Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii:
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Knorus
2008
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. |
| Beschreibung: | 143 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |c A. V. Okorokov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b Knorus |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 143 S., [8] Bl. |b Ill. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140660120354816 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Оглавление
Предисловие. В. Г. Сташевский
................................................................3
Введение. Подводная археология: задачи и перспективы
..........................5
Глава
1.
От седой древности к зарождению научных подводно-
археологических исследований
..............................................................................11
Глава
2.
От случайных находок к научным обследованиям подводных
объектов
Первый этап развития отечественной подводной археологии
(XVIII
в. н-
середина 1930-х гг.)/
............................................................................
. .Г.
................16
Глава
3.
начало систематических научных исследований
Второй этап развития отечественной подводной археологии
(сереіина
1930-х-середина 1950-х гг.)
.........................................................................
1.42s
I
Глава
4.
Новые горизонты
Третий этап развития отечественной подводной археологии (середина
1950-х гг.
-1980
г.)
....................................................................................................51
Глава
5.
Единым фронтом
Четвертый этап развития отечественной подводной археологии
(1980
г.
-
начало 1990-х гг.)
......................................................................................................95
Послесловие. КПДР и подводная археология. В. Г. Сташевский
...............235
Приложение.
Development of the domestic underwater archaeological inves¬
tigations...
..............................................................................,.............................139
Приложение
Development
of the domestic underwater
archaeological investigations
Alexander V. Okorokov
Introduction
The first Russian legislative act aimed at investi-gation and preservation of underwater his¬
torical objects is believed to have been issued in
1718
by Tsar Peter I. ltinstructed local authorities
to reveal finds both in the soil and underwater and forward diem to the first State Museum. Until
the beginning of the 20th century, the work consisted of the collection of incidental finds in the
course of diving activities or those cast ashore by storms. Collection of coins and other objects
washed ashore by the sea sometimes became a continuous trade for the local population. One of
the reports to the Archaeological Congress of
1879
states that Sukhumi inhabitants found plenty
of valuable things such as coins, ceramics, decorations and even a golden tsar crown. Among the
objects forwarded to the museums were two marble lions found in the 1820s, a stone slab with a
Latin inscription found near Sukhumi in
1869
(the inscription relates to the start of construction)
of sea piers, fragments of 4th century
ВС
pottery, and ancient Greek and Latin coins.
The first scientific investigations of under-water archaeological monuments in our country
began in the Black Sea.
The Black Sea
From archives and literature, it appears that scientific underwater archaeological research
was already conducted in
1905
by a Russian engineer, L. P. Kolly. To confirm his theory that the
sites were inundated by the Black Sea he proposed to examine the bottom of the Bay of Pheo-
dosiya. He believed that some ancient and medieval districts of Pheodosiya had been submerged
by the sea. His source of information was the ob-servation of Bertier-Delagarde, who found an
ancient pier in
1894
in the course of construction of the Pheodosiya sea port. Thousands of pine-
wood piles which penetrated the bottom up to
4
m
were raised from the sea.
The first dives brought up
15
ancient amphoras from a depth of
5
m. Comparison of the finds,
soil samples taken by the divers and other data proved that
Kolli was
right. Thus he became a pio¬
neer of submerged town investigations in the Black Sea.
In
1910-14
along with land excavations of an ancient Olbian town (started in
1853
under
the direction of Count Uvarov), B. Farmakovsky examined the remains of Olbian coastal walls
protecting the harbour. They were found between
10
and
20
m
from me shore submerged due to
the sea-level change.
Underwater archaeological investigations were continued in the
1930s.
In
1930
under the
direction of Professor K. E. Grinevich the remains of the ancient Greek colony of Chersonesus were
examined. Underwater filming took place in the course of archaeological investigations. The sci¬
entist accompanied the divers to examine the site
personallylôl.
In
1937
Professor R. A. Orbeli
continued to investigate submerged ancient towns, beginning with all Olbia. The most im¬
portant find of the expedition was a boat that had spent more than
2500
years on the bottom of
the Southern Bug River.
The expeditions, arranged by the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences and
headed by Professor V. D. Blavatsky, contrib-uted significantly to underwater archaeological re¬
search in our country. These expeditions detailed investigations of submerged ancient towns to
the north of
tlie
Black Sea.
