Polacy w Gruzji:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. Trio
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 450 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788374361958 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806775757238697984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
7
Rozdział
1.
Początki państwa i narodu gruzińskiego
17
Warunki geograficzno-przyrodnicze
17
Mieszkańcy ziem gruzińskich
21
Znaczenie Iberii i Kolchidy
-
przyjęcie chrześcijaństwa
26
Gruzja regionalną potęgą pod rządami Bagratydów
29
Rozdrobnienie feudalne a podziały wewnętrzne
35
Rozdział
2.
Przeobrażenia polityczne w czasach nowożytnych i najnowszych
37
Wzrost wpływów tureckich i perskich
37
Polityka Rosji wobec Kaukazu w
XVII
i
XVIII
w.
41
Przyłączenie ziem gruzińskich do Rosji
46
Od zarządu wojskowego do namiestnictwa kaukaskiego
55
Gruzińska walka o niepodległość w
XX
w.
79
Rozdział
3.
Początki kontaktów polsko-gruzińskich
89
Kaukaz
-
mityczna siedziba przodków Sarmatów
89
Kaukaz i Gruzja w planach politycznych polskich monarchów
94
Powstanie misji katolickich na Kaukazie
97
Polscy misjonarze na ziemiach gruzińskich
103
Pierwsi polscy zesłańcy w Gruzji
107
Rozdział
4.
Napływ Polaków do Gruzji w
XIX
w.
119
Grupa polskich poetów kaukaskich
119
Polskie badania Gruzji i Kaukazu w
XIX
w.
153
Kaukaz w planach politycznych polskiej emigracji niepodległościowej
182
Polska kolonia w Gruzji
-
wojskowi i cywile
211
Rozdział
5.
Życie religijne Polaków na ziemiach gruzińskich w
XIX
w.
231
Działalność kapelanów wojskowych
231
Powołanie Wizytatorstwa Kościołów Rzymskokatolickich na Kaukazie
i Zakaukaziu
238
Budowa kościoła pod wezwaniem Świętych Piotra i Pawła w Tbilisi
249
Parafie rzymskokatolickie na ziemiach gruzińskich
278
Spis
creaci
Rozdział
6.
Wzrost aktywności Polaków w drugiej połowie
XIX
i na początku
XX
w.
287
Wkład Polaków w rozwój ziem gruzińskich
287
Polskie organizacje społeczne i kulturalne
328
Działalność polityczna Polaków w
1917
r.
354
Powroty Polaków z Gruzji do kraju
363
Polityka Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec Demokratycznej Republiki
Gruzińskiej
369
Rozdział
7.
Polacy i ich potomkowie w
XX-wiecznej
Gruzji
373
Działalność polskiego konsulatu generalnego w Tbilisi
373
Polacy w Gruzji Radzieckiej
383
Kontakty PRL
-
GSRR
387
Polonia gruzińska po
1991
r.
391
Podsumowanie
399
Summary
403
Bibliografia
409
Indeks osób
427
Indeks nazw geograficznych i miejscowych
441
Spis map i fotografii
449
Summary
Polacy w Gruzji
-
Poles in
Georgia
-
is the result of nearly twenty years of research
work. The book presents the sojourn of Poles in that Caucasian country as a dynamic
process, whose greatest intensification was marked by the influx of Polish exiles from
the end the 18 th century, as well as the
1
^-century emigration of persons interested
in pursuing their own professional careers in Georgian lands. Georgia then was the
hub of the Caucasus, therefore "Poles in Georgia" takes into consideration the broad
Caucasian context of the Polish presence in Georgia. The majority of Poles living in
Georgia also pursued their purposes among the neighboring Caucasian countries. The
departure of the majority of Poles to their reborn homeland in
1918,
concluded the
period of their greatest involvement in the development of Georgia and the Caucasus.
In the 20th century in Georgia there existed but a tiny Polish settlement that no longer
played a significant role in Georgian life. Here we need bear in mind that although
Poles were well able to accommodate themselves to Georgia's unique conditions and
achieved professional successes there, their sojourn in Georgia was largely a matter of
compulsion. But the political and economic reasons that forced Poles to go to Georgia
did not occasion a severing of their own national identity. Thus, during their
Georgian sojourn Poles endeavored to uphold faithfulness to their own religion and
customs. This is evidenced in their mass-scale return to Poland as soon as it became
possible.
