Old-growth forests: function, fate and value
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2009
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
207 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783540927051 9783540927068 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139921236033536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Old-growth forests
Autor: Wirth, Christian
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value - an Overview ........ 3
Christian Wirth, Gerd Gleixner, and Martin Heimann
1.1 Old-Growth Forest Perception ......................................... 3
1.2 Old-Growth Forest Services ........................................... 5
1.3 Aims and Scope ........................................................ 5
References .................................................................... 9
2 Old-Growth Forest Definitions: a Pragmatic View ..................... 11
Christian Wirth, Christian Messier, Yves Bergeron, Dorothea
Frank, and Anja Fankhanel
2.1 Introduction .......................................................... 11
2.2 Old-Growth Forest Definitions and their Limitations ............... 12
2.2.1 Structural Definitions......................................... 12
2.2.2 Successional Definitions ..................................... 15
2.2.3 Biogeochemical Definitions.................................. 18
2.3 Use of the Term Old-Growth - a Literature Survey.............. 19
2.4 Old-Growth and the Disturbance Spectrum ......................... 24
2.4.1 Temporal Scale............................................... 24
2.4.2 Spatial Scale.................................................. 27
2.5 Identifying Old-Growth - the Conservation Perspective ............ 27
2.6 Conclusions and Pragmatic Considerations.......................... 29
References.................................................................. 31
3 Old Trees and the Meaning of Old ..................................... 35
Fritz Hans Schweingruber and Christian Wirth
3.1 Introduction .......................................................... 35
3.2 Longevity of Conifers and Angiosperms ............................ 35
3.3 What Limits the Life Span of a Tree? ............................... 39
3.3.1 Programmed Cell Death...................................... 39
3.3.2 Whole Plant Longevity - Internal Versus
External Factors .............................................. 40
xii Contents
3.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................. 52
References .................................................................. 53
Part II Aboveground Processes
4 Ecophysiological Characteristics of Mature Trees and
Stands - Consequences for Old-Growth Forest Productivity .......... 57
Werner L. Kutsch, Christian Wirth, Jens Kattge, Stefanie Nollert,
Matthias Herbst, and Ludger Kappen
4.1 Introduction .......................................................... 57
4.2 Increased Respiratory Demand ...................................... 57
4.3 Limitations of Photosynthesis........................................ 58
4.3.1 Hydraulic Limitation ......................................... 58
4.3.2 Reduced Sink Strength ....................................... 62
4.4 Stand-Level Controls................................................. 63
4.5 Community and Ecosystem Constraints on
Age/Size-Productivity Relationships ................................ 65
4.5.1 Light, Water and Nutrient Availability ...................... 67
4.5.2 Shifts in Ecophysiological Traits with Changes
in Community Composition.................................. 67
4.5.3 Imperfect Acclimatisation of Late-Successional
to Full Sunlight: A Case Study on European Beech
(Fagus sylvatica) ............................................. 72
4.6 Conclusions........................................................... 75
References .................................................................. 76
5 The Imprint of Species Turnover on Old-Growth Forest Carbon
Balances - Insights From a Trait-Based Model of Forest Dynamics .. 81
Christian Wirth and Jeremy W. Lichstein
5.1 Introduction .......................................................... 81
5.2 A Trait-Based Model of Forest Carbon Dynamics .................. 83
5.2.1 Successional Guilds .......................................... 83
5.2.2 Model Structure .............................................. 84
5.2.3 InputData .................................................... 87
5.2.4 ModelSetup .................................................. 89
5.3 The Spectrum of Traits............................................... 89
5.4 Model Performance and Lessons from the Equilibrium
Behaviour............................................................. 91
5.5 The Spectrum of Carbon Trajectories
in North American Forests ........................................... 94
5.6 Determinants of Old-Growth Carbon Stock Changes ............... 96
5.7 Discussion ............................................................ 99
5.7.1 Limitations of Our Approach ................................ 99
5.7.2 Comparison with Independent Data ......................... 99
5.7.3 Why so Few Declines?...................................... 106
Contents
5.8 Conclusion........................................................... 109
