The psychology of personality: viewpoints, research, and applications
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley-Blackwell
2009
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed., 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781405136358 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Carducci, Bernardo J. |d 1952- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)12387565X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The psychology of personality |b viewpoints, research, and applications |c Bernardo J. Carducci |
| 250 | |a 2. ed., 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley-Blackwell |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Personality | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Personality | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Persönlichkeitspsychologie |0 (DE-588)4075996-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018605961 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140660616331264 |
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| adam_text | List of Features
A Message to Students (and
Instructors, Too): A
Personalized Preface
Acknowledgments: Some
Words of Thanks
l art
I The Scope and Methods
of Personality
Psycholog:
An
Introduction to the Psychology
ol Personality
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
Defining Personality
How Personality Psychologists Define Personality
Common Features of Definitions of Personality
Uniqueness of the Individual
Consistency of Behavior
Content and Process of Personality
The Scope of Personality Psychology
Theory Development: Viewpoints of Personality
Personality Research: The Testing of Theory
Personality Development: The Emergence
of Personality
Personality Assessment: The Measurement
of Personality
Applications in Personality Psychology:
Putting Personality Psychology to Use
Research Methods in Personality Psychology
The Clinical Approach: Probing the Depths of
the Individual
The Case Study
The Individual Interview
Analysis of Personal Documents
Evaluating the Clinical Approach: Strengths and
Limitations
The Correlational Approach: Knowledge by
Association
The Scatter Plot: Illustrating Relationships
XXI
Correlational Relationships: Identifying Associations
24
The Correlational Coefficient: Assessing the Strength
of the Correlational Relationship
24
The Third- Variable Problem: Looking Beyond
χχίχ
the Observed Relationship
25
Evaluating the Correlational Approach: Strengths
and Limitations
26
XXXV
The Experimental Approach: Knowledge by
Systematic Intervention
27
Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach:
Intervention, Observation, and Control
27
Meta-Analysis: A Tool for the Comparison
of Experimental Research
30
Evaluating the Experimental Approach:
I Strengths and Limitations
30
Research Ethics: Protecting the Individual s Rights
31
Some Ethical Concerns: Hurting, Lying, and
Justifying
31
Inducing Stress
31
Deception
31
Justifying Research Procedure
33
4
4
оишс
juiuuuiia
iu
Ľiiui-ai
lasuta.
ilning
ш
Make Things Right
33
Informed Consent
33
5
Debriefing
33
5
Ethical Guidelines
35
5
r
Ethics Review Boards
35
ь
f.
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
35
D
6
9
Glossary
36
10
■ ■ ■ - - ■
10
■
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
10
Attractions
39
14
Personality Assessment: What, Why, and
Where
40
14
What Is Personality Assessment?
40
14
Why Assess Personality?
40
17
Promoting Purpose and Precision in Assessment
40
19
Promoting Effective Communication
40
Promoting the Prediction of Future Behavior
40
22
Where Is Personality Assessment Done?
41
Clinical Settings
41
22
Counseling Settings
41
22
Legal Settings
41
Contents
Educational and Vocational Guidance Settings
42
Corporate Settings
42
Research Settings
42
Evaluating Personality Assessment Techniques:
Assessing Personality Assessment
42
Standards of Reliability: Looking for Consistency
43
Types of Reliability: Different Standards of
Consistency
43
Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency Across Time
43
Examiner Reliability: Consistency Across Raters
44
Standards of Validity: Measuring What You
Say You re Measuring
45
Types of Validity: Establishing the Meaning of
Your Test
45
Face Validity: Judging a Book by Its Cover
45
Content Validity: It s What s Inside that Counts
45
Criterion Validity: Making Predictions
45
Construct Validity: Measuring What Cannot Be Seen
46
Discriminate Validity: Making a Clear Distinction
46
Generalizability: Providing Continued Support
47
Methods of Personality Assessment: A Survey of
Personality Assessment Techniques
47
Objective Self-Report Techniques: Treating
Everybody the Same
47
Types of Objective Self-Report Techniques:
Single- vs. Multiple-Dimension Personality Tests
47
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
49
The Problem of Response Sets: Subjective
Influences on Objective Tests
53
Evaluating Objective Self-Report Techniques:
Strengths and Limitations
55
Projective
Techniques: Assessing Personality
Indirectly
55
Types of
Projective
Techniques: Many Methods
of Indirect Assessment
56
Evaluating
Projective
Techniques: Strengths and
Limitations
58
Behavioral Techniques: Assessing Personality
Directly
59
Types of Behavioral Assessment Techniques:
Looking at What People Are Doing
59
Evaluating Behavioral Assessment Techniques:
Strengths and Limitations
61
Psychophysiological Techniques: The Measurement
of Bodily Processes
62
Types of Psychophysiological Assessment Techniques:
