Vršački zamak:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
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Republički Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture
2009
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The Vršac Castle. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 167 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788680879819 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140663961288704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | САДРЖАЈ
ИСТРАЖИВАЊАДО
1996.
г....................................................
9
АРХЕОЛОШКАИСТРАЖИВАЊА1997-2ОО1.Г
................
η
Бедеми
.................................................................................... 24
Донжон кула
.......................................................................... 35
Полукружна кула
.................................................................. 43
Палата
.....................................................................................48
Цистерна
................................................................................
52
Објекат
од дрвета
.................................................................. 55
Пећи
и
огњишта
.................................................................... 57
Гробови
у
утврђењу
............................................................... 59
ПОКРЕТНИ АРХЕОЛОШКИ
НАЛАЗИ
.................................
6з
Керамичке
посуде
и предмети
израђени
од керамике
..... 65
Посуде од метала и стакла,
свећњак
................................... 78
Накит
......................................................................................
8ι
Оружје
и делови ратничке опреме
......................................
8з
Предмети
од рога и
кости
.....................................................90
Предмети за свакодневну употребу
.....................................93
Оруђа
.......................................................................................96
Грађевински
елементи
..........................................................99
ЗАВРШИА
РАЗМАТРАЊА
........................................................
юз
THE
VRSAC CASTLE.....................................................................
115
БИБЛИОГРАФИЈА
......................................................................
12б
КАТАЛОГ НАЛАЗА
...................................................................... 129
ПРИЛОГ
-
Н. Димовски
и
Η.
Миладиновић-Радмиловић
АНТРОПОЛОПІКА
АНАЛИЗА
СКЕЛЕТНИХ ОСТАТАКА
........................................................... 139
The Vršac
castle belongs to the fortifications which
are rarely referred to in historical sources. The earliest
pictorial representation of this castle is an extremely
stylized sketch in a map by Lazarus Secretarius pub¬
lished in
1528
(Fig.
1).
A more detailed description of
the hilltop fortification and of the town of
Vršac
is given
by Evliya
Çelebi,
who travelled through these parts in
1664.
The Turkish traveller and explorer thought that
the edifice on the hill, which he describes as a „splendid
stone fortress , was built by Despot
Đurađ Branković.
Some idea of the appearance of the castle can also be ob¬
tained from the designs on two seals: one of the German
municipality of
Vršac
from
1745
and the other
Privile¬
giate
communitatis Verschez from
1804
(Fig.
2).
Felix Mileker has left a number of studies with
detailed descriptions of the remains of the
Vršac
castle
which were still visible above ground in his time. In ad¬
dition, he devoted great attention to the study of histori¬
cal sources in an attempt to find out who built this small,
straategically located stronghold.
At the turn of the twentieth century the castle on
the hill above
Vršac
became an object of increased pro¬
fessional and public interest, so that minor repair works
were done on the keep even before any preliminary ex¬
plorations were made. The first exploratory pits were
sunk in
1952
and new
sondages
were opened in
1983.
In
1996
A project for the systematic archaeological excava¬
tions of this small, but compact hilltop fortification was
made in
1996,
and the actual work began in the summer
of
1997
and lasted continuously until
2001.
The
Vršac
castle was built east of the town, at
the height of
400
metres above sea level. The defence
walls enclose a rather small plateau measuring
58
by
21
metres. They extend along its perimeter, following in¬
accessible cliffs, so that the walled-in area is used to
the best advantage. The excavations followed the lay¬
ers distinctly seen in the profile which was opened in
the west courtyard of the castle and which extended
18
metres from the north to the south defence walls. Two
strata of building debris were found. This tallies fully
with the historical evidence, which shows that the forti¬
fication underwent major destruction on two occasions.
The parts uncovered during the systematic explorations
included the defence walls in their entirety, a semicir¬
cular tower in the west part of the plateau, a partition
wall dividing the interior of the castle into a west and an
east courtyard, the palace, a cistern, the site of a build¬
ing made of timber, and bread baking ovens (Fig.
6).
