The liability of the European Community for conduct in the context of international trade disputes:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2009
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 259 S. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: The liability of the European Community for conduct in the context of international trade disputes
Autor: Thies, Anne
Jahr: 2009
CONTENTS
List ofAbbreviations vi
Table of Cases viii
Table of Legislatori xix
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER1:
CASE HISTORY AND CONTEXT 10
A. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISPUTES SO FAR:
HORMONES AND BANANAS CASES BROUGHT BEFORE THE WTO 11
I. Hormones case 12
II. Bananas case 16
B. OVERVIEW ON EXISTING COMMUNITY JURISPRUDENCE 22
I. Background: case-law on thè effect of GATT/WTO law developed
in rulings on thè validity of EC measures 25
1. The Court s approach with regard to GATT 1947 26
2. The Court s approach with regard to thè 1994 WTO
Agreements 27
a. Review in thè light of primary WTO law 27
b. Implementation principle 30
e. Review in thè light of mixed agreements 31
d. Review in thè light of DSB rulings 32
II. Liability cases 35
1. Bananas case: Atìanta, Cordis et al. 35
2. Homiones case: Biret 36
a. Judgment of thè CFI 36
b. JudgmentoftheECJ 38
3. Bananas case revisited: Chiquita 39
4. Liability cases brought by retaliation victims : FIAMM et al. 40
C. COMMUNITY CONDUCT IN QUESTIONI / UNDER RB/IEW 42
D. SUMMARY 47
CHAPTER 2:
LIABILITY FOR UNLAWFUL CONDUCT: ROLE OF THE LEGAL
REMEDY AND CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT TO COMPENSATION
IN THE EC LEGAL ORDER 51
A. Background 53
B. Independence and complementarity of legal actions in the
Community legal order 55
C. Community liability for unlawful conduct 58
I. Wording of the Article and leeway for the Community Courts 58
II. Conditions for EC liability developed by the Community Courts 58
1. Sufficiently serious breach of law 59
2. Infringed law conferring rights on individuals 64
3. Damage 66
4. Causal Link 66
5. Summary 67
III. Compensation for breaches of international law.
current approach of the Community Courts 67
1. Breach of international law 68
a. Community obligations under international law 7
b. Community Courts and international law 7
c. Conclusion 74
2. Further conditions 74
a. Nature of the breach: sufficiently serious 7
aa. Discretion and its limits: (insufficient) competence
to breach international law 7
bb. Limits to discretion: through the Community
membership in international legal regimes 77
cc. Summary 79
b. Nature of the infringed rule: conferring rights 7
c. Damage and Causal Link 82
3. Summary 82
IV. Compensation for breaches of international law: suggested new
approach of the Community Courts
1. Need for full judicial protection
2. Different aim of action 8
3. Consistency with the principle of Member State liability ®
a. Relevance of the Francovlch decision
b. Relevance of the KObler decision .
c. Conclusion
4. Summary
V. Conclusion 92
D. COMMUNITY LIABILITY IN THE ABSENCE OF UNLAWFULNESS 92
E. Summary 95
CHAPTER 3:
LIABILITY DUE TO WTO LAW INFRINGEMENT 97
A. Unlawfulness of Community conduct in breach of WTO law 102
I. Breach of primary WTO law 103
1. Current reasoning of the Community Courts 104
2. Critical assessment 106
a. Breach of WTO law before the dispute is brought before
the DSB 109
b. Breach of WTO law already identified by the DSB 114
c. Breach of WTO law after expiry of grace period 119
d. Conclusion 126
II. Exceptional direct effect of WTO primary law: the implementation
principle 127
1. Implementation principle in the Bananas case 129
2. Implementation principle in the Hormones cases 132
3. Conclusion 133
III. Corollary breaGh of competence norm of the EC Treaty because
of the principle of consistent interpretation? 134
IV. Conclusion 136
B. Possibility of waiving the condition of direct effect in the
CONTEXT OF LIABILITY? 136
I. Relevance of the Portugal decision for legality review under
Article 288 (2) EC 139
II. Relevance of the Francovich and Kobler decisions for legality
review under Article 288 (2) EC 141
III. Conclusion 142
C. Sufficiently serious breach 142
D. ,,CONFERRAL OF RIGHTS : RIGHT HOLDERS OR BENEFICIARIES ? 144
CHAPTER 2:
LIABILITY FOR UNLAWFUL CONDUCT: ROLE OF THE LEGAL
REMEDY AND CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT TO COMPENSATION
IN THE EC LEGAL ORDER 51
CO
A. Background
B. Independence and complementarity of legal actions in the
Community legal order 55
C. Community liability for unlawful conduct 58
I, Wording of the Article and leeway for the Community Courts 58
II, Conditions for EC liability developed by the Community Courts 58
