Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942: prezes getta warszawskiego
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Inst. Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu [u.a.]
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
50 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 372, [30] S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788376290508 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |v 50 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140676009426944 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
....................................................................................................................... 7
Część I. „Nauka i zabawa
..................................................................................... 15
1.
Rodzina
................................................................................................................ 17
2.
Wykształcenie
...................................................................................................... 25
3.
Czynniki kształtujące osobowość
...................................................................... 41
Część
II.
„Czyny
................................................................................................... 51
4.
Nauczyciel i wykładowca
.................................................................................... 53
5.
Udział w odbudowie zniszczeń wojennych,
1919-1928 ................................... 68
Ministerstwo Robót Publicznych,
1919-1921 ...................................................... 68
Wydział Odbudowy Jointu w Warszawie,
1922-1925.......................................... 73
Bank dla Spółdzielni Spółka Akcyjna,
1925-1928............................................... 87
6.
W ruchu rzemieślniczym
.................................................................................... 95
Organizacja rzemieślników
................................................................................... 95
Żydowska Gmina Wyznaniowa
............................................................................ 112
Samorząd i próby parlamentarne
.......................................................................... 117
Część III. „Pojednanie z Bogiem i życie z samym sobą
..................................... 141
7.
Pragmatyzm w gospodarce i polityce
................................................................ 143
Polskie Towarzystwo Handlu Kompensacyjnego
................................................. 143
Tymczasowy Komisaryczny Zarząd Gminy Żydowskiej w Warszawie
............... 155
Część
IV.
„Strich über die Rechnung .................................................................. 169
8.
Od września do getta
.......................................................................................... 171
Wrzesień
1939
r.
-narodziny przywódcy
............................................................. 171
Pod niemieckim nadzorem
.................................................................................... 178
5
Wobec utworzenia Rady Starszych Żydowskiej Gminy Wyznaniowej
w Warszawie
......................................................................................................... 188
Wobec tworzenia getta
........................................................................................... 194
9.
Kontakty z Niemcami
.......................................................................................... 209
Funkcjonariusze sił bezpieczeństwa
..................................................................... 209
Urzędnicy administracji cywilnej
......................................................................... 226
10.
Prezes i administrator
...................................................................................... 245
Gmina żydowska
................................................................................................... 245
Współpraca z Radą Żydowską
.............................................................................. 254
W kręgu zaufanych współpracowników
............................................................... 259
Wobec opozycji
..................................................................................................... 277
Problem konfidentów niemieckich
....................................................................... 285
11.
Wokół spraw polskich
....................................................................................... 292
12.
Dzień powszedni prezesa
.................................................................................. 312
13.
Śmierć
................................................................................................................ 322
14.
Siostry i losy ich rodzin
.................................................................................... 334
Zakończenie
............................................................................................................. 338
Summary
................................................................................................................. 342
Wykaz skrótów
........................................................................................................ 346
Bibliografia
.............................................................................................................. 348
Indeks osób
.............................................................................................................. 361
SUMMARY
Adam
Czerniaków s
figure is commonly identified exclusively with the history of the
Warsaw Ghetto when he took the lead of
Judenrat
(the Jewish Council), which was cre¬
ated by Germans. Until now, that not much was known about his life and his attitude du¬
ring World War II created disputes till today. Before several dozen years, after the
publication of notes from the occupation period, not much changed. The notes were
known as
Dziennik
Adama Czerniakowa
(Diary of Adam Czerniakow), and they present
the circumstances in which he had to make decisions.
That is why the author of the present work decided to research the whole life of Adam
Czerniakow and the new interpretation of his attitude in the war period with precision.
Thus emerged the first and only, up to now, monograph of the Jewish politician in
Poland who acted in the pre-war and war-time period. The monograph was based on
a PhD thesis written at Warsaw University under prof.
Jerzy
Tomaszewski s guidance.