In
1957-58
an expedition examined sub-merged districts of ancient Phanagoria, and deter¬
mined its layout and area. In
1959
underwater excavation started there.
239
А. Окороков
In
1961
remains of the submerged part of Olbia were explored at the Dnieper-Bug Estuary,
their total area equalling more than
60
hectares. In
1964
the work in submerged Olbia was contin¬
ued, where acoustic probing was used.
In
1959-60
Blavatsky headed the examination of the bottom of the Strait of Kerch. The expedi¬
tion revealed and examined a naval ship sunk at the end of the 18th century.
In
1964-65,
in the course of exploring the site of the construction of the Yevpatoria sea port
in Lake Donuzlav, geophysical prospecting of the bottom was used. In
1965
the remains of a ship
and cargo of the 4th-3rd centuries
ВС
were investigated. Twenty intact Heraclean amphoras
(13
of them with trade-marks), many large and small amphora sherds, bronze ship nails, a ship s car¬
penter s iron axe,
10
separate sheets of lead sheathing, and some badly preserved wooden ship
fragments were raised from the bottom.
These constitute the principal results of underwater archaeological investigations in the Black
Sea before the
1960s.
No mention has been made of amateur-only expeditions which located an¬
cient objects here and there. Such expeditions are the main obstacle to the compilation of an un¬
derwater archaeological map. Their results have either not been published or they are published
in such a primitive and sensational form that it is impossible to derive any reliable scientific infor¬
mation from them.
The next stage of underwater archaeological activity on the Black Sea relates to the
1970s.
In
1970,
investigations began near the island of Khortitsa (Zaporozhye, the Ukraine). At present they
are directed by
Dr G.
I Shapovalov, head of Zaporozhye Museum.
Years of investigations brought unique finds, replenishing the Museum collections and giving
significant scientific information. Among them the remains of ships of the Russian-Turkish War
(1735-39),
anchors, arms, household objects, instruments, decorations and ceramics are worth
mentioning. In
1984,
an old boat was found and raised, its age being about
600
years, dated by
radiocarbon analysis of the wood. Until now the expedition has succeeded finding five old boats
and the remains of a
17th-century
ship.
In
1981-82,
near the Settlement of
Taman
in the Strait of Kerch
20-100
m
from the shore
at a depth of about
5
m, there were discovered remains of limestone masonry, and a quantity
of ancient and medieval ceramics. Many anchors with stone, lead and iron stocks of the 5th-7th
centuries found at the site confirmed that there had once been an ancient settlement. However,
there were no further investigations in the area. Near the town of Anapa at a depth of
2-3
m
one
of the expedition teams found an early
19th-century
military transport ship, from which two can¬
nons were raised.
In
1983,
on the bottom of the Strait of Kerch, an expedition headed by
Dr K.K.
Shilik dis-cov-
ered the remains of a square tower with a defence wall stretching for more than
120
m
along the
bottom, and many fragmented ceramics and decorations dating fromdifferentperiods. Further re¬
search showed that
Aera, a
town on the Bosphorus, was mentioned by many ancient historians. In
1984,
a stone well with some wooden components was discovered at the same site. The expedition
removed seven intact amphoras of the 4th century
ВС
with Heraclean trade-marks. At a depth of
10
m
and
600
m
from the shore archaeologists found a natural reef up to
2
m
high parallel with the
shore. There were nearly
40
stone, wooden and iron ancient anchors nearit. The reef is thought to
form a protective pier for the harbour of
Acra.
In
1983
the author was appointed to conduct an expedition for the Institute of Archaeology of
the Academy of Sciences. This resulted in the determination of the ancient coastline and location
of the ancient town of Chersonesus.
The Caspian Sea
The level of the sea fluctuates significantly due to changes in its water balance. This is why
various archaeological monuments were inundated by the Caspian Sea. Early in the 18th century
a number of Russian authors wrote about the stone constructions revealed in the Bay of Baku. In
1840,
an attempt to locate die submerged town was undertaken. It did not succeed, although two
Russian naval brigs took part.