This book is comprised of seven chapters, ones that differ in size and meaning.
The first chapter has an introductory character and presents basic information about
Georgia, her population, and natural conditions. It depicts die natural conditions of
the country where Poles made their homes, as well as Georgia's huge ethnic and
geographical diversity. The second chapter addresses the development of Georgian
statehood and the fight for its preservation
-
at first with Persia and Turkey, and then
with Russia. This portion of the book resulted from the conviction that the
knowledge of Polish readers about the history of Georgia is extremely modest. This
information was also needed in order to properly understand various aspects of the
Polish presence and activity in Georgian lands as described in subsequent chapters.
For example, without knowledge about the harsh, mountainous natural conditions of
this country, the reader might succumb to die stereotype of Georgia as a "warm
Siberia", as is prevalent in the literature on Polish exiles during tsarist times. Indeed,
the dearth of knowledge about Georgian history has oft'times led Poles to erroneous
conclusions. This particularly concerns the relations with Russia which Georgia and
Poland pursued in the 18th and 19th centuries, as the two countries' approaches to
those relations were based on completely different premises and yielded different
outcomes.
403
Summary
The four next chapters describe the most important elements shaping the life of
Poles in Georgia. Chapter three presents the image of Georgia in Old Poland and the
beginnings of Polish-Georgian contacts from the end of the 15 th century. This
includes a discussion of the work of Roman Catholic missionaries in Georgian
territory and dieir connection with Polish policy toward the region. Representatives
of this group were the pioneers of Caucasian research and the authors of the first
European reports about this country. This primarily concerns the works of Jesuit
missionaries who visited Georgian lands in the 17th century. They at first acted within
the so-called "Persian mission"
(1647-1720)
and then independently, all the way until
the orders removal from Russia in
1820.
The Mission established by Jesuits existed in
Caucasian Mozdok anomer seven years after the tsars decree. The influence of
missionaries in Transcaucasian lands increased after the
1686
establishment of a
Catholic mission in the town of Szemacha. It also embraced other Georgian regions
within its reach. Actively working in western Georgia
—
in Imeretia and Megrelia
-
were the Polish missionaries Fr. Jan Gostkowski, Fr.
Konrad Terpiłowski,
and
Fr.
Ignacy Franciszek Zapolski. King Jan III
Sobieski
supported this
efort,
as he sought
Georgian allies in the fight against Turkey. He named Fr. Jan Gostkowski his envoy
in
1691,
and assigned him the task of winning over the rulers of this part of Georgia
to such an alliance with Poland. Later Polish kings pursued similar efforts, including
August II, the founder of the mission in Gandza. The fruit of this sojourn of Polish
missionaries in Georgia was that of written reports on these areas, amongst which the
most extensive accounts are from Fr.
Tadeusz Jan Krusiński.
The fourth chapter describes the increasing influx of Poles to Georgia in the 19th
century. Here the activity of the group of Polish poets in the Caucasus is extensively
discussed. Also described is the little-known attempts of the Polish political
emigration to use the Caucasian war in their own fight for independence. Prince
Adam
Jerzy Czartoryski
directed these efforts. At the end of the chapter the
emergence of a permanent Polish colony in the country is discussed. Analysis of the
composition of the Polish group living in Georgia is based on statistical data and
memoirs of exiles. The publication of the first descriptions of Georgia in Poland at
the beginning of the 18th century played a significant role. Although the knowledge
included in them did not at once reach all Poles, it contributed to shaping an image
of this region. This was important, as several dozen years later large groups of Poles
arrived in the Caucasus. Poles conscripted into Russian units stationed in the north
Caucasus constituted the most numerous such group. At first they were garrisoned in
north-Caucasian posts and in Georgian regions that were being incorporated from
1801
into the Russian Empire. In Georgia a regional political center was created that
concentrated the headquarters of all the military authorities
-
and later of the civil
authorities, as well. Therefore almost all Poles who passed through the Caucasus
visited that city. The war in the Caucasus, taking place until
1864,
drew the attention
of independence-minded Polish milieux to this region. Those milieux sought to make
avail
ofthat war
in the Caucasus to support the Polish uprising then underway against
tsarist rule. This is why emissaries were sent to the Caucasus and, what's more, an
404
Summary
attempted military intervention was taken on the Black Sea coast, where the aim was
to create a Polish legion to fight against Russia.
