Statistical methods for geography: a student's guide
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Los Angeles [u.a.]
Sage
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 348 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781848600027 9781848600034 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rogerson, Peter |d 20. Jht. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1089205589 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Statistical methods for geography |b a student's guide |c Peter A. Rogerson |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Los Angeles [u.a.] |b Sage |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 348 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Geografie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geography |x Statistical methods | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geografie |0 (DE-588)4020216-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140687890841600 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xii
Preface
to the Second Edition
xv
Preface to the Third Edition
xvii
1
Introduction to Statistical Methods for Geography
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
The scientific method
1
1.3
Exploratory and confirmatory approaches in geography
4
1.4
Probability and statistics
4
1.4.1
Probability
4
1.4.2
Statistics
5
1.4.3
Probability paradoxes
6
1.4.4
Geographical applications of probability and statistics
9
1.5
Descriptive and inferential methods
13
1.6
The nature of statistical thinking
15
1.7
Special considerations for spatial data
16
1.7.1
The modifiable
areal
unit problem
16
1.7.2
Boundary problems
17
1.7.3
Spatial sampling procedures
17
1.7.4
Spatial autocorrelation
18
1.8
The structure of the book
18
1.9
Datasets
19
1.9.1
Mobile phone signal strength in Erie County, New York, USA
19
1.9.2
House sales in Tyne and Wear
20
1.9.3 1990
Census Data for Erie County, New York
23
2
Descriptive Statistics
24
2.1
Types of data
24
2.2
Visual descriptive methods
25
2.3
Measures of central tendency
28
2.4
Measures of variability
30
2.5
Other numerical measures for describing data
32
2.5.1
Coefficient of variation
32
2.5.2
Skewness
32
2.5.3
Kurtosis
33
2.5.4
Standard scores
34
Vi
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR GEOGRAPHY
2.6
Descriptive spatial statistics
35
2.6.1
Mean center
35
2.6.2
Median center
36
2.6.3
Standard distance
38
2.6.4
Relative distance
38
2.6.5
Illustration of spatial measures of central tendency
and dispersion
39
2.6.6
Angular data
39
2.7
Descriptive statistics in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
43
2.7.1
Data input
43
2.7.2
Descriptive analysis
43
Solved exercises
44
Exercises
46
Probability and Discrete Probability Distributions
53
3.1
Introduction
53
3.2
Sample spaces, random variables, and probabilities
53
3.3
Binomial processes and the binomial distribution
55
3.4
The geometric distribution
59
3.5
The
Poisson
distribution
61
3.6
The hypergeometric distribution
65
3.6.1
Application to residential segregation
67
3.6.2
Application to the space-time clustering of disease
67
3.7
Binomial tests in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
69
Solved exercises
69
Exercises
74
Continuous Probability Distributions and
Probability Models
80
4.1
Introduction
80
4.2
The uniform or rectangular distribution
80
4.3
The normal distribution
83
4.4
The exponential distribution
89
4.5
Summary of discrete and continuous distributions
93
4.6
Probability models
94
4.6.1
The intervening opportunities model
95
4.6.2
A model of migration
100
4.6.3
The future of the human population
101
Solved exercises
102
Exercises
105
CONTENTS
Vii
Inferential Statistics: Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis
Testing, and Sampling
107
5.1
Introduction to inferential statistics
107
5.2
Confidence intervals
107
5.2.1
Confidence intervals for the mean
107
5.2.2
Confidence intervals for the mean when the
sample size is small
110
5.2.3
Confidence interval for the difference between two means 111
5.2.4
Confidence intervals for proportions
112
5.3
Hypothesis testing
113
5.3.1
Hypothesis testing and one-sample .z-tests of the mean
113
5.3.2
One-sample
ŕ-
tests
117
5.3.3
One-sample tests for proportions
119
5.3.4
Two-sample tests: differences in means
121
5.3.5
Two-sample tests: differences in proportions
125
5.4
Distributions of the random variable and
distributions of the test statistic
126
5.5
Spatial data and the implications of nonindependence
127
5.6
Further discussion of the effects of deviations from the assumptions
129
5.6.1
One-sample test of proportions: binomial distribution
-
assumption of constant or equal success probabilities
129
5.6.2
One-sample test of proportions: binomial distribution
-
assumption of independence
130
5.6.3
Two-sample difference of means test: assumption
of independent observations
132
5.6.4
Two-sample difference of means test: assumption
of homogeneity
134
5.7
Sampling
134
5.7.1
Spatial sampling
135
5.7.2
Sample size considerations
136
5.8
Some tests for spatial measures of central tendency and variability
139
5.9
One-sample tests of means in SPSS
16.