140
Приложение
Starting
in
1933,
the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences conducted underwater investigations in
the area headed by I. M. Djiafar-Zade and E. A. Pakhomov. A total of
636
frieze fragments with tile
decorations were raised, and their inscriptions deciphered.
In
1961
the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology headed by L.
N.
Gumilyov start¬
ed exploration of the underwater part of Derbent Fortress. The expedition examined about 300 m
of the fortress wall under water. Its investigation confirmed the abrupt variations of the Caspian
sea-level. Subsequently the results obtained were corrected.
In
1968
a new important stage of Caspian archaeological investigation began. The Museum of
Azerbaijan History formed a team for underwater historical and archaeological research, the first
of the kind in the country. Its activity was directed to the problem of coastal and submerged monu¬
ments on the Azerbaijan coast of the Caspian Sea. Regular underwater investigations started.
In
1969
underwater archaeological explo-ration of the
R. Kura
mouth revealed a medieval
settlement. The area became the major site of underwater
investigations
in combination with
surface excavations. Three zones of remains of a submerged ancient settlement were examined.
More than
1500
objects were raised from the bottom (instruments, jewellery, decorations,
coins). Besides unique glazed dishes decorated with animals, fish, birds and inscriptions, re¬
mains of foundations and pottery kilns were discovered. In
1982
underwater specialists exam¬
ined a ship which sank with the Russian Army treasury in the Bay of Baku at the beginning of
the 19th century.
The Baltic, the White, the Barents, the Kara and the Bering Seas
Large-scale underwater archaeological investi-gations in the Baltic only began
ih
the
1970s.
The major focus of underwater expeditions directed by the Marine Museum of Estonia, the Acad¬
emy of Sciences and other scientific institutions was submerged ships and settlements and ancient
ports. Thus near the islands of Hiyumaa and Saaremaa the areas most dangerous for navigation
were explored and many shipwrecks of the 17th-early 20th centuries were discovered. In
1978,
near the island of Hiyumaa, a ship built in
1861
was examined. Along with remains of the ship,
investigation revealed fragments of a compass, faience pottery and other finds. In
1982
the stern of
a ship dated to the beginning of the 19th century was found and examined. In
1983
the archaeolo¬
gists of the Marine Museum explored the remains of the Swedish flagship
Tapperheten
sunk in the
Bay of Tallinn in a sea battle in
1790.
One of its cannons was brought to the surface. Also in
1983,
remains of a
17th-century
ship were located in Littergrund.
In connection with recent activities, it is worth mentioning the underwater archaeological
investigation of a ship dated between the end of the 15th and the middle of the 16th century,
discovered near Saaremaa by an expedition organized by the Marine Museum and the Institute
of History and headed by Yu. Ya. Selirand. Underwater archaeologists revealed the ship s design
and the cargo of lime and tar. Among the finds there were an iron clamp, fragments of fabrics and
instruments.
National diving clubs also undertook some minor underwater investigations in the White, the
Barents and the Kara Seas, although these brought no scientific results. The only exceptions were
two professional expeditions: the Spitsbergen archaeological expedition headed by
DrV. F. Starcov
(1985),
and the expedition to the
Komandor
Islands. Underwater work played a subordinate part
there, but brought very important results both in the field of history and in natural science. Thus
the
Komandor
expedition managed not only to locate and raise from the shore sediments can¬
nons and parts ofVitus Bering s ship, but also to trace the dynamics of the Earth s recent crustal
movements, the submerged cannons being a bench-mark. In
1982-83
similar investigations were
conducted by
Dr A. K.
Stanyukovich in the Baltic Sea.
Regular underwater investigations in the White Sea were begun in
1988
by the Marine Arctic
Complex Expedition of the Scientific Research Institute of Culture (Ministry of Culture of the
Russian Federation and the Academy of Sciences) in co-operation with the Centre of Complex
Underwater Research l(see below). The same expedition conducted investigations on Franz Jo¬
sef Land.
141
А. Окороков
Inland waters
The most important results from investigations in inland waters in this country came from
Kirghizia in Lake Issyk-Kul.