For Poles living in Georgia the concern over maintaining the Roman Catholic
faith had important meaning. This matter is discussed in the fifth chapter of die
book, which begins with a presentation of the activity of military chaplains in units
of die Caucasian Corps. Next the institutional development of the Roman Catholic
Church is described in this area from the mid 19th century, including die creation of
official offices of the Roman Catholic Church in the Caucasus and Trans-Caucasus,
along with a parish network in Georgia. Attention is paid to the composition of the
group of Roman-Catholic clergymen and the efforts they undertook. A separate
section is devoted to the church of Saints Peter and Paul in Tbilisi, which Poles built
and which was therefore dubbed "the Polish church". Generally speaking, older
studies do not present the religious life of Poles in Georgia. At best this was done
fragmentarily, without emphasizing the meaning of this sphere of life for Poles in the
Caucasus. This failure had an ideological basis, resulting from the anti-Church
policies of Poland's communist authorities. This also limited access to source
materials. Indeed, portrayal of the religious life of Poles in Georgia is doubly
important. After all, for long years me Roman Catholic churches in Georgia were the
only public places where Poles could use Polish. Thus, they fulfilled not only religious
needs, but were also a place for cultivating national tradition. The work of clergymen
and their understanding of the needs of Poles had enormous meaning. Tbilisi in the
second half of the 19th century was home to the official offices of the Roman
Catholic Church in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. This means that religious
services for other Poles in the Caucasus depended on efforts undertaken in this city.
As the meaning of this sphere of life for Poles need be stressed, a separate chapter was
devoted to it. It presents the outcome of research on the institutional development of
the Roman Cadiolic Church in Georgian lands in the 19th century. It also addresses
the participation of Poles in religious life and the meaning this held for the Polish
colony. Careful note is taken here of the contacts between Roman-Catholic and local
Georgian and Armenian Catholics. Besides the literature on the subject, source
materials were drawn from state and Church archives. In the latter group the most
consequential was the archive of Saints Peter and Paul, which die author assembled
during research in Tbilisi in
1988.
The predominance of servicemen in die group of Poles present in Georgian lands
in the first half of the 19th century was weakened in the second half of diat century.
Although they still were the most numerous group, to an ever greater degree Polish
economic and social life came under the influence of Poles seeking professional
careers in state service or private activity in Georgian regions. The increase in die
professional activity of Poles living in Georgia in the second half of die 19th century
is discussed in the sixth chapter. First, the contribution of Polish engineers and
technicians to the expansion of the transportation infrastructure is described. Also of
important meaning was the work of private entrepreneurs and the employees of the
then arising industrial plants, along with the representatives of companies from Polish
405
Summary
lands operating in Georgia. Their presence had a different character than that of
servicemen, because they arrived with families or established them there. Hence their
concerns included new fields, ones that earlier had not interested Poles
-
for instance,
work to fulfill cultural needs and create the possibility of education for their children
in Polish. The creation of the church school described in this chapter was but one
result of die efforts of this group. Others include the association "Our Polish Home"
along with other Polish institutions and organizations. On account of their sheer
numbers, composition and activity, the group of Poles living in Tbilisi had the most
important meaning. However, Poles living in Batumi also undertook ambitious
efforts in related areas. This chapter therefore attempts to explain the meaning of
these efforts for the public and political mobilization of Poles at the beginning of the
20th century. This had paramount meaning for Poles living in Georgia, in that it
helped prepare Poles for the political transformations after
1917,
when the possibility
of creating a Polish political representation arose.