1. Sufficiently serious breach of law 59
2. Infringed law conferring rights on individuals 64
3. Damage 66
4. Causal Link 66
5. Summary 67
III, Compensation for breaches of international law:
current approach of the Community Courts 67
1. Breach of international law 68
a. Community obligations under international law 70
b. Community Courts and international law 71
c. Conclusion 7
2. Further conditions 74
a. Nature of the breach: sufficiently serious 7
aa. Discretion and its limits: (insufficient) competence
to breach international law 76
bb. Limits to discretion: through the Community
membership in international legal regimes 77
cc. Summary 79
b. Nature of the infringed rule: conferring rights 79
c. Damage and Causal Link 82
3. Summary 82
IV. Compensation for breaches of international law: suggested new
approach of the Community Courts 83
1. Need for full judicial protection 85
2. Different aim of action 86
3. Consistency with the principle of Member State liability 88
a. Relevance of the Francowc/j decision 88
b. Relevance of the KObler decision 89
c. Conclusion 9
4. Summary 9^
V. Conclusion 92
D. Community liability in the absence of unlawfulness 92
E. Summary 95
CHAPTER 3:
LIABILITY DUE TO WTO LAW INFRINGEMENT 97
A. Unlawfulness of Community conduct in breach of WTO law 102
I. Breach of primary WTO law 103
1. Current reasoning of the Community Courts 104
2. Critical assessment 106
a. Breach of WTO law before the dispute is brought before
theDSB 109
b. Breach of WTO law already identified by the DSB 114
c. Breach of WTO law after expiry of grace period 119
d. Conclusion 126
II. Exceptional direct effect of WTO primary law: the implementation
principle 127
1. Implementation principle in the Bananas case 129
2. Implementation principle in the Hormones cases 132
3. Conclusion 133
III. Corollary breach of competence norm of the EC Treaty because
of the principle of consistent interpretation? 134
IV. Conclusion 136
B. Possibility of waiving the condition of direct effect in the
CONTEXT OF LIABILITY? 136
I. Relevance of the Portugal decision for legality review under
Article 288 (2) EC 139
II. Relevance of the Francovich and Kobler decisions for legality
review under Article 288 (2) EC 141
ill. Conclusion 142
C. Sufficiently serious breach 142
D. ,,CONFERRAL OF RIGHTS : RIGHT HOLDERS OR BENEFICIARIES ? 144
150
E. Further Conditions
I. Damage
II. Causal Link
F. LIABILITY FOR WTO LAW INFRINGEMENTS WITHIN OTHER
WTO Member States ^
I. United States
II. Canada
III. Japan ™
IV. Conclusion
164
G. Summary
CHAPTER 4:
LIABILITY DUE TO A PURE EC LAW INFRINGEMENT 1bD
A. LIABILITY FOR BREACHES OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY
LAW
B. Effect of the Community conduct s international dimension
r
168
ON THE APPLICABILfTY OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW 167
I. Community Courts approach in FIAMM et al.
II. Community Courts approach in Intertanko
HI. Community Courts approach in Kadi et al.
IV. Evaluation 172
172
1. Prevailing international legal obligation
2. Vertical relationship between EC and traders
V. Conclusion 176
C. Effect of the Community conduct s international dimension
ON THE SCOPE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW 1
D. SCOPE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW INVOKED
BY RETALIATION VICTIMS 179
I. The right to property and the principle to pursuit of an economic
activity 181
II. The principle of legitimate expectations 183
HI. The right to non-discrimination 186
E. Summary 187
iv
CHAPTER 5:
LIABILITY IN ABSENCE OF (INVOKABLE) UNLAWFULNESS
OR NO-FAULT LIABILITY 190
a, existence of liability principle in absence of unlawfulness
under Community law 191
I. FIAMMet al.: Court of First Instance 193
II. FIAMM et al. on appeal: Advocate General Madura 195
III. FIAMMet al. on appeal: European Court of Justice 196
IV. Critical evaluation 197
B. Application of liability regime to situation of retaliation victims 202
I. Actual and certain damage 203
II. Unusual damage 204
1. Sectoral v market risk 205
2. Inherent v exogenous risk 206
3. Gravity of damage 208
4. Conclusion 208
III. Special damage 210
IV. Condition of damage not being justified by a general
economic interesf ? 211
C. The meaning of liability in absence of unlawfulness in the context
OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISPUTES 214
I. Community system of legal protection and judicial remedies 215
II. Effect of the principle on political scope for manoeuvre 216
III. Good governance and the use of discretionary powers 216
IV. Conclusion 218
D. Summary 219
CONCLUSION 221
SUMMARY IN GERMAN {DEUTSCHE ZLJSAMMENFASSUNG) 227
BIBLIOGRAPHY 239
CURRICULUM VITAE - ANNE THIES 259
|
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