The area of the Issyk-Kul Hollow is con-sidered to be a unique archaeological entity. About
2000
monuments of all kinds and periods have been located there, providing great interest for ar¬
chaeologists, historians and ethnographers. Some of them are under water, since the lake s coast¬
line has changed many times.
The first rime the Issyk-Kul underwater features attracted scientific attention was in
1842.
However, the first practical steps to arrange underwater investigations were taken by G. A. Kolpa-
covsky, a military governor of the region. From
1869
onwards he started to organize underwater
expeditions.
In
1926-27
large-scale exploration of a part of the lake was conducted by an orientalist, P. P.
Ivanov.
He attributed the remains of surface and underwater medieval objects to one culture, and
made a plan of a large shallow area in the north of the lake, and plotted the ruins of underwater
constructions, remains of burials and other features.
Since
1956
regular investigations have been conducted there, resulting in a map of underwa¬
ter monuments; excavations have been carried out; underwater objects have been referenced to
coastal ones; and the historical topography of medieval Issyk-Kul has been clarified. Recently the
work has revealed the most ancient underwater objects in die region.
Among few other activities in inland waters work at freshwater Lake Chudskoye near St Pe¬
tersburg should be mentioned. It took place in
1959
and was headed by G.
N.
Karaev. Aerial pho¬
tography and metal detection were widely used. Along with other objects the expedition discov¬
ered the foundation of a
15th-century
church known from written sources.
In die middle of the
1970s
some work was conducted at Lake
limen
near Novgorod. The ap¬
plication of geodetection resulted in the discovery of an
18th-century
ship
.
Among the major objects of investigations in other lakes and rivers there are Mesolithic and
late Neolithic monuments as well as pile settle-ments. This is the field in which State Hermitage
and Byelorussian archaeologists work. In par-ticular at present Byelorussian specialists have pre¬
pared an underwater archaeological map which contains more than
200
objects.
Activities of the Centre of Complex Underwater Research
In
1989
the Centre of Complex Underwater Research was established to carry out regular
underwater investigations. It was organized by
Ље
Scientific Research Institute of Culture and die
Soviet Cultural Foundation. Its major objective was to arrange scientific expeditions, to process
the results obtained and to study the history of domestic shipbuilding, seafaring and water-devel¬
opment works. To finance die Centre s activities a commercial department and a training centre
(methods of underwater research) were formed within its framework.
Within three years of its formation the Centre had organized
11
expeditions
bodi
in die White,
Black and Caspian Seas, and in inland waters.
The expedition in the White Sea (the Solovetsky Archipelago) was conducted in
1988-90
in
cooperation with die Marine Arctic Complex Expedition and financed by the Ministry of Culture.
Its main task was to reveal, register and examine old monastic sea and lake moorings, a unique
dock constructed at die beginning of die 19th century, a harbour of die 16th century on
Bolshoy Zayatsky Island, interlake canals of the
1
7th-20th centuries
as well as the most dangerous spots for navigation.
Along witii die above-mentioned tasks, work on land was conducted, including archaeologi¬
cal excavations at sites connected with shipbuilding, navigation and sea hunting (a shipyard, light¬
houses, navigation crosses, fishing areas). The expeditions analysed the correlation of the histori¬
cal, cultural and natural environment of the Archipelago. We tried to trace historical modifications
of nature under Man s impact. To diis end, various specialists were involved such as geographers,
biologists,
ecologisti
and botanists. Analysis of more than
200
objects provided comprehensive in-
142
Приложение
formádon
on the dock. Archive materials confirmed the on-location results and enabled the stages
of its construction, reconstruction and repairs to be traced. In addition its surface and underwater
parts and certain constructional parts were measured.
Similar examination of monastic moorings has already revealed the interconnection of their
construction on the Solovetsky Island and at other sites on the White Sea. It is also possible pre¬
liminarily to distinguish the stages of their development and constructional features in different
periods.
A unique find in connection with seafaring was made in the course of archaeological excava¬
tions of an ancient settlement dating from the
3rd
millennium
ВС.
This was a boat anchor made of
hard sandstone worked around its edges and having a hole in its upper part. Its maximum length
is
32
cm; it is up to
5
cm thick and weighs about
5
kg. As far as the author is aware, it is the second
find of the kind in the country. The first one was made in the
1960s
on the Karelian shore, also in
the course of excavations, and dates to the
2nd
millennium
ВС.
