Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Etnografski Muzej
1999
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 59 S. zahlr. Ill. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji |c Zoran Rodić |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Etnografski Muzej |c 1999 | |
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| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Bivalna kultura - Srbija | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
The rural house is a reflection of the natural,
historico-culmral and socio-economic circumstances
as well as of the technical conditions, of a given time.
Beginning with the mid-eighteenth century, the de¬
velopment of the house demonstrates the logical
continuation of the living conditions dating from
much earlier times up to the present day. The sim¬
plest living premises in the shape of the
zemunica
and the lagumica (dugouts), the sibara (a tim¬
ber and straw hut), the
busara
(a shepherd s turf-
covered hut), and others, preceded the more devel¬
oped forms of dwellings. In fact, they denote the
traces of the oldest forms of homes which in spe¬
cific times, during rebellions and wars were again
revived. The transition from these dwellings or shel¬
ters is to be found in similar primitive houses such
as the
krivulja
(made of bent pine branches), the
lubara (thatch-roofed) and the plain cabin, and is
what the folk lived in during trying times and espe¬
cially during migrations and stays in refugee shel¬
ters. Such dwellings were essentially made only of
coverings over a given space in order to protect the
hearths and the inmates and their goods from the
rain.
During the frequent Austrian and Turkish wars,
the territory of present-day Serbia was sparsely popu¬
lated during the
XVIII
century. This, however, caused
an influx of new settlers from the southern and south¬
western parts of the land. In the early decades of the
XIX
century, after the liberation of the land, inten¬
sive settlements in this region continued. Under con¬
ditions of constant migration, violence and pressures
on the rural population by the Turkish rulers and the
state of economic backwardness, the village dwell¬
ing at that time could not develop. Most frequently
it was a log cabin or a thatched-roof hut.
After the liberation from the Turkish dominion
and with improved political and economic condi¬
tions in the country-side, there was a need for more
spacious dwellings. Gradually, the number of rooms
increased. At first there were added to the house
(the main section containing the hearth, the eating
querter and the centre of family life) one room and
later two were erected. Towards the end of
XIX
cen¬
tury, wealthier families already had homes with four
rooms.
According to the disposition of the premises, and
especially the building materials used, various types
of houses began being built. These depended on the
natural conditions of the region. In the western and
central areas, the materials used were hewn oak, pine
or elm bark for the
brvnara
(log cabin)
;
in the east¬
ern and southern parts it was bondruk (post-and-
petrail) and in the northern parts it was the
naboj
(packed mud and straw).
A distinct type of central and western Serbia, was
the
osećanka
(a log cabin) that gained its name
from its master-builders who had come from
Osat,
a
district in eastern Bosnia. This type of dwelling was
57
considered to have reached the highest level in the
development of the timber-based architecture. It dif¬
fered from all other types of dwellings by its con¬
ception, originality and folk art ornamentation. This
dwelling is characterized by steep, shingle four-
hipped roofs, chimney with
a
kapie
(a wooden
cone-like lid), a door with semi-circular openings,
windows with
a kapić
(a wooden cone-like lid), a
door with semi-circular openings, windows with bars
and shutters, a loft of corn-stalks, short boards or
planks linked together and an earthen furnace in the
center.
Spatially regarded, the dwellings in the eastern
and southern parts of Serbia differed from previous
ones in that they always had a porch. In the earlier
phases the porch was placed along the whole length
of the house (as in the Kosovo ground-flour house).
Later, it was built at an angle, sometimes raised and
even in front of the main facade, at which time its
function was changed and it became a kind of living
area. In the last phase of its development, the porch
obtained a semi-circular vault which characterized
the architecture of the whole
Morava
region and was
therefore named the
Morava
house .
The dominant type of building in the southern
parts and in Kosovo was the
čifcijska
house (the
serf house, built by the Turkish beys for their peas¬
ants. These were small ground-floor dwellings made
of unbaked brick and covered with straw, less often
with tiles, and only one room with a hearth in the
middle. The following developmental type was a
two-section house intended as a dwelling and a sta¬
ble, and later a house and a room with a length¬
wise porch. After the liberation, when conditions
radically changed, the Serbian post-and-petrail house
furhter developed. This was made possible by the
plains terrain and led to additions along the length
of the house. Parallel with the ground-floor house
there also appeared the one-storey dwelling. The
main houses were built in the hilly and mountain¬
ous areas and later in the districts. The two-storey
houses were most frequently built by the Albanians
and ground-floor dwellings by the Serbs, which re¬
flected the social and political differences among the
population in the same environment.