The conditions of the Poles' sojourn in Georgia after the collapse of the Russian
Empire changed fundamentally. This concerned both consequence of the change of
the country's political system, and the composition of the Polish group. By reason of
the demobilization of soldiers, that group's earlier predominance were missing, and
the size of the civilian population was also much reduced. After the departure of the
majority of Poles to their reborn homeland, but a small group of Poles remained in
Georgia. These were people who had family ties with Georgians, or who wished to
preserve their achievements (and that of their ancestors) in Georgia. The political
transformations not only led to a diminishing of the number of Poles in Georgia, but
also to a worsening of the living conditions for those who stayed. This difficult period
of die Poles' sojourn in Georgia in the 20th century is presented in the last, seventh
chapter. It emphasizes that the political transformations led to a marginalization of
the Polish group in Georgia. This period is still relatively poorly examined, and
studies allowing a description of the transformations taking place in it have been
emerging only in the last years. Therefore this chapter notes only the most important
elements influencing the Polish presence in
20љ-сепшгу
Georgia. In the interwar
period in Georgia a General Consulate of the Republic of Poland provided Poles with
care in Tbilisi. Its liquidation in
1937
was associated with the souring of Polish-Soviet
relations. This also affected the living conditions of Poles in Georgia, and indeed
commenced a period lasting over a half century of limited Polish-Georgian contacts.
During World War II Georgia was one of the important sites of the Polish
political organizations formed in the USSR. Communist activists quicldy gained
predominance in them. Political transformations after the Second World War
occasioned that the number of Georgian citizens citing Polish nationality in official
documents systematically diminished. Polish-Georgian cooperation in this period was
handled by the Georgian branch of the Society for Polish-Soviet Friendship. Only
after the collapse of the USSR did the Society
"Polonia"
arise in Tbilisi
(1995),
which
endeavored to gather together all persons who admitted to Polish ancestors and
wanted to cultivate the memory of their Polish origin. Polish-Georgian relations and
406
Summary
the history of Georgian
Polonia
were given new promise by the establishment of
diplomatic relations between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Georgia.
The political transformations following
1991
led to the rebuilding of Polish-Georgian
diplomatic relations. Moreover, organizations gathering descendants of Poles living in
Georgia arose. Because of political anxieties in Georgia this process was lengthy, and
only after
2003
did it gain in meaning. The political changes in Georgia after "die
Rose revolution" led to deeper Polish-Georgian relations. This was significandy
manifest during the difficult days of the Georgian-Russian conflict in Southern
Ossetia in
2008.
Poland actively supported the efforts of Georgia to end the fighting
and seek international mediation.
The source material collected while writing this book has allowed documentation
of the achievements of Poles in Georgia. On its basis we may state that their
contribution to the development of Georgia was quite important. Its greatest phase
was in the 19th century, and includes many fields of life, from the economy, where
Poles built roads and railway lines, to culture, learning, die medical care. In all of
these fields Poles were active in a foreign cultural environment. Although pursuing
their lives in a Russian-language sphere obligatory at work, they were able to establish
good relation with Georgians. This particularly concerned the contacts of
representatives of the Polish group of Caucasian poets, who strove to produce die first
translations of Georgian literary works into Polish. One important outcome of this
work, later enriched by geographers, biologists, and representatives of other sciences,
was that of more solid research in various fields of Georgian and Caucasian reality.
And diis brought that otherwise distant land closer to Poland and to Europe.
translated by Philip Steele |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Furier, Andrzej 1960- |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)437258885 (DE-599)BVBBV035745079 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| geographic | Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Georgien |
| id | DE-604.BV035745079 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-08T00:07:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374361958 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018605222 |
| oclc_num | 437258885 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| physical | 450 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Trio |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Furier, Andrzej 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1153801507 aut Polacy w Gruzji Andrzej Furier Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Trio 2009 450 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Polish people / Georgia (Republic) / History Geschichte Polish people Georgia (Republic) History Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd rswk-swf Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605222&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605222&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Furier, Andrzej 1960- Polacy w Gruzji Polish people / Georgia (Republic) / History Geschichte Polish people Georgia (Republic) History Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4022406-5 |
| title | Polacy w Gruzji |
| title_auth | Polacy w Gruzji |
| title_exact_search | Polacy w Gruzji |
| title_full | Polacy w Gruzji Andrzej Furier |
| title_fullStr | Polacy w Gruzji Andrzej Furier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polacy w Gruzji Andrzej Furier |
| title_short | Polacy w Gruzji |
| title_sort | polacy w gruzji |
| topic | Polish people / Georgia (Republic) / History Geschichte Polish people Georgia (Republic) History Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polish people / Georgia (Republic) / History Geschichte Polish people Georgia (Republic) History Polen Volk Georgien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605222&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018605222&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT furierandrzej polacywgruzji |