Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Regierungsdokument Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
United Nations
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | World investment report
2009 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | BSB-Ex. ohne CD-ROM, aber mit Beibd. "Overview", V, 48 S. |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 280 S. Ill., graph. Darst. CD-ROM |
| ISBN: | 9789211127751 |
Internformat
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| 086 | |a UNCTAD WIR 2009 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development |c United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a UNCTAD/WIR/2009 |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b United Nations |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 280 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |e CD-ROM | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a World investment report |v 2009 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a United Nations publication | |
| 500 | |a BSB-Ex. ohne CD-ROM, aber mit Beibd. "Overview", V, 48 S. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Entwicklungsländer | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Landwirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agricultural productivity |z Developing countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture |x International cooperation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International business enterprises |z Developing countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Investments, Foreign |z Developing countries | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140682183442432 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development
Autor:
Jahr: 2009
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE.............................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................i
ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................xv
KEY MESSAGES.............................................................................................xvii
OVERVIEW.......................................................................................................xix
PART ONE
FDI TRENDS, POLICIES AND PROSPECTS
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: FDI FLOWS IN DECLINE....................3
A. THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN AND FDI FLOWS................3
1. Global slowdown in FDI flows, prompted by the crisis.....................................................................3
2. The transmission channels of the crisis..............................................................................................5
3. Key features of the FDI downturn and underlying factors................................................................7
a. The role of divestments.............................................................................................................. 7
b. Mode of investment....................................................................................................................10
(i) Large decreases in M As............................................................................................................10
(ii) Downturn in greenfield investments since end 2008....................................................................12
4. Uneven impact of the crisis on different regions and sectors..........................................................12
a. Geographical patterns.................................................................................................................13
(i) FDI inflows..........................................................................................................................13
(ii) FDI outflows.........................................................................................................................15
b. Sectoral and industrial patterns of FDI.......................................................................................16
B. HOW THE LARGEST TNCs ARE COPING WITH THE GLOBAL CRISIS............17
1. The 100 largest non-financial TNCs................................................................................................18
a. A slowdown of internationalization in 2008..............................................................................18
b. The impact of the global crisis on the top 100 TNCs.................................................................20
2. The top 100 TNCs from developing economies..............................................................................22
a. A growing role in the world economy........................................................................................22
b. The impact of the global crisis on developing-country TNCs...................................................23
3. The top 50 financial TNCs...............................................................................................................24
a. Internationalization of the top 50 financial TNCs in 2008.........................................................24
b. The impact of the global crisis on the top 50 financial TNCs...................................................25
4. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................26
C. FDI BY SPECIAL FUNDS.................................................................................................26
1. Declining FDI by private equity funds.............................................................................................26
2. FDI by sovereign wealth funds on the rise despite the crisis...........................................................27
3 FDI by private equity funds and sovereign wealth funds compared................................................28
D. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FDI POLICIES.................................................................30
1. Developments at the national level..................................................................................................30
a. Major policy trends.....................................................................................................................30
b. Policies introduced in response to the financial crisis and their potential impact on FDI........31
(i) National policy measures.............................................................................................................31
(ii) Policy implications for developing countries...............................................................................31
2. Developments at the international level...........................................................................................31
a. Bilateral investment treaties......................................................................................................32
World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development
Page
33
b. Double taxation treaties..............................................................................................................^
c. International investment agreements other than BITs and DTTs...............................................33
d. Investor-State dispute settlement.............................¦.......····.......................................................34
e. International investment agreements and the financial crisis.....................................................34
(i) Investment protectionism and IIAs.............................................................................................·
(ii) Emergency measures in response to the crisis............................................................................35
(iii) Regulation of the financial system and HA provisions...............................................................35
E. PROSPECTS.......................................................................................................................36
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS..............................................................41
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................41
A. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...........................................................................................42
1. Africa................................................................................................................................................42
a. Geographical trends....................................................................................................................42
(i) Inward FDI: flows continued to rise in most subregions............................................................42
(ii) Outward FDI: a few countries dominated..................................................................................46
b. Sectoral analysis: FDI focused on manufacturing.....................................................................46
c. Policy developments...................................................................................................................48
d. Prospects: the global economic slowdown could hurt FDI growth, especially in LDCs...........49
2. South, East, South-East Asia and Oceania.......................................................................................49
a. Geographical trends....................................................................................................................49
(i) Inward FDl: divergent trends against the backdrop of crisis.......................................................49
(ii) Outward FDI: strong, but falling.................................................................................................52
b. Sectoral trends............................................................................................................................54
(i) Inward FDl: services and manufacturing continued to be targeted.............................................54
(ii) Outward FDI: resource-seeking FDl rose...................................................................................55
c. Policy developments...................................................................................................................55
d. Prospects: downturn is looming.................................................................................................56
3. West Asia.................................................................................. ................................................ 55
a. Geographical trends.........................................................................IZZT .....!!..... . . . ... ...57
(i) Inward FDI: 2008 marked six years of growth........................... .ZZZZZZZZZZZZ57
(ii) Outward FDI: strong decline, especially to developed countries.Z..TIIZZZZI I l!...58
b. Sectoral trends: manufacturing up......................................... ........ 58
c. Policy developments...............................................TZZZ.....................................................60
d. Prospects: fall in inflows, but a possible rise in outflows..........................................................64
4. Latin America and the Caribbean......................................... ....................................................54
a. Geographical trends.....................................ZZZZ.................................................................64
(i) Inward FDI: resilient to the spreading crisis..........................................................................64
(ii) Outward FDI: sharp rise in outflows from South America..........................................................65
b. Sectoral analysis: continued interest in natural resources and related activities....................66