In
Metohija,
however, there evolved a separate
form of rural house, called a tower . Its appearance
is linked to the social relations that prevailed in the
past and served as defence for the members of the
ruling class. These were built of stone or brick, usu¬
ally on square base and with two or three floors.
The rural house north of the Save and Danube
rivers in
Vojvodina,
differed in its external shape
from the log cabin and considerably so from the
Morava
type house, although in its initial phase it
possessed the basic feature of the Kosovo ground-
floor house , as this was the first dwelling of the
Serbs who had come from the southern areas. Paral¬
lel with this house there also appeared the
colonialist house, because during the
XVIII
cen¬
tury Austria populated this region with foreign set¬
tlers, mainly Germans. The earliest colonialist
dwelling was also a two-partition house, with a
kitchen and a room but without a porch. In the next
phase, the porch of the Serbian house as introduced
into the colonialist one, as well as one more room.
Thus, its further development combined these two
features. This house was subsequently enlarged by
the lengthwise additons of more living quarters and
the creation of a small room at the expense of the
frontal section of the porch.
By its conception, the
Pannonian
type of house
shows the typical standard elements. Its base was
58
rectangular,
it was built with the packed earth of mud
and cut straw technique, placed in molds until dry.
The porch or gang (passage) was built lengthwise
on the courtyard side of the house. The roof was
saddlebacked and very steep, covered with thatch or
straw and later with brick, and a gable on the street
side. Both the porch and gable were often embelished
with decorations.
As all else, the house was subject to evolution
and to change. It altered its form and construction
methods and responded more and more to hygienic
demands. These changes are particularly evident in
the plains areas, in valleys and later in the foothills,
and the hilly and mountainous regions as well. Their
features show the influence of various architectural
methods introduced by the master-builders from the
south-eastern parts of Serbia and Bosnia. Storeyed
houses, very exceptionally, appeared in the rural ar¬
eas only on the eve of the second World War. That
period is characterized by the transition to construc¬
tion in stone, brick, mortar, as in urban transition to
construction in stone, brick, mortar, as in urban ar¬
chitecture. After World War Two, however, houses
of various styles and shapes were erected, so that it
is difficult do define exactly the patterns underlying
their development and extent. The types of these
houses consist of mixed styles while some styles
have been imposed by the serially drawn up and
purchased construction plans. The internal arrange¬
ments of the rural house have progessed apace with
the evolution of architecture and material culture.
In the early phases of the development of the vil¬
lage house in the primitive dwellings and in one-
room houses, the so-called low living level pre¬
vailed. This means that nearly all the basic house¬
hold goods were set on the ground. The hearth and
the bed were placed, with the table and chairs, on a
somewhat raised level. The rest of the household
goods were strictly functional. In the following
phase, the hearth was still on the ground level but it
was now semi-enclosed. The bad was raised to the
level of a primitive one but the table and chairs re¬
mained low. With the subsequent evolution, the
hearth was raised to a working level in the form of a
stove, the table was placed at the level of a normal
one and was surrounded by tall chairs or benches.
In all these phases, except in the most recent one,
the furniture and vessels were made by the peasants
themselves or by the village craftsmen.
59
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:53Z |
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| spelling | Rodić, Zoran Verfasser aut Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji Zoran Rodić Beograd Etnografski Muzej 1999 59 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Bivalna kultura - Srbija Ljudsko stavbarstvo - Srbija Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd rswk-swf Haus (DE-588)4023693-6 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Haus (DE-588)4023693-6 s Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018620699&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rodić, Zoran Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji Bivalna kultura - Srbija Ljudsko stavbarstvo - Srbija Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Haus (DE-588)4023693-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4117674-1 (DE-588)4023693-6 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji |
| title_auth | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji |
| title_exact_search | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji |
| title_full | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji Zoran Rodić |
| title_fullStr | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji Zoran Rodić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji Zoran Rodić |
| title_short | Razvoj seoske kuće i stanovanje u Srbiji |
| title_sort | razvoj seoske kuce i stanovanje u srbiji |
| topic | Bivalna kultura - Srbija Ljudsko stavbarstvo - Srbija Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Haus (DE-588)4023693-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bivalna kultura - Srbija Ljudsko stavbarstvo - Srbija Ländlicher Raum Wohnkultur Haus Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018620699&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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