References................................................................. 110
Functional Relationships Between
Old-Growth Forest Canopies, Understorey
Light and Vegetation Dynamics ........................................ 115
Christian Messier, Juan Posada, Isabelle Aubin, and Marilou Beaudet
6.1 Introduction ......................................................... 115
6.2 Structural and Compositional Features of Old-Growth............. 115
6.3 Understorey Light Environments and Dynamics ................... 117
6.4 Consequences for Understorey Vegetation
Composition and Dynamics......................................... 125
6.4.1 Traits of the Understorey Vegetation ....................... 126
6.5 Acclimatisation of Plant Form and Function
to Low Light Availability ........................................... 126
6.6 Resource Allocation and Shade Tolerance ......................... 129
6.6.1 Comparison among Biomes and Forest Types ............. 131
6.7 Conclusions.......................................................... 133
References................................................................. 134
Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange
of Old-Growth Forests: Processes and Pattern ....................... 141
Alexander Knohl, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, and Christian Wirth
7.1 Introduction ......................................................... 141
7.2 Characteristics of Old-Growth Forests Relevant
for Biosphere—Atmosphere Exchange .............................. 142
7.3 Exchange of Carbon Dioxide ....................................... 143
7.4 Exchange of Water and Energy ..................................... 149
7.5 Effect of Diffuse Light .............................................. 151
7.6 Conclusions.......................................................... 153
References................................................................. 154
Woody Detritus Mass and its Contribution to Carbon
Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests: the Temporal Context ........... 159
Mark E. Harmon
8.1 Introduction ......................................................... 159
8.2 Underlying Processes ............................................... 160
8.2.1 Disturbance.................................................. 160
8.2.2 Forest Re-Establishment .................................... 161
8.2.3 Mortality..................................................... 162
8.2.4 Decomposition .............................................. 164
8.2.5 CWD Amounts in Old-Growth Forests ..................... 169
8.3 Theoretical Trends .................................................. 169
8.4 Comparison of Theoretical and Observed
Temporal Trends .................................................... 178
xiv Contents
8.4.1 Studies Matching the Classic Model........................ 178
8.4.2 Studies Not Matching the Classic Model ................... 180
8.5 Effect of Management .............................................. 182
8.6 Consequences for Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance................. 183
8.7 Reducing Observational Uncertainties.............................. 185
8.8 Conclusions.......................................................... 186
References ................................................................. 187
Part HI Belowground Processes
9 Aboveground and Belowground Consequences of Long-Term
Forest Retrogression in the Timeframe of Millennia and Beyond ... 193
David A. Wardle
9.1 Introduction ......................................................... 193
9.2 Lake Islands in Northern Sweden .................................. 195
9.3 Retrogressive Successions Elsewhere in the World ................ 200
9.4 Conclusions.......................................................... 205
References ................................................................. 206
10 Rooting Patterns of Old-Growth Forests: is Aboveground
Structural and Functional Diversity Mirrored Belowground? ..... 211
Jiirgen Bauhus
10.1 Introduction ....................................................... 211
10.2 What Comprises Belowground Structural Diversity?............ 212
10.3 Root Gaps and Horizontal Variation in Rooting
Density in Old-Growth Forests................................... 213
10.4 Pit-and-Mound Topography in Old-Growth Forest .............. 219
10.5 Old-Growth Structures Harbouring Roots ....................... 220
10.6 Influence of Stand Age on Diversity of Functional Root
Types, Mycorrhizae, and the Vertical Patterning of
Root Systems ..................................................... 222
10.7 Conclusions ....................................................... 225
References ................................................................. 225
11 Soil Carbon Accumulation
in Old-Growth Forests ................................................. 231
Gerd Gleixner, Cindy Tefs, Albrecht Jordan,
Matthias Hammer, Christian Wirth, Angela Nueske,
Alexander Telz, Uwe E. Schmidt and Stephan Glatzel
11.1 Introduction....................................................... 231
11.2 Development of Soil Carbon Stocks in Ecosystems ............. 231
11.3 Soil Carbon Storage in Old-Growth Forests ..................... 234