Looking from the Inside Out
62
Evaluating Psychophysiological Assessment
Techniques: Strengths and Limitations
64
Which Type of Technique to Use? Some General
Guidelines and Closing Remarks
65
Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): Computer
Technology and Personality Assessment
67
Ethical Issues in Personality Assessment:
Personal, Legal, and Social Concerns
69
Personal Concerns: Protecting the Rights of
the Individual
69
Invasion of Privacy
69
Confidentiality
69
Legal Concerns: Assessment and the Law
69
Equal Rights Legislation
70
Impact of Equal Rights Legislation on Testing
70
Social Concerns: Assessment and Society
70
Ethical Guidelines: Rules for Assessment
70
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
71
Glossary
72
Part II The Viewpoints of
Personality: Different
Perspectives of the Person
75
3
The Psychodynamic Viewpoint:
Forging Personality out of Conflict
Resolution
77
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
77
Foundations of the Psychodynamic Viewpoint
79
Basic Assumptions
79
Psychic Determinism: Leaving Nothing to Chance
80
The Influence of the Unconscious Mind: Powers
of the Unknown
80
The Dynamic Nature of Personality
80
Personality as a Closed System
80
Basic Concepts and Processes
81
The Regions of the Mind
81
Instincts and Psychic Energy
83
The Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structural
Elements of Personality
84
The Nature and Role of Anxiety: That
Alarming Feeling
86
Ego Defense Mechanisms: A Psychic System of
Defense against Anxiety
87
Psychodynamic Personality Development
91
Characteristic Features and Processes
91
Psychosexual Stages: The Milestones of Personality
Development
91
The Importance of Early Experience: Getting it
Right the First Time
91
Fixation and Regression: Barriers to Successful
Personality Development
92
The Psychosexual Stages: The Road to Personality
Development
93
The Oral Stage: Learning to Cope with Significant
Losses
93
The Anal Stage: Learning When and Where
93
The Phallic Stage: Laying the Foundation for
Morality and Sex-Role Behavior
94
Contents
The Latency Period: A Time of Peace for
Practicing Sex Roles
95
The Genital Stage: Learning to Love
96
Psychosexual Stages: Some Closing Remarks
97
Maladaptive Personality Development: When
Things Do Not Go According to the Plan
101
Applications of the Psychodynamic Viewpoint:
Using What Is Known
102
The Application of Psychodynamic Principles to
Psychotherapy: The Talking Cure of Psychoanalysis
102
Basic Objectives of Psychoanalysis: To Provide
Insight and Conflict Resolution
102
Psychoanalytic Methods: How It Is Done
103
The Dynamics of Psychoanalysis: What Happens
in Analysis?
107
The Effectiveness of Psychoanalysis: How Good Is
Itľ
108
The Application of Psychodynamic Principles to
Personality Assessment: Another Look at
Projective
Techniques
114
The Application of Psychodynamic Principles to
Buying and Marketing Behaviors: Freud Meets
Madison Avenue
118
Motivation Research and Lifestyle Analysis:
Classic and Contemporary Freudian Contributions
to Marketing
118
Subliminal Advertising: Where the Message
Supposedly Meets the Unconscious Mind
120
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
124
Characteristic Strengths
124
Characteristic Limitations
125
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
127
Glossary
128
4
The Viewpoints of ]ung and
Adler:
Early Reactions to Freud
133
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
133
Jung s Analytical Psychology: Probing Deeper
into the Unconscious Mind
134
Basic Assumptions of Jung s Analytical Psychology
135
The Nature and Purpose of Libido
135
The Nature of the Unconscious
135
The Retrospective and
Teleologicul
Nature of
Behavioral Causality
135
Seeking Balance as the Motivational Nature
of Personality
135
The Structure of Personality: Redefining the
Unconscious Mind
136
The Conscious Ego as the Center of Conscious
Awareness
136
The Personal Unconscious
136
The Collective Unconscious
137
Archetypes
137
The Dynamics of Personality: The Ebb and Flow
ofPsychicEnergy
141
The Nature and Processes of Personality
Development: A Lifetime Attempt to
Achieve Balance
141
Developmental Processes: The Basics of
Personality Development
141
Maladaptive Personality Development:
The Unbalanced Personality
142
Applications of Jung s Analytical Psychology:
Using What is Known
143
Analytical Psychotherapy: Confronting the
Unconscious
143
The Four Stages of Analytical Psychotherapy:
A Step-by-Step Progression into the Unconscious
143
The Methods of Analytical Psychotherapy:
How Is It Done?
144
Personality Assessment from a Jungian
Perspective: The Identification of Personality Types
144
Jung s Personality Types: Personality Attitudes and
Functions
145
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator9 Assessment Tool:
The Assessment of Jungian Types
145
The Application of Jungian Typologies in the World
of Work: The Identification of Personality Types for
Personnel Purposes
148
Career Choices: Vocational Correlates of
Jungian Types
148
Evaluating Jung s Analytical Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
149
Characteristic Strengths
149
Characteristic Limitations
150
Adler s Individual Psychology: The Promotion
of Social Interest
150
Basic Assumptions of Adler s Individual
Psychology
152
The Social Nature of Motivation
152
Conscious Control of Personality and an
Awareness of Helping Others
152
A Teleologicul
Perspective of Personality
152
Intrapersonal
vs. Interpersonal Nature of
