Walka o pamięć: polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu <Warszawa> / Monografie
49 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 479 S. Ill. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376290416 |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Sources | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Study and teaching / Poland | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Poland / Ethnic relations | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805078538930356224 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
W stęp
. 7
1.
„Za wolność waszą i naszą". Kształtowanie wizji powstania w okresie
odbudowy żydowskiej społeczności w Polsce
(1944-1948). 20
Historia napisana od nowa. Pierwsze manipulacje wokół pamięci o po¬
wstaniu
. 22
Żyd-bohater czy Żyd-ofiara? Syjonistyczna wizja dziejów powstańczego
zrywu
. 46
Mit żydokomuny. Stanowisko podziemia niepodległościowego i Koś¬
cioła wobec uroczystości rocznicowych
. 55
2.
Powstanie jako pretekst. Polityczne manipulacje uroczystościami
rocznicowymi
(1949-1956). 66
Historia zideologizowana. Obraz powstania w oficjalnej historiografii,
literaturze i mediach
. 69
Walka Żydów walką o pokój. Główne wątki polityczne obchodów w do¬
bie zimnej wojny
. 84
3.
Przeciwko „hitlerowskiemu barbarzyństwu". Obchody rocznicy po¬
wstania w epoce Gomułki
(1957-1967). 103
Czy rzeczywiście odwilż? Historycy o powstaniu po październiku
1956
roku
. 111
Powstanie w getcie warszawskim w ujęciu nacjonalistycznym
. 132
Nowe spojrzenie na „problem żydowski"
-
Kościół i środowiska kato¬
lickie wobec walki Żydów
. 150
4.
Pamięć pohańbiona
(1968-1969). 165
„Polacy pomagali". Oficjalna historiografia wobec kwestii antysemi¬
tyzmu
.
176
Obchody rocznicy powstania w atmosferze nagonki antysyjoni¬
stycznej
. 197
5.
Zapomniany Holocaust. Obchody rocznicy powstania w epoce
Gierka
(1970-1980). 218
„To było polskie powstanie". Polska historiografia o powstaniu w latach
siedemdziesiątych
. 221
Próba poprawy wizerunku Polski. Uroczystości rocznicowe w latach
siedemdziesiątych
. 247
W duchu ekumenizmu. Kościół i opozycja polityczna o powstaniu
. 285
6.
Dwie pamięci o powstaniu. Dni wolności i stan wojenny
(1981-1983). 297
O żydowskiej przeszłości. Historiografia z początku lat osiemdziesią¬
tych wobec powstania
. 302
„To była wspaniała okazja do zademonstrowania światu normalizacji,
która nie istnieje". Obchody
40.
rocznicy powstania
. 313
Przełamanie monopolu. Opozycja wobec uroczystości rocznicowych
. 352
7.
Droga ku wolności. O powstaniu w nowym świetle
(1984-1989). 376
W poszukiwaniu nowych wątków. Historycy o Zagładzie
. 379
Na rok przed przełomem. Obchody
45.
rocznicy powstania
. 398
Zakończenie
. 430
Summary
. 435
Wykaz skrótów
. 440
Bibliografia
. 444
Indeks osób
.,. 464
SUMMARY
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising still remains the biggest and the best organi¬
sed military action among those organised by Jews in ghettos and camps. Fight¬
ing, which began on
19
April
1943,
was waged by over
700
people in several
streets surrounded by walls. These fights ceased only after a few weeks. From
the beginning, the Uprising was very important for Jews. For many historians,
journalists and for the creators of Israel, the Uprising was a proof of Jews' abil¬
ity to fight in extremely hostile conditions which could not be compared with
the lot of any other nation under the German occupation. This event played
an essential role in the Polish history shaped by post-war conditions. From the
first anniversary, which was celebrated in an atmosphere of chaos and uncer¬
tainty, till the last one, which took place during a political breakthrough, the
communist authorities manipulated the history of the Ghetto. They interpret¬
ed it in such a way that it would fit the current political situation. Over almost
50
years, very rich literature concerning the genesis and the course of the
Uprising emerged. According to German, Jewish and Polish documents and ac¬
counts of participants and witnesses, fights in the Warsaw Ghetto were analysed
by historians from various countries. For many years in Poland, the Jewish
Historical Institute in Warsaw
(Żydowski Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie) was,
among others, engaged in the topic. Over the last fifteen years, new issues were
discovered which had earlier been omitted or forged due to ideological reasons.