Ac¬
cording to its use, the manner of building and the orga¬
nization of its interior space this hilltop edifice may be
classed as a castle. It has points of similarity with some
examples of military architecture in the Serbian lands
south of the Danube, particularly with the castles in the
Belgrade and Smederevo fortresses, and with
Maglie.
The south defence wall of the castle has been pre¬
served in its entirety. It is made up of four unequal seg¬
ments, so that its ground plan has a polygonal form. In
contrast to it, the north wall extends in a straight and
continuous line, but it is razed to the ground at its east
end. It can be inferred from the remaining traces on the
south and north walls of the keep that the south defence
wall was about
11
metres high in its east part, while the
height of its west part was reduced to
8
metres, which
THE VRŠAC
CASTLE
was probably also the height of the north defence wall.
It is quite certain that there was a walkway with embra¬
sures and, presumably, overhanging wooden hoardings.
The walkway was reached by means of wooden steps,
which extended to the top of a stone platform built in
the southwest corner of the castle, whence another flight
of steps led to the top of the wall. The access to the walk¬
way on the north defence wall was considerably simpler:
it was reached by means of wooden stairs set against the
face of the wall. It is quite likely that the walkways had
a gabled roof, which also served as additional protec¬
tion of the defenders from arrows and stone projectiles
(Fig.
11).
The main entrance to the castle was probably
in the east part of the north wall, which was completely
destroyed in
1701,
so that we can only speculate on its
appearance and dimensions. The east defence wall con¬
sists of two parts separated by the keep.
The partition wall did not serve only to divide the
internal space of the castle (Fig.
14).
The manner of its
construction and its relation to the defence walls show
that there were two phases of its construction. After
the completion of the first phase, the partition wall was
probably functionally related with the west defence wall.
An arched opening in the south part of this wall linked
the east and west courtyards. This opening was walled
up later, probably after
1552,
when the Turks took the
Vršac
castle and the entire
Banat.
The archaeological
explorations have shown that the Turkish garrison used
the keep and the east courtyard (Fig.
16).
The castle was
completely destroyed in the seventeenth century in the
great upheavals in south
Banat.
Of the two towers of the
Vršac
castle, only the keep,
built in the middle section of the east defence walls, has
been preserved to its original height of
19.8
metres (Fig.
17).
The visible traces in its north and south walls show
that the keep and the defence wall were built concur¬
rently. The interior of the keep is divided into three sto¬
reys, separated by timber structures, and it has a walk¬
way. The communication between these spaces was by
means of wooden steps and trapdoors. The openings
in the walls of the keep were few and unevenly distrib¬
uted for reasons of defence. The greatest number of
openings was in the west wall, which faced the enclosed
area. The main entrance was in the west wall, at the
level of the first storey, and was reached by two flights
of wooden steps. The entrance had a massive wooden
door, reinforced by a bolt on the inner side. A window
niche with two masonry benches was in the west wall
on the second storey (Fig.
19).
A stove with two burn¬
ers has been preserved in the southeast corner of the
second storey (Fig.
20).
On the same level was a machi¬
colation defending the south face of the keep. The keep
probably had a pyramidal roof, which also covered the
crenellated walkway.
A rectangular structure in the northeast corner of
the castle leaned against the north wall of the keep. It
can be inferred from the traces on the wall of the keep
that its roof rose to the level of the first loophole. Only
fragments of the west wall of this building have been
preserved. It may be supposed that it had a ground
floor and an upper storey, and that its entrance was
in its west wall. Its position seems to indicate that it
was designed for the defence of the main entrance to
the castle.
The walls of the other tower, preserved to the
height of
1.6
metres, were discovered on the west fringe
of the plateau. The tower was semicircular in plan and
its wall facing the yard consisted of two segments with a
massive pillar between them. The entrance, with a high
doorstep, was in the south part of the wall (Fig.
26).
The
THE
VSŠAC
CASTLE
interior of this tower probably consisted of the ground
floor and an upper storey. The base of a fireplace, in the
form of a quarter-circle, was discovered in the north¬
west corner of the ground floor. It supported carefully
built simple and double niches, while the fireplace itself
was on the upper floor (Fig.
28).