Personality
152
The Role of the Self
152
Basic Concepts of Adler s Individual Psychology
153
Inferiority Feelings and Compensation
153
Striving for Superiority
154
Social Interest
155
Style of Life
155
The Creative Self
155
The Nature of Personality Development
155
Childhood and Adolescence: Developing the
Initial Sense of Cooperation with Others in
Social Relationships
156
Young Adulthood: Developing a Sense of
Society through Work
159
Contents
Adulthood and Old Age: Demonstrating
Social Interest through Love
159
Applications of Adler s Individual Psychology:
Using What Is Known
159
Adlerian Psychotherapy
159
The Progression of Adlerian Psychotherapy:
The Systematic Reconstruction of a Style of Life
High in Social Interest
160
Some Techniques of Adlerian Psychotherapy:
Trying to Understand from Where You Came
161
Personality Assessment from Adler s Viewpoint
161
Behavioral Correlates of Social Interest
162
Attitudinal Correlates of Social Interest
162
Evaluating Adler s Viewpoint: Strengths and
Limitations
164
Characteristic Strengths
164
Characteristic Limitations
164
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
165
Glossary
166
5
The Viewpoints of Horney, Erikson,
and
Fromm:
The Neo-Freudians
169
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
169
Horney s Social Psychological Viewpoint: The
Search for Social Security
170
Basic Assumptions of Horney s Social Psychological
Viewpoint
171
Motivational Nature of Personality
171
Social Nature of Early Childhood
171
Cultural Nature of Personality
171
Basic Concepts of Horney s Social Psychological
Viewpoint: The Causes and Consequences
of Seeking Security
172
Basic Hostility
172
Basic Anxiety
172
Neurotic Trends
173
Strategies for Achieving Social Security:
Moving Toward, Against, and Away from People
174
Moving Toward People
174
Moving Against People
175
Moving Away from People
175
Healthy vs. Maladaptive Strategies
175
The Nature of Personality Adjustment:
The Overlapping of the Real and Ideal Self
177
Successful Personality Adjustment
180
Unsuccessful Personality Adjustment
180
Applications of Horney s Social Psychological
Viewpoint: Using What Is Known
180
Horneyan Psychotherapy
18O
Personality Assessment from Homey s Viewpoint
182
Horney s Feminine Psychology
184
Evaluating Horney s Social Psychological Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
185
Characteristic Strengths
185
Characteristic Limitations
185
Erikson s
Psychosocial
Viewpoint: The
Development of the Ego throughout the Life Span
185
Basic Assumptions of Erikson s
Psychosocial
Viewpoint
187
The Nature and Function of the Ego
187
The
Psychosocial
Nature of Ego Development
187
A Life-Span Perspective of Ego Development
187
Extending, Not Departing from, Freudian Thought
188
Basic Concepts of Erikson s
Psychosocial
Viewpoint: The Stages of Ego Development
188
Characteristic Features of
Psychosocial
Stages
188
The Eight Stages of
Psychosocial
Development
188
Applications of Erikson s
Psychosocial
Viewpoint:
Using What Is Known
196
Eriksonian Psychotherapy: Playing through
the Conflict
196
Psychobiography: The Ego Strength of Greatness
196
Personality Assessment from Erikson s Viewpoint
197
Evaluating Erikson s
Psychosocial
Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
198
Characteristic Strengths
198
Characteristic Limitations
198
Fromm s Sociological Viewpoint: Balancing
Personal Independence and Social Interdependence
199
Basic Assumptions of Fromm s Sociological
Viewpoint: The Desire for Independence vs.
Interdependence
199
Basic Needs: Freedom to Be vs. the Desire to
Belong
201
Character Types: Strategies for Coping with
Anxiety and Isolation
201
Evaluating Fromm s Sociological Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
201
A Final Comment on the Freud/Neo-Freudian
Relationship
202
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
202
Glossary
203
6
The Viewpoints of Rogers and
Maslow: The Humanists
205
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
205
The Phenomenological Viewpoint of
Carl R. Rogers: Putting the Person at the
Center of Personality
206
Basic Assumptions of the Rogerian Viewpoint:
The Person
=
Personality
207
The Reality of Subjective Experience
207
Emphasis on the Here and Now
IVI
The Actualizing Tendency
208
The Organismic Valuing Process
208
Basic
Concepts
of the Rogerian Viewpoint:
Defining Your Sense of Self
208
The Phenomenal Field
208
Subception
208
The Self-Concept
209
Congruence and Incongruence
210
Self-Actualization: The Motivational Component of
Personality
211
Personality Development: Developing Experiential
Freedom
211
The Regard of Others: External Considerations
in the Development of the Self
211
The Regard of Self: Internal Considerations in the
Development of the Self
213
The Nature of Personality Adjustment: A
Consequence of Experiential Freedom
214
Personality Adjustment and the Fully Functioning
Person: Living the Good Life
214
Personality Maladjustment: Living the
Incongruent
Life
214
Applications of the Rogerian Viewpoint: Using
What Is Known
215
Person-Centered Therapy: Reestablishing
Congruence
215
Measuring the Outcome of Treatment:
Assessing the Effects and Effectiveness of
Person-Centered Therapy
217
Personality Assessment from the Rogerian
Viewpoint: Measuring the Personal World
221
Additional Applications of Rogers s Viewpoint
224
Evaluating the Rogerian Viewpoint: Strengths and
Limitations
224
Characteristic Strengths
224
Characteristic Limitations
225