The problem was regarded in the context of difficult Polish-Jewish relations
and in the context of two different, very often mutually exclusive, memories
of World War II. Between
1944-1989,
the attitude of Polish authorities and his¬
toriography towards the Uprising remained interesting and unfathomable.
The documents used in the publication come from the Archives of New Re¬
cords in Warsaw
(Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie),
Archives of the Insti¬
tute of National Remembrance and from the Archives of the Jewish Historical
435
Institute
(Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego). A
supplement
to
is¬
sues
of the anniversary celebrations outside Poland were materials present in the
Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Archives of the Holocaust Mar¬
tyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority Yad Vashem in Jerusalem
(Archiwum
Instytutu Pamięci Yad
Vashem
w Jerozolimie)
and the Archive of Social Demo¬
cracy of the
Friedrich
Ebert Foundation in Bonn
(Archiwum Socjaldemokracji
Fundacji
im.
Friedricha
Eberta w Bonn).
The collections of the Opposition Ar¬
chives at the
KARTA
Centre
(Archiwum Opozycji Ośrodka „Karta")
were helpful
in defining the political opposition's stance towards the problem of Polish-Jewish
relations. Moreover, printed sources, diaries and memories of participants of the
fights in the Ghetto were used in the work. For the Polish society, an essential
source of information about Jewish fights and their martyrdom was the Jewish
press and the nationwide press. In this edition, there are also numerous referen¬
ces to the previous literature on the subject. The work deals also with various
aspects of the restoration of Jewish communities in post-war Poland.
This edition is an analysis of the Polish authorities' and historiography's at¬
titude towards the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Thus, it is also an analysis of the
attitude of Polish society between
1944-1989.
The main aim of the author was
to reconstruct the image of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. For over
40
years, the
image was passed on to Polish society by means of the press, scholarly studies,
historical textbooks, films and artistic vision. It was essential to study the role
played by the anniversary celebrations and motives of the authorities while
preparing the celebrations in the remembrance of the Jews' fight and their
Holocaust. The work is also an attempt to answer the question of how the public
opinion perceived the celebrations organised by the authorities. In this respect,
particular emphasis was put on the attitude of the Catholic Church and oppo¬
sition factions. In the reflections on the mechanisms of memory manipulation,
an attempt to evaluate their effectiveness emerged.
The assumed time frames in the work can be justified in two ways. Above
all, the years between
1944-1989
are a period of a government system in Poland
which was based on Soviet models. At the same time in
1944,
while the first
anniversary celebrations of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising took place, they were
quite simple due to the war. Then, activists of the Polish Workers' Party started to
manipulate historical events and interpret them differently during their speeches.
Over the next
45
years, anniversary celebrations of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
were regarded as national holidays and anniversaries which were controlled by
the ruling party. Chronologically-problematic layout of the work, which was
436
divided into seven chapters, allows for presenting the issues of remembrance of
the Uprising and manipulation around the celebrations during breakthroughs,
both for post-war Poland and the Jewish minority in the country.