c Policy developments
d. Prospects: gloomy in short term, improving in medium term
B. SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH
OF INDEPENDENT STATES..............................72
I. Geographical trends............
b. Outward FDl: more moderate growth. ...........................................................................
3. Policy developments
4. Prospects: slowdown expected..............................................................................76
C DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1· Geographical trends ...................................
a. Inward FDI: strong decline as the financal and economic crisis unfolds.............79
IX
Page
b. Outward FDI: moderate but a widespread decline.....................................................................82
2. Sectoral trends: robust FDI growth in the primary sector................................................................83
3. Policy developments........................................................................................................................84
4. Prospects: FDI flows expected to fall further...................................................................................86
PART TWO
TNCs, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................93
CHAPTER III. TNCs AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.....................................................................95
A. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................95
B. AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHARACTERISTICS,
SIGNIFICANCE AND SALIENT ISSUES.......................................................................96
1. Characteristics of agricultural production........................................................................................96
a. A diverse industry.......................................................................................................................96
b. Agricultural inputs, technology and institutions........................................................................99
(i) Land, water and other inputs......................................................................................................99
(ii) Technology and R D.................................................................................................................99
(iii) Institutional support..................................................................................................................100
c. Environment and biodiversity..................................................................................................100
2. The significance of agriculture in developing countries................................................................101
a. General importance..................................................................................................................101
b. Agriculture as a neglected motor for development..................................................................102
3. Salient issues influencing investment in agriculture......................................................................103
a. The food crisis and the drive for food security.........................................................................103
b. Investment to meet MDG targets.............................................................................................104
c. The rise of biofuel production..................................................................................................104
C. TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE: HISTORICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL INSIGHTS.............................................................................................105
1. Historical developments: from plantations to value chain coordination........................................105
2. Conceptual overview......................................................................................................................106
D. TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC
PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE..........................................................................110
1. FDI trends and patterns..................................................................................................................Ill
a. FDI............................................................................................................................................Ill
b. Cross-border M As.................................................................................................................113
c. Geographical patterns...............................................................................................................115
2. Contract farming............................................................................................................................117
3. Trends in South-South investment in agriculture...........................................................................121
E. MAJOR TNCs IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES..........................122
1. Agriculture-based TNCs ...............................................................................................................123
2. TNCs from other segments of the value chain...............................................................................125
3. New investors in agriculture..........................................................................................................127
F. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................128
World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development
Page
CHAPTER IV. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS OF TNC
INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE...........................................................133
A. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................133
B. IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN HOST DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES....................................................................................................................134
1. Financing and investment..............................................................................................................134
a. Contributing capital and increasing investment through FDI .................................................134
b. Easing financial constraints through contract farming............................................................135
2. Technology and innovation............................................................................................................137
a. TNC participation and technology transfer.............................................................................138
b. TNC participation and the agricultural innovation system in host countries..........................140
3. Employment and skills...................................................................................................................143
a. Employment creation................................................................................................................143
b. Skills enhancement...................................................................................................................144
4. Standards and supply chain management......................................................................................146
a. Diffusion of standards..............................................................................................................146
b. Use of contract farming and specialized procurement agents..................................................146
c. Agribusiness TNCs supply chains and the decline of small fanners......................................148
5. Foreign-market access and exports................................................................................................148
a. Trading TNCs and exports of traditional agricultural commodities.........................................150
b. TNCs and exports of non-traditional agricultural products.....................................................150
6. Competition and market power......................................................................................................151
7. Implications for the host economy.................................................................................................153
C. BROADER IMPLICATIONS..........................................................................................155
1. Impact on the environment.............................................................................................................155
2. Social effects and political implications.........................................................................................157
3. Implications for food security in host and home developing countries.........................................159
a. Implications for host countries.................................................................................................159
b. Implications for home countries...............................................................................................161
D. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................162
CHAPTER V. POLICY CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS...........................167
A. THE MAIN POLICY CHALLENGES..........................................................................167
B· ^tTS9UNTRY POLICY OPTIONS FOR TNC PARTICIPATION IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ...............................................................................168
1. Openness to FDI in agricultural production............................... 168
a. Entry conditions..................................................... ...........................................................16g
b. Land and water use..............................................
c. Investment promotion and protection.....................[.................................................................170
2. Maximizing development benefits from TNC participation Z.......................................................172
a. Leveraging FDI for long-term agricultural development ....................................................172
b. Promoting contractual arrangements between TNCs and local farmers................................. 172
(i) Regulations on contract farming...................................... .............. 172
(u) Promotion of contractual arrangements.................................................................................173
(1) Improving the capacity of smalftolders toZppiy products of ä......................................