Some Closing Remarks on Rogers s Viewpoint
226
Maslow s Motivational Perspective: Meeting
the Needs of the Person
226
Basic Assumptions of Maslow s Perspective:
Looking at the Positive Personality
228
Λ
Positive View of the Individual
228
An Emphasis on Investigating the Healthy
Personality
228
The Motivational Nature of Personality and
the Dynamic Satisfaction of Needs
228
Basic Concepts of Maslow s Perspective:
The Nature and Structure of Human Needs
228
The Categories of Needs: Deficiency and Being
Needs
229
The Hierarchy of Needs: The Road to
Self-Actualization
229
Maslow s Study of Self-Actualizing Individuals:
In Search of Excellence
240
Some Self-Actualizing People: A Who s Who of
the Best of the Best
241
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People: Some
Common Threads of Excellence
241
Contents
xiii
Research on Peak Experiences: Objective Attempts
to Investigate Subjective Experiences
243
Final Comments on the Study of Self-Actualizing
People: Exceptional, But Not Perfect
244
Applications of Maslow s Viewpoint: Using What
Is Known
244
Maslow in the World of Work: Working
Your Way Up the Hierarchy of Needs
245
Personality Assessment from Maslow s Viewpoint:
The Assessment of Self-Actualization
248
Evaluating Maslow s Motivational Perspective:
Strengths and Limitations
250
Characteristic Strengths
250
Characteristic Limitations
251
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
251
Glossary
252
; 1
lie
liait
Viewpoint: Psychological
Dispositions ot Personality
255
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
255
Personality Traits: The Foundation of Personality
256
Basic Assumptions of the Trait Viewpoint
257
Perspectives on the Trait Viewpoint: Theoretical
Variations on Individual Differences in Personality
258
Allport s Personalistic Viewpoint: In Search of the
Uniqueness of Individuals
258
Basic Assumptions of Allport s Definition of
Personality
260
Basic Concepts of Allport s Theory
260
Traits Are the Basic Unit of Personality
261
Common Traits and Personal Dispositions as
Expressions of Uniqueness among People
261
Using Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits
to Account for the Uniqueness of the Individual
263
The Proprium as the Core of Personality
263
The Dynamics of Personality: Developmental and
Motivational Processes of the Proprium
265
Functional Autonomy: The Motivational Force
behind Personality
266
Personality Assessment from Allport s Viewpoint
267
Applications of Allport s Viewpoint: Using What
Is Known
268
Marital Counseling
268
Vocational Counseling
269
Evaluating Allport s Personalistic Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
269
Characteristic Strengths
269
Characteristic Limitations
269
Cattell s Structural Trait Viewpoint: The Search
for Source Traits
270
Basic Assumptions of Cattell s Definition
of Personality
271
Contents
Predicting the Person as the Principal Assumption
of Personality
272
Constructing a Definition of Personality Based on
Three Types of Empirical Data
272
Basic Concepts of Traits:
Cattelľs
Structural Units
of Personality
272
Surface and Source Traits: Creating Differences in
Personality
272
Categorizing Traits: Conceptualizing the Similarities
and Dissimilarities of Personality
273
The Behavioral Specification Equation: A Formula
for Predicting What People Will Do lib
Personality Assessment from Cattell s Viewpoint:
Measurement of Source Traits
276
Applications of Cattell s Viewpoint: Using What Is
Known
278
Application of the 16PF to the Study of Marriage:
Identifying Marital Stability and Compatibility
278
Application of the 16PF to the Assessment of Police
Officers: Identifying the Personality Profile of
Police Officers
280
Application of the 16PF to the Assessment of
Personality of Clergy Members: Identifying the
Personality Characteristics of Clergy Members
281
The
Í6PF
and the Assessment of Personality
Profiles of Suicide Attempters
282
Evaluating
Cattelľs
Structural Trait Viewpoint:
Strengths and Limitations
283
Characteristic Strengths
283
Characteristic Limitations
283
Eysenck s Hierarchical Trait Viewpoint: A Type
Theory of Traits
283
Basic Assumptions of Eysenck s Definition of
Personality
284
Basic Concepts of Eysenck s Viewpoint:
The Structure and Dynamics of Personality
285
The Hierarchical Nature of Traits: From Specific
Actions to General Types
285
Personality Dynamics: The Three Basic Personality
Types
285
Applications of Eysenck s Viewpoint: Using What Is
Known
288
Organizational Psychology
288
Personality Correlates of Sexual Behavior
288
Personality Correlates of Cancer Patients
288
Crime and Personality
289
Evaluating Eysenck s Viewpoint: Strengths and
Limitations
290
Characteristic Strengths
290
Characteristic Limitations
290
Special Issues in the Study of Traits: The
Consistency and Organization of Traits
290
The Issue of Cross-Situational Consistency:
The Ability of Traits to Predict Behavior
290
The Search for Cross-Situational Consistency:
Traits as a Stabilizing Influence in Life
291
Documenting a Lack of Cross-Situational
Consistency: Classic and Contemporary Evidence
291
Some Classic Evidence Documenting a Lack of
Cross-Situational Consistency
291
Some Contemporary Evidence Documenting a
Lack of Cross-Situational Consistency
291
In Support of Cross-Situational Consistency:
Predicting Some of the People Some of the Time
292
Clarifying the Consistency Issue: Situational,
Cognitive, and Aggregation Alternatives
292
The Situational Alternative: It s Not Only Who
You Are but Where You Are That Counts
