371881411 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018635921 |
| oclc_num | 476839728 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 447, [1] s. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Księgarnia Akademicka |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Societas |
| series2 | Societas |
| spelling | Lencznarowicz, Jan 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)113330530X aut Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 Jan Lencznarowicz Kraków Księgarnia Akademicka 2009 447, [1] s. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Societas 13 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Yalta as the foundation myth of the Polish political emigration 1944 - 1956 Rzeczpospolita Polska (Government-in-exile) Yalta Conference (1945) Jalta-Konferenz 1945 Jalta (DE-588)2015967-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1944-1956 gnd rswk-swf Migration Politik Polish people Foreign countries Politics and government Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen Poland Emigration and immigration Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 s Jalta-Konferenz 1945 Jalta (DE-588)2015967-5 f Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 s Geschichte 1944-1956 z DE-604 Societas 13 (DE-604)BV022207361 13 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018635921&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018635921&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lencznarowicz, Jan 1960- Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 Societas Rzeczpospolita Polska (Government-in-exile) Yalta Conference (1945) Jalta-Konferenz 1945 Jalta (DE-588)2015967-5 gnd Migration Politik Polish people Foreign countries Politics and government Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2015967-5 (DE-588)4071769-0 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4015959-0 |
| title | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 |
| title_auth | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 |
| title_exact_search | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 |
| title_full | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 Jan Lencznarowicz |
| title_fullStr | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 Jan Lencznarowicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jałta w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 Jan Lencznarowicz |
| title_short | Jałta |
| title_sort | jalta w kregu mitow zalozycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 1956 |
| title_sub | w kręgu mitów założycielskich polskiej emigracji politycznej 1944 - 1956 |
| topic | Rzeczpospolita Polska (Government-in-exile) Yalta Conference (1945) Jalta-Konferenz 1945 Jalta (DE-588)2015967-5 gnd Migration Politik Polish people Foreign countries Politics and government Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rzeczpospolita Polska (Government-in-exile) Yalta Conference (1945) Jalta-Konferenz 1945 Jalta Migration Politik Polish people Foreign countries Politics and government Geschichtsbild Polen Volk Exil Polen Poland Emigration and immigration |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018635921&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018635921&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022207361 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lencznarowiczjan jałtawkregumitowzałozycielskichpolskiejemigracjipolitycznej19441956 |