Ofor Windows
141
5.9.1
Interpretation
141
5.10
Two-sample
ŕ-tests
in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
142
5.10.1
Data entry
142
5.10.2
Running the
ŕ-test
143
5.11
Two-sample
ŕ-tests
in Excel
143
Solved exercises
145
Exercises
153
viii
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR GEOGRAPHY
6
Analysis of Variance
157
6.1
Introduction
157
6.1.1
A note on the use of F-tables
160
6.2
Illustrations
160
6.2.1
Hypothetical swimming frequency data
160
6.2.2
Diurnal variation in precipitation
161
6.3
Analysis of variance with two categories
163
6.4
Testing the assumptions
164
6.5
Consequences of failure to meet assumptions
164
6.6
Implications for hypothesis tests when assumptions are not met
164
6.6.1
Normality
165
6.6.2
Homoscedasticity
165
6.6.3
Independence of observations
166
6.7
The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test
167
6.7.1
Illustration: diurnal variation in precipitation
167
6.7.2
More on the Kruskal-Wallis test
168
6.8
The nonparametric median test
169
6.8.1
Illustration
169
6.9
Contrasts
170
6.9.1
A priori contrasts
172
6.10
One-way ANOVA in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
172
6.10.1
Data entry
172
6.10.2
Data analysis and interpretation
173
6.11
One-way ANOVA in Excel
174
Solved exercises
175
Exercises
177
7
Correlation
183
7.1
Introduction and examples of correlation
183
7.2
More illustrations
186
7.2.1
Mobility and cohort size
186
7.2.2
Statewide infant mortality rates and income
187
7.3
A significance test tor
r
189
7.3.1
Illustration
189
7.4
The correlation coefficient and sample size
189
7.5
Spearman s rank correlation coefficient
191
7.6
Additional topics
192
7.6.1
The effect of spatial dependence on significance
tests for correlation coefficients
192
7.6.2
The modifiable area unit problem and spatial aggregation
194
CONTENTS ix
7.7
Correlation in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
195
7.7.1
Illustration
195
7.8
Correlation in Excel
197
Solved exercises I97
Exercises
198
8
Introduction to Regression Analysis
201
8.1
Introduction
201
8.2
Fitting a regression line to a set of bivariate data
204
8.2.1
Illustration: income levels and consumer
expenditure
206
8.3
Regression in terms of explained and unexplained sums of squares
207
8.3.1
Illustration
211
8.4
Assumptions of regression
211
8.5
Standard error of the estimate
212
8.6
Tests for beta
212
8.6.1
Illustration
212
8.7
Illustration: state aid to secondary schools
213
8.8
Linear versus nonlinear models
215
8.9
Regression in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
217
8.9.1
Data input
217
8.9.2
Analysis
217
8.9.3
Options
218
8.9.4
Output
218
8.10
Regression in Excel
218
8.10.1
Data input
218
8.10.2
Analysis
218
Solved exercises
220
Exercises
222
9
More on Regression
225
9.1
Multiple regression
225
9.1.1
Multicollinearity
226
9.1.2
Interpretation of coefficients in multiple regression
227
9.2
Misspecification error
227
9.3
Dummy variables
229
9.3.1
Dummy variable regression in a recreation
planning example
231
9.4
Multiple regression illustration: species in the Galapagos Islands
233
9.4.1
Model
1:
The kitchen-sink approach
233
9.4.2
Missing values
235
X STATISTICAL METHODS FOR GEOGRAPHY
9.4.3
Outliers and multicollinearity
237
9.4.4
Model
2 238
9.4.5
Model
3 238
9.4.6
Model
4 241
9.5
Variable selection
241
9.6
Categorical dependent variable
242
9.6.1
Binary response
243
9.7
A summary of some problems that can arise in
regression analysis
247
9.8
Multiple and logistic regression in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
247
9.8.1
Multiple regression
247
9.8.2
Logistic regression
249
Exercises
252
10
Spatial Patterns
257
10.1
Introduction
257
10.2
The analysis of point patterns
258
10.2.1
Quadrat analysis
259
10.2.2
Nearest neighbor analysis
263
10.3
Geographic patterns in
areal
data
266
10.3.1