292
The Cognitive Alternative: Perceptions and
Interpretations of Situations
293
The Aggregation Alternative: Adding Up
the Consistency in Behavior
294
The Classification of Traits and the Five-Factor
Model
298
Classic Contributions to Classifying Traits that
Made the Classification Process
900
Times Simpler
299
Contemporary Contributions to Classifying
Traits and the Validation of the Five-Factor Model
299
The FFM Across the Life Span: Personality
Changes in Response to Life Challenges
300
Cross-Cultural Expressions of the FFM:
A Universal Trait Structure
302
Narrative Identity and the FFM: A General
Framework for Unique Life Stories
304
Some Reservations Concerning the FFM
309
Applications of the FFM: Using What Is Known
309
Day-to-Day Living: Everyday Correlates of the FFM
309
Social Considerations of the FFM: Confronting and
Responding to Problematic Behaviors
312
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
315
Glossary
317
8
The Biological Viewpoint:
The Behavioral Genetics and
Psychophysiological Perspectives
on Personality
319
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
319
Biological Processes in the Study of Personality:
Some Basic Issues
320
The Nature-Nurture Controversy:
An Evolving Issue
320
The Role of Heredity: Estimates of the Influence of
Biological Processes
321
Genetically Determined Does Not Equal
Genetically Fixed: Affecting a Range of Possibilities
322
The Logic of the Biological Viewpoint:
A Complementary and Supplementary Perspective
322
The
Biosocial
Interaction: A Unique Expression for
a Complete Understanding of Personality
322
Contents
The Constitutional Perspective: The Early Roots
of a Biological Basis of Personality
324
Ancient Beginnings of the Biological Viewpoint of
Personality: It s All Greek to Me
324
Biological Viewpoints from the 19th Century
325
Biological Viewpoints from the Early 20th Century
326
The Behavioral Genetics Perspective: The Basic
Biological Unit of Personality
328
Methodological Considerations in Behavioral
Genetics: Tracking the Genetic Influence in
Personality
329
Family Studies
329
Twin Studies
329
Adoption Studies
330
Model Fitting
330
The Genetic Basis of Personality: Some
Illustrative Evidence
331
Happiness and Health: What We all Want
332
Loneliness: What We All Hope to Avoid
333
Aggression and Hostility: Bad to the Bone
333
Attitudes: What We Believe
334
Adolescent Personality Adjustment: A Basic
Personality Process
335
The Psychophysiological Perspective: Neurological
and Cortical Considerations in the Study of
Personality
339
Psychophysiological Assessment: Measuring
Physiological Processes of Personality
339
Assessment of Brain Activity: Getting Inside
Your Head
339
Assessment of Bodily Responses: Getting Under
Your Skin
340
Assessment of Biochemical Activity: Going Beyond
the Brain and the Body
341
The Study of the Sensation-Seeking Personality:
Seeking the Psychophysiological Bases of
Thrill Seekers
343
Defining the Sensation-Seeking Personality: The
Specification of Thrill Seekers
343
The Sensation Seeking Scale: Assessing the
Sensation-Seeking Personality
344
Behavioral and Psychophysiological Correlates of
Sensation Seeking: The Behavior and Body of
Thrill Seekers
345
The Study of Cortical Influences on Personality:
Brain Functioning and Personality Processes
347
Neurological Basis of
Extraversion
and
Introversion: The Ascending
Reticular
Activating System and the Arousal Hypothesis
348
Linking
Extraversion-Introversion
with the
ARAS
through the Arousal Hypothesis
348
Support for the Arousal Hypothesis: The Contrasting
Arousal Styles of
Extraverts
and Introverts
348
A Concrete Illustration of the Arousal
Hypothesis: Let s Party
349
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Cortical Links
to the Push and Pull of Personality Types
350
Linking Brain Sensitivity to Personality Dimensions:
The Approach of Impulsive vs. the Avoidance
of Anxious Individuals
350
Applications of the Biological Viewpoint:
Using What Is Known
352
Application of the Behavioral Genetics Perspective:
Detection and Treatment of Genetic Dysfunction
352
Genetic Counseling: Assessing Potential Problems
Prior to a Pregnancy
352
Prenatal Diagnosis: Assessing Potential Problems
During Pregnancy
353
Gene Therapy: Attempting Preemptive
Genetic Strategies
353
Application of the Psychophysiological Perspective:
Promoting Emotional and Occupational
Satisfaction
353
Elevating Emotional Distress from the
Psychophysiological Perspective: Treating
Troubled Minds
354
Work and the Psychophysiological Perspective:
Some Biological Contributions to Occupational
Choice and Satisfaction
355
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
358
Glossary
359
9
The Evolutionary Viewpoint:
Personality as an Adaptive Process
361
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
361
Linking Evolutionary Theory to the Study of
Personality: Accounting for the Emergence of
Variation in Physical and Psychological
Characteristics
362
Basic Processes of the Evolutionary Viewpoint:
Explanations of Essential Elements of Evolution
363
Survival and Reproduction: The Basic
Evolutionary Tasks
363
Natural Selection: A Basic Element for Survival
363
Adaptive Behavior: A Basic Solution for Survival
363
The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness:
The Basic Set of Conditions
364
Accounting for the Emergence of Individual
Differences in Personality:
Vive La Différence
367
The Evolutionary Value of Variation in Personality:
Explanations of Individual Differences:
367
An Evolutionary Cost—Benefit Analysis: Assessing
the Value of Variation
367
The Environmental Context: The Value of
Variation Based on Time and Place
368
Frequency-Dependent Selection: The Value of
Variation Based on Frequency of Appearance
369
xvi Contents
The Five-Factor Model: Extending the Explanations
of Individual Difference
370
Extraversion 370
Neuroticism
370
Openness to Experience
370
Consdentiousness
371
Agreeableness
371
Basic Expressions of the Evolutionary Viewpoint:
Strategic Efforts for Survival and Reproduction
373
Sexual Selection: The Evolutionary Making of a
Mate
373
Physical and Personality Correlates of Sexual
Selection: What We Want in a Mate
374
Mate-Retention Strategies: Protecting Your
(Parental) Investment
377
Mate Poaching: A Basic Threat to Mate Retention
379
Jealousy: A Basic Reaction to Mate Poaching
382
Applications of the Evolutionary Viewpoint: Using
What Is Known
384
Consumer Behavior: Putting Your Money Where
Your Evolutionary Principles Are
384
Consumer Spending on Cosmetic Products:
Attempts at Achieving Attractiveness
384
Consumer Decisions Related to Money
Management: Risky Business
384
Consumption in Leisure Pursuits: Spending in Your
Spare Time
385
Eating Disorders: The Evolutionary Perspective on
Eating Too Much and Eating Too Little
388
Obesity: Applying Ancient Wisdom to a
Contemporary Problem
389
Anorexia
Nervosa
and Bulimia: A Conflict of
Ancient Mate Preferences and Contemporary Media
Influences
389
Sexual Harassment: A Conflict of Ancient Mate
Preferences and Contemporary Social and Legal
Concerns
390
Evaluating the Evolutionary Viewpoint: Strengths
and Limitations
392
Characteristic Strengths
392
Characteristic Limitations
392
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
394
Glossary
396
10
The Social-Cognitive Viewpoint:
Cognitive Processes and Personality
397
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming Attractions
397
Basic Assumptions of the Social-Cognitive
Viewpoint: The Role of Cognitive Processes
in Personality
39g
The Significance of the Personal Perspective: The
Importance of Perceptions and Beliefs
398
The Presence of a Need for Cognition: The
Desire to Think
398
A Desire to Understand and Clarify One s
Personal World: The Pursuit of Precision
404
The Nature and Value of Subjective Probabilities:
Playing the Odds
404
Rotter s Social Learning Theory: The Role of
Expectancies in Understanding Personality
405
Basic Assumptions of Rotter s Social Learning
Theory: Combining Experience with Expectations
407
Learning from Meaningful Experiences:
Live and Learn
407
The Reciprocal Nature of Life Experience:
A Mixing of the Old and New
408
The Motivational Nature of Personality:
In Search of Rewards
408
The Role of Expectancies: The Effect of
Anticipation on Rewards
408
Basic Concepts of Rotter s Social Learning
Theory: The Specifics for Predicting Behavior
408
Behavior Potential: What Are My Options?
408
Expectancy: What Are the Odds?
409
Reinforcement Value: What Do You Want?
410
The Psychological Situation: Reinforcement in
Context
410
The Bask Formula: Combining the Specifics to
Predict Behavior
411
Personality Adjustment: The General Nature of
Coping
412
Freedom of Movement and Need Value: Having
What It Takes to Get What You Want
412
Minimal Goal Level: What Is the Least You
Will Settle For?
412
Generalized Expectancies and Personality
Adjustment: The Appropriate and Inappropriate
Generalization of Expectancies
413
Applications of Rotter s Social Learning Theory:
Using What Is Known
414
Psychotherapy: Therapy as a Learning Process for
Modifying Maladaptive Cognitive and Behavior
Patterns
414
Personality Assessment: The Measurement of
Generalized Expectancies
415
Applying Locus of Control to Matrimony and
Divorce
420
Evaluating Rotter s Social Learning Theory:
Strengths and Limitations
423
Characteristic Strengths
423
Characteristic Limitations
424
Bandura s Social-Cognitive Theory: Outlining the
Reciprocal Nature of Personality
424
Basic Assumptions of Bandura s Social-Cognitive
Theory: Linking Cognitive Processes and
Social Factors
426
The Self System: Subjective Filters of Objective
Stimuli
426
Conicul*
JWtí
Тпшііс
Reciprocal Causation: Reading to the
Reaction of Others Reacting to Your Reactions
427
Basic Concepts and Processes of Bandura s
Social-Cognitive Theory: Imitation, Expectations,
and Regulation
427
Observational Learning: Learning by Looking
427
Self-Efficacy: What Do You Think You Can Do?
432
Self-Regulation: Doing What You Want to Do
433
Personality Maladjustment: Maladaptive Modeling,
Unrealistic Self-Evaluations, and Inefficacy
434
Applications of Bandura s Social-Cognitive Theory:
Using What Is Known
435
Social-Cognitive Therapeutic Intervention:
Promoting Self-Efficacy and Behavior Change
through Modeling
436
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Learning to Think
and Behave Better
436
Self-Defense Training: Enhancing Empowerment
through Self-Efficacy
438
Evaluating Bandura s Social-Cognitive Theory:
Strengths and Limitations
439
Characteristic Strengths
439
Characteristic Limitations
439
Mischel s Cognitive-Affective System Theory:
A Personalistic Cognitive Perspective
440
Basic Concepts of Mischel s Cognitive-Affective
Perspective: Cognitive-Affective Units
441
Encoding Strategies: How You Put the Pieces
Together
441
Expectancies and Beliefs: The Outcomes
441
Affects: Your Feelings Affecting Your Thoughts
and Behaviors
442
Goals and Values: What Do You Prefer?
