Fundamentals of MRI: an interactive learning approach
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, Fl.
CRC Press
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Series in medical physics and biomedical engineering
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 298 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9781584889014 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Berry, Elizabeth |d 1961- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)138121346 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of MRI |b an interactive learning approach |c Elizabeth Berry ; Andrew Bulpitt |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fl. |b CRC Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 298 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |e 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Series in medical physics and biomedical engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Magnetic resonance imaging |v Programmed instruction | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bulpitt, Andrew |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018627665&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140695833804800 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents j
I
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Authors xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Fundamentals of MRI 1
1.2 An Interactive Learning Approach 2
1.3 Using the Programs from Windows® Operating Systems 2
1.3.1 Program Setup Options 2
1.3.2 Running Programs Directly from the CD 3
1.3.3 Running the Setup Program 5
1.3.4 Installing the Programs 6
1.3.5 Running the Installed Programs 7
1.3.6 Uninstalling the Programs 8
1.4 Non-Windows Operating Systems 8
1.5 Structure of the Book 9
2 Mathematics, Physics, and Imaging for MRI 11
2.1 Learning Outcomes 11
2.2 Mathematics for MRI 11
2.2.1 Trigonometric Functions 11
2.2.1.1 Sine, Cosine, and Tangent 11
2.2.1.2 Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent 12
2.2.1.3 Relationships between the Trigonometric
Functions 13
2.2.1.4 Degrees and Radians 13
2.2.1.5 Phase Differences 13
2.2.2 Vectors 15
2.2.2.1 Definition of a Vector 15
2.2.2.2 Resolving Vectors 16
2.2.2.3 Adding Vectors 17
2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Vectors 21
2.2.4 Periodic Signals 22
2.2.5 Phase Diagrams 22
2.2.6 Sampling 23
2.2.7 Fourier Series and Fourier Analysis 24
2.2.7.1 Fourier Series 24
2.2.7.2 Fourier Analysis 25
vii
viii Contents
2.2.8 Exponential Decay 26
2.2.8.1 Time Constant 27
2.2.8.2 Exponential Envelope 29
2.2.9 Links to Later Chapters 30
2.3 Physics for MRI 31
2.3.1 Atomic Structure 31
2.3.2 Electricity 31
2.3.3 Magnetism 32
2.3.4 Electromagnetism 34
2.3.5 Electromagnetic Radiation 34
2.4 Imaging for MRI 36
2.4.1 Digital Image, Pixel, and Voxel 36
2.4.2 Gray-Scale Resolution 36
2.4.2.1 Windowing 37
2.4.3 Spatial Resolution 38
2.4.4 Image Contrast 38
2.4.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 38
2.4.6 Geometrical Image Properties 39
2.5 Clinical Imaging Terms for MRI 40
2.6 Chapter Summary 42
3 Basic Physical Principles 43
3.1 Learning Outcomes 43
3.2 Spins and the Net Magnetization Vector 43
3.3 The Larmor Equation 46
3.3.1 Larmor Frequency 47
3.3.2 Gyromagnetic Ratio 47
3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 49
3.4.1 Visualization of the Effect of Radio Frequency
(RF) Pulses 50
3.5 Longitudinal and Transverse Magnetization 51
3.5.1 Full Magnetization and Saturation 53
3.5.2 Free Induction Decay Signal 53
3.6 Rotating Frame of Reference 54
3.7 Chapter Summary 64
Reference 64
4 Relaxation Mechanisms 65
4.1 Learning Outcomes 65
4.2 Tl and T2 Relaxation 65
4.2.1 Longitudinal Relaxation 66
4.2.1.1 Typical Longitudinal Relaxation Times 69
4.2.2 Transverse Relaxation 70
4.2.2.1 Typical Transverse Relaxation Times 73
Contents jx
4.2.3 Comparison of Tl and T2 Relaxation Times 74
4.2.4 T2* 76
4.2.5 Relaxation Rates, Rl, R2, and R2* 77
4.3 Effect of Magnetic Field Strength on Relaxation
Mechanisms 79
4.4 Saturation Recovery Graphs and Tissue Contrast 80
4.4.1 The Saturation Recovery Program 81
4.5 Contrast Agents 90
4.6 Chapter Summary 90
5 Slice Selection 91
5.1 Learning Outcomes 91
5.2 Gradient Fields 91
5.3 Gradient Fields for Slice Selection 95
5.3.1 Direction of Gradient for Slice Selection 95
5.3.2 Timing of Application of the Gradient Field for
Slice Selection 97
5.4 RF Pulse for Slice Selection: Center Frequency and
Transmitted Bandwidth 98
5.4.1 Effect of Center Frequency on Location of Slice 98
5.4.2 Transmitted Bandwidth 99
5.4.3 Effect of Gradient Strength and Transmitted
Bandwidth on Slice Thickness 100
5.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with
Thin Slices 101
5.5 The Slice Selection Program 103