consistent quality and in a timely manner.......... 173
(2) Enhancing access to appropriate technology and standards ............................................174
W improving the capital base of local farmers.. ...................................175
(4) Improving business opportunities for farmers in remote areas........175
(5) Organizing farmers in the market................ ........................................[L16
(6) Streag eaiBg dispute avoidance and resolution...... 76
Xl
Page
3. Addressing environmental and social concerns.............................................................................177
a. Sustainable agriculture and environmental policies.................................................................177
b. Social policies..........................................................................................................................178
c. Corporate social responsibility.................................................................................................179
4. Other relevant policies...................................................................................................................180
a. Infrastructure policies...............................................................................................................180
b. Competition policies.................................................................................................................181
c. Trade policies ..........................................................................................................................182
d. R D-related policies................................................................................................................183
5. Concluding remarks.......................................................................................................................185
C. HOME-COUNTRY POLICIES TO ENCOURAGE OUTWARD FDI IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION................................................................................186
1. General promotion policies............................................................................................................186
2. Challenges related to overseas agricultural production to secure food supply..............................186
3. Policy implications.........................................................................................................................187
D. INTERNATIONAL POLICIES RELATED TO FDI IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION..................................................................................................................188
1. Major international policy initiatives.............................................................................................188
2. International investment agreements..............................................................................................189
E. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS...................................................................190
EPILOGUE.............................................................................................................................195
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................197
ANNEXES...............................................................................................................................211
SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND FDI.........................................275
QUESTIONNAIRE.................................................................................................................279
Boxes
1.1. Examples of FDI projects in the form of cross-border M As and restructuring..........................................................6
1.2. The impact of international restructurings on FDI flows: some puzzling evidence......................................................10
1.3. Downturn in FDI: comparison with the previous reversal............................................................................................13
1.4. The top non-listed companies.......................................................................................................................................20
1.5. Guidelines on cross-border investments by SWFs.......................................................................................................29
1.6. Investment policy developments in G-20 countries......................................................................................................36
II. 1. Inward FDI in African LDCs: eight consecutive years of growth................................................................................45
11.2. Booming FDI to West China: drivers and determinants...............................................................................................52
11.3. Reappraisal of some big project deals in GCC countries..............................................................................................59
11.4. The evolving investment strategies of GCC member States SWFs.............................................................................62
11.5. Who are the real investors in the Russian Federation?.................................................................................................74
H.6. Liberalization of electricity generation in the Russian Federation: opportunities for FDI..........................................76
HLl. Definitions related to agriculture and agribusiness.......................................................................................................%
111.2. Ethiopia: agriculture as a motor for growth and development....................................................................................103
111.3. Global value chains and their implications for types of TNC participation
in agricultural production and related activities..........................................................................................................106
111.4. The OLI paradigm and international production in agriculture..................................................................................109
111.5. Data sets used in W1R09.............................................................................................................................................111
111.6. TNCs in the production of bananas, coffee, cut flowers, rice, soya beans and sugar.................................................114
IH.7. A typology of contract farming...................................................................................................................................119
111.8. Contract farming in the Lao People s Democratic Republic......................................................................................120
111.9. Selected agriculture-based developing-country TNCs................................................................................................126
ULlO. Selected agriculture-related developing-country TNCs..............................................................................................127
IVl. TNC participation and the commercialization and modernization of agriculture in developing countries.................135
rV.2. The contribution of FDI to agriculture in Viet Nam...................................................................................................135
rv.3. The significance of FDI in China s agriculture...........................................................................................................137
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| spelling | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD/WIR/2009 New York [u.a.] United Nations 2009 XXXII, 280 S. Ill., graph. Darst. CD-ROM txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World investment report 2009 United Nations publication BSB-Ex. ohne CD-ROM, aber mit Beibd. "Overview", V, 48 S. Entwicklungsländer Landwirtschaft Multinationales Unternehmen Agricultural productivity Developing countries Agriculture International cooperation International business enterprises Developing countries Investments, Foreign Developing countries (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content UNCTAD Sonstige (DE-588)1001366-0 oth World investment report 2009 (DE-604)BV011580690 2009 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018619265&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development World investment report Entwicklungsländer Landwirtschaft Multinationales Unternehmen Agricultural productivity Developing countries Agriculture International cooperation International business enterprises Developing countries Investments, Foreign Developing countries |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development |
| title_alt | UNCTAD/WIR/2009 |
| title_auth | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development |
| title_exact_search | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development |
| title_full | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_fullStr | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
| title_short | Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development |
| title_sort | transnational corporations agricultural production and development |
| topic | Entwicklungsländer Landwirtschaft Multinationales Unternehmen Agricultural productivity Developing countries Agriculture International cooperation International business enterprises Developing countries Investments, Foreign Developing countries |
| topic_facet | Entwicklungsländer Landwirtschaft Multinationales Unternehmen Agricultural productivity Developing countries Agriculture International cooperation International business enterprises Developing countries Investments, Foreign Developing countries Konferenzschrift |
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