Over the years
1944-1948,
when the reconstruction of the Polish state took
place, it was easy to notice that the communists slowly took over the anniversary
celebrations of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Next to the official version of the Jew¬
ish martyrdom and their fight emerged a different interpretation of the problem
whose authors were the activists from the Zionist parties. The aim of this inter¬
pretation was to glorify the idea of Zionism. The outbreak of the Uprising was
a consequence of the Zionists' educational activity. Fights in the Warsaw Ghetto,
which were presented as a prelude to the fights of the Jewish settlers in the terri¬
tory of Palestine, matched the new image of a Jew-pioneer and a soldier perfectly.
This image was created by the Zionists. At the same time, the Polish indepen¬
dence underground and the Catholic Church presented a different evaluation
of the Polish-Jewish relations and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The exposure
of warriors' heroism in the ghetto reinforced the prejudices. This happened
simultaneously with the concealment of the anniversaries of the Warsaw Uprising
and with the slander of the soldiers of the Polish independence underground.
During the years
1949-1956,
the Polish United Workers' Party
(PZPR)
took
complete control over the organisation of the anniversary celebrations. This
was caused by a more dogmatic attitude towards the Jewish issue and the an¬
niversary of the Uprising. Another reason was the elimination of independent
Jewish life in Poland. This process imprinted itself strongly in the Uprising his¬
toriography, which was used to attack enemies of the communists authorities.
Thus, the difference between scholarly and propaganda literature vanished.
Foreign policy and, mainly, the growing Cold War atmosphere influenced the
anniversary speeches and ceremonies. Another essential issue was the empha¬
sis of the common Polish and Jewish lots. Propagandists based their opinion on
a slogan: "fight for your and our freedom". At the same time, they eliminated
all the proof that could show mutual antagonisms and anti-Semitic opinions
of part of the Polish society. Emphasis that the Uprising was part of the Polish
tradition led to the "universality" of the celebrations.
In October
1956,
attempts to present a more balanced view of the history of
the Jewish resistance movement were conducted. Many editions of papers and
books included issues which were omitted earlier. They were concerning the
assistance of the Polish Home Army (AK) underground to the Warsaw Ghet¬
to and participation in the creation of the Jewish Military Union
(Żydowski
437
Związkek Wojskowy
-
ŻZW).
On the other hand, focus on the issue of Polish
assistance for the Uprising made it impossible to discuss fully and objectively
the problem of anti-Semitism. During the 20th anniversary celebrations of the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, central authorities expressed great interest in the is¬
sue of the Jewish struggle and their martyrdom. Although the authorities had
realised that the celebrations would be organised by Jews all over the world,
their own celebrations had an international character. At the same time, a new
view towards the Jewish community was also represented by the Church and
intellectual circles connected with it.
lhe
years
1968-1969
were a particularly unfavourable period for the
preparation of the anniversary celebrations. The celebrations took place in
the shadow of an "official" anti-Semitism arranged by the authorities and
in the shadow of the departure of various people who were very often assimi¬
lated and who did not define themselves as Jews. The
PRL
authorities accused
the main Jewish institutions in Poland of being not so much critical about the
Jewish Policy and the Six-Day War. Polish assistance for the fighting and dying
Jews in the Ghetto was emphasised even more in the Uprising historiography
and during simple anniversary celebrations.
This last phenomenon posed an essential difference in comparison with
the earlier period. Over the years
1944-1968,
an international character of the
Uprising was emphasised, but later on this interpretation was gradually aban¬
doned. The main reason was the Polish reluctance for internationalism, which
was understood as the dominance of the Soviet Union over the countries of
Central-Eastern Europe. While stressing their Polish origin, communist author¬
ities conducted the "Polonisation" of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. They cla¬
imed, among other things, that without Poland's assistance, the Uprising would
never have broken out. In this way, the party's leadership with Edward
Gierek
could promote an image of Poland which was tolerant and open to the world.
Such an image was mainly designed for foreigners, while at the same time, the
authorities tried to reach the Polish society using references to the traditions of
the fights for national independence and liberation. A clear change in the per¬
ception of Holocaust was observed among the inteuectual circles with a leftist
origin as well as those related to the Church.