The stone edifice along the south defence wall,
measuring
16.7
by
5.2
metres and built in the safest part
of the walled-in area
,
at the foot of the keep, was the
palace (Fig.
29).
It consisted of the ground floor and an
upper storey, which was probably used as living quar¬
ters. The ground floor was divided into two unequal
parts. The larger part was probably used for storage.
A fragment of the base of a large stove for the prepa¬
ration of food was discovered in the smaller west part.
The circular impressions found on the floor of the stove,
which was made of baked earth, are probably imprints
of wooden stakes which formed part of the structure of
the stove. There was a stove on the upper storey, too,
but is was of a much more luxurious type, as shown by
the finds of tiles used for its facing. The entrance to the
ground floor was in the form of a projecting vestibule.
A wide masonry passageway led from there to the en¬
trance to the ground floor rooms. The living quarters
were reached by a flight of steps attached to the north
wall of the palace. The steps led to a terrace above the
vestibule, from which the upper floor rooms were en¬
tered (Fig.
32).
A structure circular in plan was discovered in the
northeast part of the castle, near the keep. A cistern
3
metres deep and about
7
meters across was dug out of
the rock below an arched wall which has been preserved
to the height of
2
metres. It may be inferred from the
traces of channels cut on the edge of the rock that it
was used for the catchment of rain water (Fig.
ЗЗ)·
The
arched wall presumably belonged to some building de¬
signed to protect the cistern. In view of the porous char¬
acter of the rock out of which the cistern was carved,
one would have expected its surface to have been coated
with water-resistant plaster. However, the absence of
hydraulic plaster and of any evidence that would indi¬
cate the existence of filters of wells, has given rise to
doubts whether the cistern had ever been used. It was
built in the first phase of construction and it is quite pos¬
sible that it was used for some time and that all evidence
of wells and of hydraulic plaster was destroyed when the
southeast corner of the keep collapsed.
Traces of another structure, made of timber, were
discovered in the northwest corner of the west court¬
yard. The fragments of charred beams and the thick
layer of soot found on its site show that it was probably
destroyed by fire. This presumably happened when the
castle was first destroyed in
1456.
Three calotte-shaped
ovens for the baking of bread and an open hearth for
the preparation of food have been discovered in the west
courtyard (Fig.
36).
Six graves were discovered in the west courtyard.
They date from the period when the castle was under
the Turkish occupation and when only the keep was in
use. The form of burial and the orientation of the skel¬
etal remains indicate that they belonged to one female
and five male Orthodox individuals. The anthropologi¬
cal analyses of the skeletal remains belonging to the
male individuals revealed evidence of injuries caused
by sharp objects. It is supposed that the buried persons
were Serbian soldiers who were members of the garri¬
son commanded by a Turkish officer (Fig.
40).
The picture of the way and organization of life
within the walls of the castle based on the discovered
parts of the defence structures can be supplemented by
THE VtóAC
CASTLE
the evidence of portable archaeological finds. The most
numerous were fragments of earthenware vessels. They
can be grouped into vessels for the preparation of food
-
kitchenware (Figs.
41-46);
vessels for the serving of food
-
tableware; and the so-called technical ware, which
includes stove tiles (Figs.
47-50).
The range of pottery
forms is rather limited: the kitchenware consists of pots,
lids, bowls and baking utensils, and the tableware con¬
sists of bowls, jugs and ewers. Their forms, technology
and decoration conform mostly to the Hungarian tradi¬
tion and have the closest analogies in the pottery found
in the Belgrade and Smederevo fortresses.
The costlier finds include two bronze bowls and an
iron candlestick, undoubtedly imports from some Ger¬
man workshop (Figs.
51-52).
The finds of jewellery consisted of two globular
pinheads, an iron ring, and some belt ornaments and
buckles (Fig.
53).
The finds of weapons and parts of military and
cavalry equipment were more numerous. The weap¬
ons belong to the types used for fighting at a distance
and include arrowheads and boltheads of various types,
spears, bullets and stone projectiles for slings. The only
finds of military and horse equipment consist of spurs
and horseshoes (Figs.
54-57).