The genealogy of the Czerniakow family was presented, the topography of the region
in which he grew up was determined, the atmosphere of his family home was recreated,
and good and bad signs of his childhood were described. Czerniakow defined childhood
-
apparently very happy
-
as a period in which he „learnt how to suffer . Separate chap¬
ters concern education and influences that formed his personality. The circles he was in¬
volved in were described, being Jewish intellectuals concentrated around
Uniwersytet
dla Wszystkich
(the University for All) and
Szkoła Rzemiosł Gminy Żydowskiej
(the
Crafts School of the Jewish Community in Warsaw). Czerniakow worked for these insti¬
tutions from
1908.
It was stressed that his multilateral political and social activity „in the
Jewish street refers to the tradition of Polish positivism. One could note the division into
the twenties, the period of highest activity in his life, and the thirties (till
1937),
which
were characterised by his withdrawal from public life.
The query in Poland and abroad helped to find unknown materials. This was mainly
the documentation created by Czerniakow: mail correspondence with the authorities
of the Warsaw University of Technology, materials created in connection with the activity
on behalf of the Joint, reports, mail, projects, opinions and other documents. Journalistic
and popular-scientific articles were found. They were published in the following papers:
„Głos Gminy Żydowskiej
(The Voice of the Jewish Community),
„Izraelita
(The Is¬
raelite),
„Miesięcznik Statystyczny
(The Statistical Monthly),
„Nowe Życie
(New Life),
„Roboty Publiczne
(Public Labour),
„Wiedza
(Knowledge),
„Der
Moment , „Hajnt ,
„Handwerker Cajtung
and „Poljeser Sztime . All the reports and works Czerniakow was
involved in turned out to be valuable. They were basic sources in the cases of
Szkoła
Handlowa
F.
Laskusa (the Business High School of F. Laskus), the Crafts School of the
342
Jewish Community in Warsaw and
Ministerstwo Robót Publicznych
(the Ministry of Pub¬
lic Labour). However, the description of studies and work for the Joint, at the beginning
within
Wydział Odbudowy
(the Reconstruction Department) and then for Bank
dla
Spółdzielni
(the Bank for the Cooperative), was mainly based on archival documents.
Research on Adam
Czerniaków s
biography allowed the aspects of Jewish life which
were unknown till now to be shown. This is how the description of relations between the
two headquarters of craft unions in Warsaw was created. The description was also a con¬
tribution to the activity of
Centralny Związek Rzemieślników Żydowskich
(the
Central
Union
of Jewish Craftsmen) in the
Π
Republic of Poland. The lot of the not so well-known
institution,
Towarzystwo Handlu Kompensacyjnego
(Association of Compensatory
Trade), which for some time played an essential role in regulating the turnover of Polish
foreign trade, was recalled. Despite many critical voices,
Czerniaków
supported the idea
of its creation and function. It may seem that he did not have any doubts that, in the presence
of the patronising policy of the European countries, Poland should also protect its own
market and national production. From
1932
till the Nazi aggression in September
1939,
Czerniaków
remained a worker at this institution.
As a result of the research, the statement that
Czerniaków
was an „assimilator or that
he did not feel a bond with the Jewish masses was questioned. However, in
1919,
he took
part in
Zjazd Polaków Wyznania Mojżeszowego
(the Reunion of Poles of the Mosaic
Creed) and refused to closely cooperate with the Zionists in the local elections, which
caused him to lose the post of a councillor. Soon after that, he involved himself in the na¬
tional Jewish environment. In
1927
he began his cooperation with Yitzhak Graenbaum.
He condemned political concepts of the assimilators. He also perceived acculturation and
relations with the Polish character as a means to raise Jewish masses to a higher level of
civilisation. In his opinion, the superficial polonisation was an instrument to a broader
process of „europeanisation of Polish Jews. Even in his youth, when his relations with
the environments supporting acculturation were the strongest, he did not avoid contact
with the Jewish environment. It is characteristic that, as opposed to many colleagues who
changed their names into
non-
Jewish ones, while attending the business school or the
University of Technology, he always used his official name
Abram.
He was connected with the national circles by the fight for Jewish issues, however, his
attitude towards the Polish character was different from the one presented by the circles.