An essential element of the anniversary celebrations of the Uprising in
the eighties was duplication. The period of "Solidarity" caused the political
opposition to take the floor by presenting its own attitude towards the fight and
martyrdom of the Jews. The authorities, who were irritated that they were not
438
the only ones to comment on this issue, decided to conduct a risky propaganda
campaign. In the country under martial law, the authorities organised pom¬
pous celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Such a manifestation of "good will" was to stop the international isolation of
the country, the withdrawal of the USA from the restriction policy and the
acquisition of new loans. The success of these actions was rather doubtful,
partly because of the opposition's activity. The activity, however, overcame
the authorities' monopoly concerning the memory of the Jewish uprising by
organising independent celebrations under
Marek
Edelmarís
guidance.
In the last period before the fall of communism in Poland, there were es¬
sential changes in the opinion of the Polish society concerning the issue of the
Holocaust, as well as anti-Semitic attitudes. The political leadership had un¬
deniably lost its monopoly on historical formation at its discretion and needs.
The lack of acceptance of the historical policy exercised by the leadership of the
party was presented in the independent and rival anniversary celebrations against
the official ones. After the approval of anniversary celebrations organised by
independent and opposition circles, the authorities again admitted defeat on
ideological and political ground. That is why the task to explain the complicat¬
ed Polish-Jewish relations and to recreate the real Jewish history, and also the
history of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, was assigned to scholars, journalists
and artists. Eventually, the fall of the authority and the abolishment of censor¬
ship allowed the creation of a new view on the Jewish martyrdom and struggle
during World War II, a view without prejudices or concealment. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kobylarz-Buła, Renata |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1161116109 |
| author_facet | Kobylarz-Buła, Renata |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kobylarz-Buła, Renata |
| author_variant | r k b rkb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035757692 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D765 |
| callnumber-raw | D765.2.W3 |
| callnumber-search | D765.2.W3 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3765.2 W3 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)439749525 (DE-599)BVBBV035757692 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035757692 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:30:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376290416 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018617629 |
| oclc_num | 439749525 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 479 S. Ill. 21 cm |
| psigel | DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2011 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu <Warszawa> / Monografie |
| spelling | Kobylarz-Buła, Renata Verfasser (DE-588)1161116109 aut Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 Renata Kobylarz Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2009 479 S. Ill. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu <Warszawa> / Monografie 49 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Warschauer Aufstand 1943 (DE-588)4129246-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd rswk-swf Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Historiography Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Sources Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Study and teaching / Poland Poland / Ethnic relations Polen Poland Ethnic relations Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Sources Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Historiography Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Study and teaching Poland Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Warschauer Aufstand 1943 (DE-588)4129246-7 s Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 s Geschichte 1944-1989 z DE-604 Monografie Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu <Warszawa> 49 (DE-604)BV017143574 49 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018617629&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018617629&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kobylarz-Buła, Renata Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 Geschichte Warschauer Aufstand 1943 (DE-588)4129246-7 gnd Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129246-7 (DE-588)4071769-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 |
| title_auth | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 |
| title_exact_search | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 |
| title_full | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 Renata Kobylarz |
| title_fullStr | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 Renata Kobylarz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Walka o pamięć polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 Renata Kobylarz |
| title_short | Walka o pamięć |
| title_sort | walka o pamiec polityczne aspekty obchodow rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 1989 |
| title_sub | polityczne aspekty obchodów rocznicy powstania w getcie warszawskim 1944 - 1989 |
| topic | Geschichte Warschauer Aufstand 1943 (DE-588)4129246-7 gnd Geschichtsbild (DE-588)4071769-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Warschauer Aufstand 1943 Geschichtsbild Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Historiography Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Sources Warsaw (Poland) / History / Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 / Study and teaching / Poland Poland / Ethnic relations Polen Poland Ethnic relations Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Sources Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Historiography Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 Study and teaching Poland Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018617629&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018617629&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
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