442
Competencies and Self-Regulatory Systems
and Plans: Knowing What You Can Do and
How You Can Get What You Want
442
Basic Processes of Mischel s Cognitive-Affective
Perspective: Delay of Gratification and Conditions
of Behavioral Consistency
443
Delaying Gratification: The Expression and
Consequences of Willpower
443
Perception and Prediction of Behavioral
Consistency: The Matching of Conditions and
Competencies
445
Applications of Mischel s Cognitive-Affective
Perspective: Using What Is Known
447
Personnel Selection: The Matching of Employee
Competencies with Employment Conditions
447
Coping with Life Tasks: Meeting the Challenges
of College Life
447
Evaluating Mischel s Cognitive-Affective
Perspective: Strengths and Limitations
450
Characteristic Strengths
450
Characteristic Limitations
451
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
451
Glossary
452
l art
III Selected Topics in
the Study
oí
Personality
Psychology
-4 ) )
I I I he Self
(
oiuept: The (ore
ot I ersunalits
137
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
457
Fundamentals of the Self-Concept: Its Definition
and Origin
458
Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Identity
458
Origin and Onset of the Self-Concept: When
You Learn You Are You
459
Changes in the Concept of the Self through
History
462
Late Medieval Period (1000s through 1400s):
You Are What You Do
462
Early Modern Period (1500s through early 1700s):
Examining the Inner Self of Others
462
Puritan Era (late 1500s to late 1600s): The
Beginnings of a Concern for Self-Awareness
463
Romantic Era (late 1700s and early 1800s):
Fulfilling the Hidden Self
463
Victorian Era (approximately
1830
to early 1900s):
The Emergence of Freud s Ideas
463
Early 20th Century
(1900
to
1940s):
The Alienated
Self
463
Late 20th Century through Early 21st Century:
The Search for Uniqueness in a Collective Society
464
Dimensions of the Self-Concept: The Internal and
External Sense of Self
464
Self-Consciousness: Private and Public Perspectives
on the Self
465
Measuring Public and Private Self-Consciousness:
The Self-Consciousness Scale
466
Correlates of Self-Consciousness
466
Objective Self-Awareness: A Case of Situationally
Induced Self-Consciousness
468
Creating a Sense of Increased Self-Reflection
468
Coping with Increases in Objective Self-Awareness
468
The Control-Theory Model of the Self:
Finding Common Ground between the Trait of
Self-Consciousness and the State of Objective
Self-Awareness
470
The Self-Focused Attention Feedback Loop
470
CTM and Private Self-Focused Attention
470
CTM and Public Self-Focused Attention
47
1
Self-Monitoring: The Public Appearance and
Private Reality of the Self-Concept
472
The Nature of Self-Monitoring: Putting Your
Best Personality Forward
472
The Measurement of Self-Monitoring: The
Self-Monitoring Scale
472
Contents
To Be or Not to Be.
.
.a High or Low Self-Monitor:
Which Is Better?
473
Putting Self-Monitoring in Perspective:
A Combination of Personality Characteristics
473
Applications of Self-Monitoring: Using What
Is Known
474
Identity Orientations: Personal and Social
Determinants of the Self
477
Personal and Social Identity Orientations: Internal
and External Points of Reference for a Sense of Self
478
The Aspects of Identity Questionnaire: Measuring
Identity Orientations
478
Expressions of Identity Orientation: Personality
Correlates of Personal, Social, and Collective Identity
479
Occupational and Recreational Preferences and
Identity Orientation: Personal and Social Identity
Orientations for Work and Play
480
Cultural Dimensions of the Self: Views from
Around the World
482
Cultural Influences on the Self: East vs. West
482
Collective Cultures: Promoting a Strong Public Image
482
Individualistic Cultures: Promoting Expressions of
Uniqueness
483
Independent Self and Interdependent Self: Cultural
Influences on the Expression of the Self
483
The Independent Self
484
The Interdependent Self
484
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
488
Glossary
490
12
Gender Identity and Personality:
A Special Topic in the Study of the
Self-Concept
491
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
491
Gender Identity: The Most Pervasive Aspect of the
Self-Concept
492
Theories of Gender Identity: Developing a Sense
of Being Male and Female
492
Psychological Explanations of Gender Identity. The
Processes of Identification, Observation, and
Categorization
492
Psychoanalytic Theory: The Importance of
Identification
492
Social-Cognitive Theory: The Acquisition and
Regulation of Gender-Linked Behavior
493
Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development:
Creating Consistency in the Classification of
Cognitions
495
Social Role Theory: A Hierarchy of Role Distribution
and the Consequences for Gender It Creates
500
Biological Explanations of Gender Identity:
Chromosomes, Hormones, and Hermaphroditism
502
The Evolutionary Perspective of Gendered Behavior:
Responding to Adaptive Problems with Successful
Strategies for Survival of the Species
504
Integration of Explanations: Incorporating the
Psychological, Social, Biological, and Evolutionary
Perspectives of Explanations of Gender Identity
505
Consequences of Gender Identity: Gender
Differences in Personality and Gender-Role
Stereotypes
506
Gender Differences in Personality: How Do
Males and Females Differ?
506
Aggression: Gender Differences in Hurting
506
Expressions of Emotional and Physical Intimacy:
Gender Differences in Love, Romance, Mate
Selection, Sexuality, and Jealousy
508
Social Influence: Gender Differences in Going
Along and Getting Along
511
Emotional Expressiveness: Gender Differences in the
Freedom to Feel
513
Self-Evaluation and Expectations: Gender
Differences in Self-Esteem and
Self-Confidence
515
Joy and Sadness: Gender Differences in Happiness
and Depression
516
Cognitive Functioning: Gender Differences in
Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic
517
Sex-Role Stereotypes: How Do the Perceptions of
Males and Females Differ?