He could assess the society objectively without any generalisations and stereotypes. His
attitude towards Jewish society was also different
-
he was very critical of it. In his arti¬
cles one could notice, among others, the motive of harmful demagogues in the Jewish
street.
While describing Adam
Czerniaków s
political activity, it was shown that over a long
period of time he remained the leader of the fight among the Jewish craftsmen with the
so-called guild act
(ustawa cechowa).
It was the introduction of craftsmen s qualification
certificates which, in his opinion, not only limited the freedom of profession, but also
were aimed at the Jews, whose number in the environment could be artificially limited
from now on. However, in December
1927,
when the act came into force,
Czerniaków
began an informational activity in the press. Its aim was to make the craftsmen aware of
the ways of acting in order to receive the needed qualification certificates. He was a can¬
didate and was involved in the election for the Jewish Community in Warsaw over the
343
years
1918,1924
and
1931,
as well as in the election for the City Council between
1919
and
1927.
He also took part in the election for the Parliament in
1928
and
1930.
He suc¬
ceeded twice: in
1927,
he was chosen to the Warsaw City Council and in
1930
in the by-
election to the Senate of the Republic of Poland.
He was one of the precursors of the central museum institution of Polish Jews. Since
1937,
he held a position in
Komisaryczny Zarząd Gminy Żydowskiej
(the Receivership
of the Jewish Community) in Warsaw and he was also the custodian of the
Mathias
Bersohn Museum. His dream was to transform it into the Central Jewish Museum in
Poland, which would not only show the history of Polish Jews from the beginning, but
would also emphasise Jews output and their contribution to Polish culture.
In the chapters devoted to the time under the Nazi occupation,
Czerniaków s
activity
as a representative of Jews was emphasised. People tried to show that he was a passive
German tool. However, the situation looked differently. The complexity of the then-reality
and uncertainty concerning the future and mainly the competition between various in¬
stances of German authority caused that, for some time,
Czerniaków
could influence the
decisions of Germans with whom he had established some contacts. His strategy was
mainly to look for allies, that is people with whom a discussion was possible and who
were easily convinced by his arguments. For a short period of time he could talk in this
way to, among others, the head of the financial inspection of city authorities, Karl
Laschtowiczka, to the Stadthauptman,
Ludwig Leist,
to the local doctor,
Wilhelm
Hagen
and to some officials of the Warsaw Region. Also among the officers of
Urząd Dowódcy
Policji i Bezpieczeństwa na dystrykt warszawski
-
KdS
(the
Office
of the Head of Police
and Security in the Warsaw Region) there were units which, while realising their own
plans, supported
Czerniaków
aã
hoc only, for example Helmut
Bischof
whose attitude de¬
termined the fact that he was granted an audience with
gen. Karl Urlich von
Neumann-
-Neurode and the fact that the regulation on the creation of the Ghetto in November
1939
was cancelled. Search for favouritism among the officers of the III Department of SD to¬
wards the Gestapo agents from the IV Department was characteristic. The agents who
permanently took care of the Jewish issues were Karl Brandt and Gerhard
Mende. Czer¬
niaków
wanted to find supporters in the III Department of SD against the even more bru¬
tal policy of the ghetto commissioner Heinz Auerswald, who, at the beginning, appeared
to be a person without hatred towards Jews.
Czerniaków
then asked
ifit
was possible to
oust Auerswald from power over the ghetto for the benefit of the III Department of SD.
Czerniaków
had to use a similar strategy among the Jewish society. His power was
sometimes uncertain and the Jewish society was often close to anarchy. He had to make
a compromise in cooperation with the
Judenrat
members and had to find qualified peo¬
ple who would be in charge of the growing bureaucracy of the Jewish Community. That
is why he preferred to find efficient people.
Czerniaków s
closest cooperators were: Abra¬
ham Gepner,
Józef Jaszuński, Marek
Lichtenbaum,
Józef Szeryński, Abraham Sztolcman,
Gustaw Wielikowski
and others.