Another important object of investigation is a hunting shoot for use as an icebreaker, which
is proved by reinforcements in its nose and stern as well as some elements of its body. At present,
it is dated to the 18th century, although some constructional elements seem to relate to an earlier
period. Almost the whole of the shoot s bottom is preserved. The most interesting thing about the
shoot is that it was not built at a state shipyard and represents a specimen of local shipbuilding. As
a rule the ships of this kind were built without any drawings by qualified masters who introduced
into their design the elements they had learned in the course of their experience or inherited from
their forefathers. The length of the preserved part is
34
m. The shoot had a high protruding stern
typical of the White Sea region to protect the rudder from the ice.
Another discovery of interest too, is a mon-astic steamboat which sailed the canals and
the lakes of the island early in the 20th century. It is not yet known if the boat (and the mon¬
astery had two of them) was designed to order or was a standard one, of the type attached
most prob-ably to naval ships of the time. The steamboat was excavated and raised from the
lake for display.
In
1991
the Centre started investigating the White Sea coast (both on the surface and under¬
water) together with the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition. The work is planned for many years
and aims at complete exploration of the coastal area to reveal and study the features relating to
navigation and shipbuilding. The first season appeared to be quite fruitful. About
10
boats of dif¬
ferent periods near the town of Onega were found and ethnographic data on locally built boats
was collected. Among the most interesting finds were a boat built of mortise-and-tenon and a boat
stitched with juniper withies (without a single metal nail)
.
This type of the boat was widely used
up to the beginning of the 20th century and is very typical of the region. From a scientific view¬
point, the most import-ant work regarding the Black Sea began in
1991
at the partially submerged
site of Patrey. According to written sources, Patrey, situated on the northern shore of
Taman
Bay,
was one of die major ancient towns. It came into being in the 6th century
ВС.
The basis of our initial underwater exploration was a survey with sonar designed for shallow
depths and a visual search by diving archaeologists. Within a very short period we managed to
explore an area of about
240,000
m2. Besides plenty of heaped amphora fragments mostly from
various Hellenistic centres, we found an ancient well of large limestone slabs with a square mouth
and an adjoining stone pavement. Ceramics found in the well s walls show that it was built not
earlier than the
Sth
century
ВС.
Besides the ceramics archaeologists found sheep and goat bones.
Further finds confirmed that a large part of Patrey was underwater. According to preliminary data
its area stretches for about
900
m
along the shore and up to
300
m
out to sea.
In the Caspian Sea our specialists examined a ship dating to the beginning of the 18th cen¬
tury, most probably belonging to one of the first military expeditions headed by A. Bekovich-
Cherkassky. Its cargo consisted of ammunition for artillery, construction materials and forged iron
stock, bars and plates
143
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Okorokov, Aleksandr Vasilʹevič 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13672180X |
| author_facet | Okorokov, Aleksandr Vasilʹevič 1958- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Okorokov, Aleksandr Vasilʹevič 1958- |
| author_variant | a v o av avo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035745509 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643180019 (DE-599)BVBBV035745509 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV035745509 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018605645 |
| oclc_num | 643180019 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 143 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Knorus |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Okorokov, Aleksandr Vasilʹevič 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)13672180X aut Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii A. V. Okorokov Moskva Knorus 2008 143 S., [8] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Unterwasserarchäologie (DE-588)4062041-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Unterwasserarchäologie (DE-588)4062041-4 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605645&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605645&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Okorokov, Aleksandr Vasilʹevič 1958- Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii Unterwasserarchäologie (DE-588)4062041-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062041-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |
| title_auth | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |
| title_exact_search | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |
| title_full | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii A. V. Okorokov |
| title_fullStr | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii A. V. Okorokov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii A. V. Okorokov |
| title_short | Istorija otečestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |
| title_sort | istorija otecestvennoj podvodnoj archeologii |
| topic | Unterwasserarchäologie (DE-588)4062041-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Unterwasserarchäologie Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605645&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605645&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT okorokovaleksandrvasilʹevic istorijaotecestvennojpodvodnojarcheologii |