Horn and bone were used for the fashioning of
various objects. Horn was mainly used for the making
of handles for knives and various tools, and carefully
fashioned bone was used for decorative adjuncts and
objects of adornment (Figs.
58-59).
Numerous knives, similar in form and dimensions,
were used as implements in everyday life. They were
sharpened with small whetstones, which often had a cir¬
cular opening so that they could be carried suspended
from the belt (Figs.
60-61).
The small number of finds of implements can be
explained by the fact that this small fortification was de¬
signed and used as a castle, within which no large-scale
economic activities were carried out. The finds of this
type consisted only of two sickles, a billhook, a knife for
cutting leather, and a hammer and a chisel, which were
probably used for a variety of purposes (Fig.
62).
The group of finds consisting of objects used in
building include nails of various size, clamps, padlocks
and locks (Figs.
63-64).
The scant historical sources and the results of the
archaeological explorations show that there is reason¬
able ground to suppose that the
Vršac
castle was built
in the early decades of the fifteenth century, i.e. before
1439·
This supposition is supported by the fact that af¬
ter the first siege of Smederevo in
1439
Despot
Durad
Branković
withdrew to southern Hungary, where he
had castles at
Bokšan
and
Vršac.
The available evidence
shows that the
Vršac
castle was built in two phases sepa¬
rated by a brief interval. The east part with the keep
was built in the first phase, as is clearly indicated by the
fact that the walls of the keep are linked with the east
defence wall, and by the evidence of the concurrent con¬
struction of the south and north defences walls, and of
the west partition wall. Thus an area was formed which
was defended by strong walls and which containted a
palace and a cistern near the keep. The west part with
the semicircular tower was built in the second phase,
when the
Vršac
castle got its final appearance.
A more precise answer to the question who
-
and
for what reason
-
built the fortification on the hill above
Vršac
cannot be offered because of the lack of informa¬
tion in historical sources. Whether the castle had al¬
ready existed at the time when Despot
Đurađ Branković
was given a part of the
Krašovo
county with
Érd-Šomljo
THE VtóAC
CASTLE
in southern Hungary or was built by him, can be decid¬
ed only by future historical research. The evidence ob¬
tained by archaeological explorations enables us only to
conclude that the hilltop castle at
Vršac
was built in the
first half of the fifteenth century.
The castle was first damaged in
1456,
when it was
occupied briefly by the Turkish general
Gazi Bali
Bey,
and it fell under the Turkish rule at the same time as the
Banat
region, i.e. in
1552.
The Turkish garrison used the
keep as an observation post until the first decades on the
seventeenth century. By
1626,
however, the
Vršac
castle
had already lost its importance as a strategic stronghold,
and afteer that we find it mentioned only as an aban¬
doned ruin on the hill.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Brmbolić, Marin |
| author_facet | Brmbolić, Marin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brmbolić, Marin |
| author_variant | m b mb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035747937 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)442404946 (DE-599)BVBBV035747937 |
| era | Geschichte 1997-2002 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1997-2002 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Vršac (Srbija) Vršac (DE-588)4119067-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vršac (Srbija) Vršac |
| id | DE-604.BV035747937 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788680879819 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018608031 |
| oclc_num | 442404946 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 167 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Republički Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Brmbolić, Marin Verfasser aut Vršački zamak Marin Brmbolić Beograd Republički Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture 2009 167 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The Vršac Castle. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1997-2002 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd rswk-swf Vršac (Srbija) Vršac (DE-588)4119067-1 gnd rswk-swf Vršac (DE-588)4119067-1 g Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 1997-2002 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018608031&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018608031&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Brmbolić, Marin Vršački zamak Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4009104-1 (DE-588)4119067-1 |
| title | Vršački zamak |
| title_auth | Vršački zamak |
| title_exact_search | Vršački zamak |
| title_full | Vršački zamak Marin Brmbolić |
| title_fullStr | Vršački zamak Marin Brmbolić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vršački zamak Marin Brmbolić |
| title_short | Vršački zamak |
| title_sort | vrsacki zamak |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Burg Vršac (Srbija) Vršac |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018608031&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018608031&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brmbolicmarin vrsackizamak |