An example using a chi-square test
266
10.3.2
Moran s/
268
10.4
Local statistics
274
10.4.1
Introduction
274
10.4.2
Local
Moran
statistic
275
10.4.3
Getis G, statistic
275
10.5
Finding Moran s I using SPSS
16.0
for Windows
276
10.6
Finding Moran s I using GeoDa
277
Exercises
278
11
Some Spatial Aspects of Regression Analysis
281
11.1
Introduction
281
11.2
Added-variable plots
282
11.3
Spatial regression: autocorrelated errors
283
11.4
Spatially varying parameters
284
11.4.1
The expansion method
284
11.4.2
Geographically weighted regression
285
11.5
Illustration
286
11.5.1
Ordinary least squares
287
11.5.2
Added-variable plots
288
11.5.3
Spatial regression: autocorrelated errors
290
CONTENTS Xi
11.5.4 Expansion
method
291
11.5.5
Geographically weighted regression
293
11.6
Spatial Regression with GeoDa 0.9.5-i
293
Exercises
295
12
Data Reduction: Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis
297
12.1
Introduction
297
12.2
Factor analysis and principal components analysis
297
12.2.1
Illustration:
1990
Census data for Erie County,
New York
298
12.2.2
Regression analysis on component scores
302
12.3
Cluster analysis
303
12.3.1
More on agglomerative methods
306
12.3.2
Illustration:
1990
Census data for Erie County,
New York
306
12.4
Data reduction methods in SPSS
16.0
for Windows
311
12.4.1
Factor analysis
311
12.4.2
Cluster analysis
311
Exercises
313
Epilogue
316
Appendix A: Statistical Tables
318
Table A.1 Random digits
318
Table A.2 Normal distribution
320
Table A.3 Student s
ŕ-distribution
321
Table A.4 Cumulative distribution of Student s
ŕ-distribution
322
Table A.
5
P-distribution
324
Table A.6
χ2
distribution
327
Appendix B: Mathematical Conventions and Notation
328
B.I Mathematical conventions
328
B.2 Mathematical notation
330
Appendix C: Review and Extension of Some Probability Theory
334
C.I Expected values
334
C.2 Variance of a random variable
336
C.3 Covariance of random variables
336
Bibliography
338
Index
343
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035763027 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781848600027 9781848600034 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018622863 |
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| physical | XVI, 348 S. graph. Darst. |
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| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Sage |
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| spelling | Rogerson, Peter 20. Jht. Verfasser (DE-588)1089205589 aut Statistical methods for geography a student's guide Peter A. Rogerson 3. ed. Los Angeles [u.a.] Sage 2010 XVI, 348 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Geografie Geography Statistical methods Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018622863&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rogerson, Peter 20. Jht Statistical methods for geography a student's guide Geografie Geography Statistical methods Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide |
| title_auth | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide |
| title_exact_search | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide |
| title_full | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_fullStr | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical methods for geography a student's guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_short | Statistical methods for geography |
| title_sort | statistical methods for geography a student s guide |
| title_sub | a student's guide |
| topic | Geografie Geography Statistical methods Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Geography Statistical methods Statistik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018622863&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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