11.3.1 Effects of Quantity and Quality of Input Material ..... 234
11.3.2 Effects of Organic Matter Decomposition and Soil
Respiration .............................................. 237
Contents xv
11.3.3 Drainage of Dissolved Carbon from Forest Ecosystems 239
11.3.4 Soil Carbon Stock Changes ............................. 240
11.4 Case Study of Soil Carbon Sequestration
in a 250-Year-Old Beech Forest ................................. 250
11.4.1 Site Description and Experimental Setup............... 250
11.4.2 Historical Carbon Export................................ 251
11.4.3 Soil Respiration in Hainich NP ......................... 254
11.4.4 Carbon Export to the Liquid Phase ..................... 254
11.4.5 Development of Carbon Stocks ......................... 255
11.5 Discussion of Carbon Stock Changes ............................. 258
11.6 Conclusions ........................................................ 260
References................................................................. 261
12 Is There a Theoretical Limit to Soil Carbon Storage
in Old-Growth Forests? A Model Analysis
with Contrasting Approaches ......................................... 267
Markus Reichstein, Goran I. Agren, and Sebastien Fontaine
12.1 Introduction ....................................................... 267
12.2 Observations of Old-Growth Forest Carbon Balance ............ 268
12.3 Is There a Theoretical Limit to Soil Carbon Storage? ........... 269
12.3.1 Classical Carbon Pool Models .......................... 269
12.3.2 Alternative Model Concepts of Soil Carbon Dynamics 270
12.3.3 Complicating Factors not Considered .................. 274
12.4 Perspectives for a New Generation of Models ................... 275
12.4.1 Models Connecting the Decay Rate of Soil Carbon
to the Size, Activity and Functional Diversity
of Microbe Populations ................................. 276
12.4.2 Determining the Mechanisms Stabilising
Recalcitrant Soil Carbon ................................ 277
12.5 Conclusions ....................................................... 278
References ............................................................... 279
Part IV Biomes
13 Old-Growth Forests in the Canadian Boreal: the Exception
Rather than the Rule? ................................................. 285
Yves Bergeron and Karen A. Harper
13.1 Introduction....................................................... 285
13.2 Abundance of Old-Growth Forests............................... 286
13.3 Characteristics of Old-Growth Boreal Forests ................... 288
13.3.1 Old-Growth Black Spruce Boreal Forest ............... 289
13.3.2 Old-Growth Mixedwood Boreal Forest................. 292
13.3.3 Characterisation of Old-Growth Boreal Forests ........ 294
13.4 Implications for Forest Management............................. 296
tvi Contents
13.5 Conclusions ....................................................... 297
References ............................................................... 298
14 Biomass Chronosequences of United States Forests:
Implications for Carbon Storage and Forest Management ......... 301
Jeremy W. Lichstein, Christian Wirth, Henry S. Horn,
and Stephen W. Pacala
14.1 Forest Management and Carbon Sequestration .................. 301
14.2 Mechanisms of Biomass Decline................................. 302
14.2.1 Transition from Even- to Uneven-Aged
Stand Structure .......................................... 302
14.2.2 Large Mortality Events.................................. 303
14.2.3 Successional Changes in Growth Conditions........... 304
14.2.4 Species Effects on Forest Stature ....................... 305
14.3 Aboveground Biomass Chronosequences for US Forests ....... 305
14.3.1 Methods ................................................. 306
14.3.2 Results ................................................... 312
14.4 Discussion ........................................................ 328
14.4.1 Late-Successional AGB Trajectories ................... 328
14.4.2 Summary and Validity of Results....................... 333
14.4.3 Implications ............................................. 334
References ............................................................... 336
15 Temperate and Boreal Old-Growth Forests: How do
Their Growth Dynamics and Biodiversity Differ
from Young Stands and Managed Forests? .......................... 343
Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Dominik Hessenmoeller, Alexander Knohl,
Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Annett Boemer, and John Grace
15.1 Introduction....................................................... 343
15.2 Global Distribution of Temperate and Boreal Forests ........... 345
15.3 Productivity of Temperate and Boreal Forests................... 346
15.4 Disturbance and Forest Succession at the Regional Scale....... 355
15.5 Effects of Management........................................... 358
15.6 Forest Management and Forest Protection in Europe............ 360
15.7 Conclusions ....................................................... 363
References ............................................................... 364
16 Old-Growth Temperate Rainforests of South America:
Conservation, Plant-Animal Interactions, and Baseline