Norbert
Goldfeil
and Bolesław Rozensztadt
made their
way up. Around
Czerniaków
there were also people for special tasks such as
Izrael
First
and Marian Haendel. He needed them so that the Community could execute its power
among the opposition, mainly towards home and aid committees. The opposition against
German agents, both those commonly known (as Abraham Gancwjach, „Josl
Kapota
and Alfred Nossig) and those acting under cover, who used denunciation and blackmail,
344
was paramount.
Czerniaków
was friends, but sometimes competed, with
Michał
Weichert,
the leader of
Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna- ŻSS
(the Jewish Social Aid).
Czerniaków
devoted a lot of time and energy to social aid issues. He was not a sup¬
porter of the Judenrat s fiscal policy, which aimed to impose indirect taxes on the popu¬
lation. Such a situation favoured the rich over the poor. The tax on bread which was
passed in May
1940
was called by
Czerniaków
a „nasty charter . Thanks to his efforts,
from January
1942
about
150,000
people were freed from this tax. He organised various
actions which aimed to help the poorest people. In his notes, he did not hide sensitivity
to the tragic lot of children. It was not by accident that the issue of orphans determined
his suicide. On the day of the Kommando s arrival with Hermann Hoefle at the head,
22
July
1942,
Czerniaków
made the most reasonable decision. He started talks in order
to decrease the number of expelled people and he managed to convince the Germans
on several issues (at least, at the beginning, they accepted his proposals). Only the issue
of child deportation from the orphanages remained unresolved.
Czerniaków
was determined
about this issue. With his own life, he guaranteed the workers of Centos that the orphans
would not be deported from Warsaw. He kept his promise. When, on the second day of the
great action, he found out that children would be deported, he used the prepared poison.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Urynowicz, Marcin 1976- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1082054720 |
| author_facet | Urynowicz, Marcin 1976- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Urynowicz, Marcin 1976- |
| author_variant | m u mu |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035755375 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS134 |
| callnumber-raw | DS134.72.C95 |
| callnumber-search | DS134.72.C95 |
| callnumber-sort | DS 3134.72 C95 |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)441455145 (DE-599)BVBBV035755375 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Polen |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV035755375 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376290508 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018615352 |
| oclc_num | 441455145 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-12 |
| physical | 372, [30] S. Ill. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2010 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Inst. Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| spelling | Urynowicz, Marcin 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)1082054720 aut Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego Marcin Urynowicz Warszawa Inst. Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu [u.a.] 2009 372, [30] S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 50 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Czerniaków, Adam <1880-1942> Czerniaków, Adam 1880-1942 (DE-588)118825895 gnd rswk-swf Juden Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Poland Warsaw Jews Persecutions Poland Warsaw Jews Poland Warsaw Biography Polen (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Czerniaków, Adam 1880-1942 (DE-588)118825895 p DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 50 (DE-604)BV017143574 50 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018615352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018615352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Urynowicz, Marcin 1976- Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego Czerniaków, Adam <1880-1942> Czerniaków, Adam 1880-1942 (DE-588)118825895 gnd Juden Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Poland Warsaw Jews Persecutions Poland Warsaw Jews Poland Warsaw Biography |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118825895 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego |
| title_auth | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego |
| title_exact_search | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego |
| title_full | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego Marcin Urynowicz |
| title_fullStr | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego Marcin Urynowicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego Marcin Urynowicz |
| title_short | Adam Czerniaków 1880 - 1942 |
| title_sort | adam czerniakow 1880 1942 prezes getta warszawskiego |
| title_sub | prezes getta warszawskiego |
| topic | Czerniaków, Adam <1880-1942> Czerniaków, Adam 1880-1942 (DE-588)118825895 gnd Juden Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Poland Warsaw Jews Persecutions Poland Warsaw Jews Poland Warsaw Biography |
| topic_facet | Czerniaków, Adam <1880-1942> Czerniaków, Adam 1880-1942 Juden Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Poland Warsaw Jews Persecutions Poland Warsaw Jews Poland Warsaw Biography Polen Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018615352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018615352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT urynowiczmarcin adamczerniakow18801942prezesgettawarszawskiego |