521
Judgment of Work Quality: Being Just as Good is
Not Being Good Enough for Females
522
Explanations of Successful Performance: Skillful Men,
Lucky Women
523
The Perceived Personality Traits of Men and
Women: Competent Males, Warm and Expressive
Females
523
Ambivalent Sexism: A Double-Edged Sword that
WorL· against Women at Home and in the World
of Work
530
Stereotype Threat: The Negative Impact of the
Self-Acceptance of Sex-Role Stereotypes
531
Androgyny: The Blending of Masculinity and
Femininity
537
Defining Androgyny
537
Behavioral and Personality Correlates of Androgyny:
A Question of Flexibility, Self-Regard, and
Adjustment
537
The Changing Face of Androgyny: Moving
Beyond Gender-Linked Sex Roles
539
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
Glossary
13
Anxiety: An All-Encompassing
Intrapersonal
Process of Personality
Chapter Overview: A Preview of Coming
Attractions
541
542
545
545
Contents
Anxiety as an
Intrapersonal
Personality Process:
The Influence of Personality on the Person
546
The Dimensions of Anxiety: Affecting Your Body,
.Mind, and Actions
546
The Physiological Dimension of Anxiety: The
Building ot Butterflies in Your Stomach
546
The Cognitive Dimension of Anxiety: The Closing
of Your Mind
546
The Behavioral Dimension of Anxiety: Fumbling,
Fighting, or Fleeing
547
Combining the Dimensions of Anxiety: The Manifest
Anxiety Scale (MAS)
547
Theoretical Viewpoints of Anxiety: Anxiety as a
Warning Signal, Acquired Response, Driving
Force, and Element of Survival
550
The Psychodynamic Viewpoint: Anxiety as a Signal
of Danger
550
The Learning Viewpoint: The Acquisition of Anxiety
550
The Drive Viewpoint: Anxiety as a Driving Force
550
The Evolutionary Viewpoint: Anxiety
+
Adaptation
=
Survival
551
Integrating the Viewpoints of Anxiety: Describing
Different Aspects of Anxiety
552
Types of Anxiety: An Abundance of Anxieties
552
State vs. Trait Anxiety: Threatening Places and
Anxious Faces
552
State Anxiety: Transitory Tension
552
Trait Anxiety: Always-Anxious Individuals
553
Measuring State and Trait Anxiety: The
Assessment of Two Types of Anxiety Together
554
Test Anxiety: Turmoil during Testing
556
The Assessment of Test Anxiety: Tabulating Testing
Turmoil
556
A Fundamental Finding: Tests as Ego Threats
556
The Underlying Dynamics of Test Anxiety:
Differences in the Personalities of People with
High and Low Test Anxiety
558
Differences in Behavioral Responses to Test
Anxiety: What Are You Doing During the Test?
558
Differences in the Evaluation of Test Performance:
How Did You Do on the Test?
558
Don t Remind Me How Well I Did on the Test,
Please
558
Differences in Cognitive Processes: What s
Going through Your Head during the Exam?
559
Putting It All Together: Designing Your Own Despair
560
Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety of Pathological
Proportions
562
Anxiety Disorders: A Matter of Degree
562
F.xplaining Anxiety Disorders: From Unconscious
Conflict and Faulty Learning to Self-Defeating
Thoughts and the Biology of the Brain
564
Psychodynamic Explanation: Manifestations of
Unresolved Conflicts
564
Learning Viewpoint: Learning of a Faulty Nature
565
Cognitive Viewpoint: Endorsing Self-Defeating
Thought Patterns and Beliefs
565
Neurological Viewpoint: An Overly Aroused Brain
567
Some Closing Remarks on the Types of Anxiety:
Covering the Full Range of Intensity
568
The Application of Personality Psychology:
Using What Is Known
569
Anxiety in Advertising: Motivating You with
Misery
569
The Role of Anxiety in Advertising: Bringing
You Down, then Picking You Up
569
Creating Anxiety through Positive and Negative
Appeals: To Use, or Not to Use
-
That Is
the Question
569
Reducing the Anxiety in Advertising: Creating
Competence and Stressing Support
570
The Dynamics of Anxiety in Advertising:
Combining the Right Ingredients
570
Anxiety as a Stimulus and Drive: The Push and
Pull of Anxiety in Advertising
571
The Level of Anxiety Aroused in Advertising:
Moderation Is the Key
571
The Recommendation: Make It Concrete
571
Anxiety in Social Situations: Understanding and
Overcoming Shyness
571
Understanding Shyness: The Components and
Types of Shyness
571
Tips for Overcoming Shyness: Addressing the
Multidimensional Nature of Shyness
575
Some Closing Remarks: A Statement of Reiteration
578
Chapter Summary: Reexamining the Highlights
578
Glossary
579
References R-
]
Credits C-
1
Name Index
1-1
Subject Index
1-19
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Carducci, Bernardo J. 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12387565X |
| author_facet | Carducci, Bernardo J. 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)602851976 (DE-599)GBV583915078 |
| dewey-full | 155.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 155 - Differential & developmental psychology |
| dewey-raw | 155.2 |
| dewey-search | 155.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3155.2 |
| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| edition | 2. ed., 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Carducci, Bernardo J. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)12387565X aut The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications Bernardo J. Carducci 2. ed., 1. publ. Chichester Wiley-Blackwell 2009 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605961&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Carducci, Bernardo J. 1952- The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075996-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications |
| title_auth | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications |
| title_exact_search | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications |
| title_full | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications Bernardo J. Carducci |
| title_fullStr | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications Bernardo J. Carducci |
| title_full_unstemmed | The psychology of personality viewpoints, research, and applications Bernardo J. Carducci |
| title_short | The psychology of personality |
| title_sort | the psychology of personality viewpoints research and applications |
| title_sub | viewpoints, research, and applications |
| topic | Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605961&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carduccibernardoj thepsychologyofpersonalityviewpointsresearchandapplications |