Biogeochemical Processes.............................................. 367
Juan J. Armesto, Cecilia Smith-Ramirez, Martin R. Carmona,
Juan L. Celis-Diez, Ivan A. Diaz, Aurora Gaxiola,
Alvaro G. Gutierrez, Mariela C. Nunez-Avila, Cecilia A. Perez,
and Ricardo Rozzi
Contents xvii
16.1 Introduction ....................................................... 367
16.2 Conservation Status, Values and Threats ........................ 369
16.2.1 Main Threats ............................................ 370
16.2.2 Values ................................................... 373
16.2.3 Conservation Prospects ................................. 375
16.3 Plant-Animal Interactions ........................................ 377
16.4 Biogeochemistry.................................................. 380
16.4.1 Relevant Features of the Nitrogen Cycle in Unpolluted
South American Forests ................................. 381
16.4.2 Human Impact on Biogeochemistry
of Southern Forests...................................... 383
16.5 Conclusions ....................................................... 384
References ............................................................... 385
17 Tropical Rain Forests as Old-Growth Forests ....................... 391
John Grace and Patrick Meir
17.1 Introduction....................................................... 391
17.2 Structure .......................................................... 392
17.3 Physiological Attributes .......................................... 395
17.4 Are Rain Forests Carbon Sinks? ................................. 397
17.5 Are There Recent Changes in Species Composition? ........... 399
17.6 How Will Rain Forests Behave in a Hotter and Drier Climate? . 399
17.7 TheFuture ........................................................ 402
17.7.1 A Pessimistic View of the Future ....................... 402
17.7.2 An Optimistic View of the Future ...................... 402
References ................................................................. 403
Part V Human Dimensions
18 Detecting Intact Forests from Space: Hot Spots of Loss,
Deforestation and the UNFCCC ...................................... 411
Frederic Achard, Hugh Eva, Danilo Mollicone, Peter Popatov,
Hans-Jiirgen Stibig, Svetlana Turubanova, and Alexey Yaroshenko
18.1 Introduction....................................................... 411
18.2 Monitoring of Forest Areas from the Global to the
Regional Scale using Satellite Imagery .......................... 411
18.3 Information on Global Forest Extent
and Deforestation Rates .......................................... 412
18.3.1 Distribution of Forest Areas at Global Scale ........... 412
18.3.2 Distribution of Intact Forests : from
Boreal Eurasia to the Global Scale ..................... 413
18.3.3 Hot Spots of Forest Loss ................................ 414
18.3.4 Estimates of Forest Conversion Rates in the Tropics .. 415
xviii Contents
18.3.5 Monitoring of Intact Forests in Northern
European Russia......................................... 417
18.3.6 Options for Future Monitoring.......................... 418
18.3.7 Processes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation __ 419
18.4 Tropical Forest Monitoring in the Context of the UNFCCC .... 421
18.4.1 Tropical Deforestation and Carbon Emissions ......... 421
18.4.2 Use of the Concept of Intact Forest in a Potential
Mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
in Developing Countries ................................ 422
18.5 Conclusions ....................................................... 424
References ............................................................... 425
19 Impacts of Land Use on Habitat Functions of Old-Growth
Forests and their Biodiversity ......................................... 429
Dorothea Frank, Manfred Finckh, and Christian Wirth
19.1 Introduction....................................................... 429
19.2 Old-Growth Forests - Habitat Function.......................... 430
19.2.1 Structure ................................................. 431
19.2.2 Stand Microclimate ..................................... 432
19.2.3 Spatiotemporal Stability................................. 432
19.3 Characteristic Human Impacts on Old-Growth Forests
in Different Biomes and their Impact on Habitat
Characteristics, Habitat Functions and Biodiversity ............. 434
19.3.1 Boreal Forests ........................................... 435
19.3.2 Temperate Forests ....................................... 437
19.3.3 Tropical Forests ........................................ 441
19.4 Conclusions ....................................................... 444
References ............................................................... 445
20 Old-Growth Forests in the Context of International
Environmental Agreements ........................................... 451
Annette Freibauer
20.1 Introduction....................................................... 451
20.2 Forests in UN Processes .......................................... 452
20.2.1 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ....... 452
20.2.2 Convention on Biological Diversity ................... 455
20.2.3 UN Forum on Forests (UNFF) .......................... 456
20.3 Consideration of Old-Growth Forests in UN Processes ......... 457