5.5.1 Slice Thickness 103
5.5.2 Slice Position 110
5.6 Acquiring Several Slices 113
5.7 Additional Self-Assessment Questions 115
5.8 Chapter Summary 119
6 Frequency Encoding 121
6.1 Learning Outcomes 121
6.2 Principles of Frequency Encoding 121
6.3 Gradient Fields for Frequency Encoding 122
6.3.1 Direction of Gradient for Frequency Encoding 122
6.3.2 The Composite Signal from Frequency Encoding 123
6.3.3 Timing of Application of the Gradient Field for
Frequency Encoding 125
6.3.4 Receiver Bandwidth 125
6.4 The Frequency Encoding Demonstrator 126
6.5 Effect of Gradient Strength and Receiver Bandwidth on
Field of View (FOV) 130
x Contents
6.5.1 Field of View 130
6.5.2 Pixel Size 130
6.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Small FOV 132
6.6 Additional Self-Assessment Questions 132
6.7 Chapter Summary 136
7 Phase Encoding 137
7.1 Learning Outcomes 137
7.2 Principles of Phase Encoding 137
7.3 Gradient Fields for Phase Encoding 138
7.3.1 Direction of Gradient for Phase Encoding 138
7.3.2 Timing of Application of Gradient Field for Phase
Encoding 138
7.4 The Phase Encoding Demonstrator 138
7.4.1 Phase Encoding Gradient Fields and Phase
Differences 140
7.5 The Effect of Gradient Strength and Duration on Phase
Shift 142
7.6 Repeated Phase Encoding Steps 145
7.6.1 Increment in Gradient Field Strength with Phase
Encoding Step 146
7.6.2 Increment in Phase Shift with Phase Encoding
Step 147
7.6.3 FOV with Multiple Phase Encoding Steps 149
7.6.4 Pixel Size with Multiple Phase Encoding Steps 150
7.7 The Data Matrix 150
7.8 Additional Self-Assessment Questions 152
7.9 Chapter Summary 154
8 The Spin-Echo Imaging Sequence 155
8.1 Learning Outcomes 155
8.2 The Concept of the Spin-Echo Sequence 155
8.3 Demonstration of the Principles of the Spin-Echo
Sequence 156
8.3.1 The Spin-Echo Demonstrator 156
8.3.1.1 t = 0 158
8.3.1.2 0 t « TE/2 158
8.3.1.3 0 « t TE/2 and t = TE/2 158
8.3.1.4 t = TE/2 160
8.3.1.5 TE/2 t « TE and TE/2 « t TE 161
8.3.1.6 t = TE 161
8.3.2 Further Use of the Spin-Echo Demonstrator 161
8.3.2.1 Adjusting the Size of the Field
Inhomogeneities 161
8.3.2.2 Viewing a Movie of Dephasing 163
xii Contents
10.4 The Gradient-Echo Sequence 231
10.4.1 Principles of the Gradient-Echo Sequence 231
10.4.2 The Gradient-Echo Imaging Pulse Sequence 232
10.4.3 The Ernst Angle 234
10.4.4 The Steady State 235
10.5 Flow Phenomena 237
10.5.1 Time-of-Flight Flow Phenomenon in Spin-Echo
Imaging 237
10.5.1.1 Condition for Signal Loss in Spin-Echo
Imaging 239
10.5.2 Time-of-Flight Flow Phenomenon in Gradient-
Echo Imaging 239
10.5.2.1 Condition for the Maximum Signal in
Gradient-Echo Imaging 241
10.5.3 Phase Effects with Flow 241
10.5.3.1 Intravoxel Effects Leading to Signal Loss.... 242
10.5.3.2 Pulsatile Flow and Ghosting 242
10.6 Flow Phenomena Demonstrator: Spin-Echo Imaging
Sequence 242
10.7 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) 245
10.7.1 Time-of-Flight Angiography 246
10.7.2 Phase-Contrast Angiography 246
10.7.3 Contrast-Enhanced Angiography 247
10.8 Chapter Summary 247
References 248
11 Multiple-Choice Questions 249
11.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 249
11.2 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 286
Index 291
|
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| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781584889014 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Berry, Elizabeth 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)138121346 aut Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach Elizabeth Berry ; Andrew Bulpitt Boca Raton, Fl. CRC Press 2009 XVII, 298 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Series in medical physics and biomedical engineering Magnetic resonance imaging Programmed instruction Bulpitt, Andrew Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018627665&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Berry, Elizabeth 1961- Bulpitt, Andrew Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach Magnetic resonance imaging Programmed instruction |
| title | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach |
| title_full | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach Elizabeth Berry ; Andrew Bulpitt |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach Elizabeth Berry ; Andrew Bulpitt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of MRI an interactive learning approach Elizabeth Berry ; Andrew Bulpitt |
| title_short | Fundamentals of MRI |
| title_sort | fundamentals of mri an interactive learning approach |
| title_sub | an interactive learning approach |
| topic | Magnetic resonance imaging Programmed instruction |
| topic_facet | Magnetic resonance imaging Programmed instruction |
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