20.3.1 Old-Growth Forests and the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change......................... 457
20.3.2 Old-Growth Forests and the Convention
on Biological Diversity ................................. 458
20.3.3 Old-Growth Forests and the UN Forest Focus.......... 458
20.4 Potential Role of Old-Growth Forests in Future
International Environmental Agreements ........................ 459
Contents xix
20.5 Conclusions ....................................................... 460
References ............................................................... 460
Part VI Synthesis
21 Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate
and Value - a Synthesis................................................ 465
Christian Wirth
21.1 Challenges in Functional Old-Growth Forest Research ......... 465
21.2 Functional Consequences of Old-Growth Forest Structure:
the Spatial View .................................................. 467
21.2.1 TallStature .............................................. 467
21.2.2 The Imprint of Aboveground Structural Complexity .. 468
21.2.3 The Imprint of Belowground Structural Complexity ... 469
21.2.4 Habitat Structure ........................................ 470
21.3 Old-Growth Forests in the Context of Succession:
the Temporal View ............................................... 471
21.3.1 Long-Term Trends in Tree and Stand Productivity .... 472
21.3.2 Are Old-Growth Forests Carbon Neutral? .............. 474
21.3.3 Nutrient Dynamics ...................................... 477
21.3.4 Consequences of Successional Species Change ........ 479
21.3.5 Shapes of Responses .................................... 480
21.4 The Fate of Old-Growth Forests Worldwide..................... 482
21.4.1 Current Status of Old-Growth Forests .................. 482
21.4.2 Politics and the Future of Old-Growth Forests ......... 484
21.5 Research Needs ................................................... 485
21.5.1 Methods ................................................. 485
21.5.2 Knowledge Gaps ........................................ 486
21.6 Overall summary ................................................. 488
References ............................................................... 490
Abbreviations and Glossary.................................................. 493
Geographic Index ............................................................. 497
Subject Index .................................................................. 499
Taxonomic Index .............................................................. 509
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035713612 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:51:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540927051 9783540927068 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017990500 |
| oclc_num | 297148404 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1028 DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1028 DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | XXVI, 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological studies |
| series2 | Ecological studies |
| spelling | Old-growth forests function, fate and value Christian Wirth ... eds. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2009 XXVI, 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 207 Literaturangaben Urwald - Forstökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Old growth forest ecology Old growth forests Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd rswk-swf Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 s Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 s DE-604 Wirth, Christian edt Ecological studies 207 (DE-604)BV000004586 207 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017990500&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Old-growth forests function, fate and value Ecological studies Urwald - Forstökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Old growth forest ecology Old growth forests Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017951-5 (DE-588)4062191-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Old-growth forests function, fate and value |
| title_auth | Old-growth forests function, fate and value |
| title_exact_search | Old-growth forests function, fate and value |
| title_full | Old-growth forests function, fate and value Christian Wirth ... eds. |
| title_fullStr | Old-growth forests function, fate and value Christian Wirth ... eds. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Old-growth forests function, fate and value Christian Wirth ... eds. |
| title_short | Old-growth forests |
| title_sort | old growth forests function fate and value |
| title_sub | function, fate and value |
| topic | Urwald - Forstökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Old growth forest ecology Old growth forests Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Urwald (DE-588)4062191-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Urwald - Forstökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Old growth forest ecology Old growth forests Forstökologie Urwald Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017990500&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wirthchristian oldgrowthforestsfunctionfateandvalue |