Competition law of the European Community:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
The Hague [u.a.]
Kluwer Law International
2010
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| Ausgabe: | 5th ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLII, 1674 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789041128768 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION V ABOUT THE AUTHORS VII
INTRODUCTION XXXIX DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE FOURTH EDITION XXXIX 1.
INSTITUTIONS 1 §1.1. SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONS 1 §1.2. THE COMMISSION 1
(1) GENERAL 1 (2) ROLE OF THE COMMISSION 2 (3) ORGANIZATION OF THE
COMMISSION 3 (4) CONCLUSION ON THE COMMISSION 5 §1.3. THE COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS 6 §1.4. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 7 §1.5. THE ADVISORY
COMMITTEES 7 §1.6. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE 8 §1.7. THE COURT
OF FIRST INSTANCE 9 §1.8. THE COURT OF JUSTICE 9 §1.9. THE EUROPEAN
OMBUDSMAN 10 §1.10. THE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES OF THE MEMBER STATES 11
§1.11. NATIONAL COURTS 12 §1.12. TRANSPARENCY OF INFORMATION 13 2. BASIC
PRINCIPLES 15 INTRODUCTION 15 ARTICLE 81: AGREEMENTS AND OTHER CONCERTED
ACTIONS THAT ARE RESTRICTIVE OF COMPETITION 15 §2.1. INTRODUCTION 15
§2.2. TEXT OF THE ARTICLE 15 ARTICLE 81(1): THE PROHIBITION OF
AGREEMENTS AND OTHER CONCERTED ACTION 16 §2.3. CONDITIONS OF PROHIBITION
16 §2.4. THE MEANING OF AN 'UNDERTAKING' 17 (1) THE ENTITY MUST BE
ENGAGED IN AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 17 (2) THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE ENTITY
DOES NOT MATTER 19 §2.5. AGREEMENT OR CONCERTED ACTION: REQUIREMENT OF
MORE THAN ONE INDEPENDENT UNDERTAKING 21 (1) UNILATERAL ACTION EXCLUDED
21 X COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (2) EMPLOYEE
RELATIONSHIPS 22 (3) AGENCY RELATIONSHIP 22 (4) RELATED COMPANIES: THE
'ECONOMIC ENTITY' 22 (5) COMPANIES RELATED BY SUCCESSION 25 §2.6. FORMS
OF PROHIBITED CONDUCT 26 (1) AGREEMENT 27 (2) DECISIONS BY ASSOCIATIONS
OF UNDERTAKINGS 35 (3) CONCERTED PRACTICES 36 §2.7. STATE COMPULSION 47
(1) STATE MEASURES REQUIRING ANTI-COMPETITIVE CONDUCT 47 (2) STATE
MEASURES RESTRICTING COMPETITION 52 §2.8. RESTRICTION OF COMPETITION 53
(1) RESTRICTION BY OBJECT OR EFFECT 53 (2) APPRECIABLE RESTRICTION OF
COMPETITION 60 (3) NATURE OF COMPETITION WHICH MAY BE RESTRICTED 63 (4)
ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS FALLING OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 81(1) 65 (5)
DOES A RULE OF REASON APPLY TO ARTICLE 81(1)? 66 ARTICLE 81(2): THE
NULLITY SANCTION 69 ARTICLE 81(3): EXEMPTION FROM THE PROHIBITION 70
§2.9. INTRODUCTION 70 §2.10. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81(3) 70 (1) EXEMPTION ONLY APPLIES FOR AS LONG AS THE FOUR
RELEVANT CONDITIONS ARE FULFILLED 71 (2) HARDCORE RESTRICTIONS 71 (3)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 81(3) ANDARTICLE 82 72 §2.11. THE FOUR
SUBSTANTIVE CONDITIONS UNDER ARTICLE 81(3) 73 §2.12. EFFICIENCY GAINS:
THE CONTRIBUTION TO PRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION OR TO TECHNICAL OR
ECONOMIC PROGRESS (FIRST CONDITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(3)) 73 (1) THE
EFFICIENCIES MUST CREATE OBJECTIVE, COMPENSATORY BENEFITS 74 (2)
EVIDENTIARY BURDEN 75 (3) DIFFERENT FORMS OF EFFICIENCY GAINS 75 §2.13.
CONSUMER WELFARE: THE 'FAIR SHARE OF THE BENEFITS' CRITERION (SECOND
CONDITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(3)) 76 (1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLYING TO THE
PASSING ON OF EFFICIENCIES 77 (2) ASSESSMENT OF PASS-ON OF COST
EFFICIENCIES 78 (3) ASSESSMENT OF PASS-ON OF VALUE IN THE CASE OF NEW OR
IMPROVED PRODUCTS 80 §2.14. INDISPENSABILITY OF THE RESTRICTION TO
ACHIEVE PRO-COMPETITIVE EFFECTS (THIRD CONDITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(3)) 81
(1) INDISPENSABILITY OF THE AGREEMENT 81 (2) INDISPENSABILITY OF
INDIVIDUAL RESTRICTIONS 82 §2.15. PRESERVING EFFECTIVE COMPETITION: THE
'ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION' CONDITION (FOURTH CONDITION UNDER ARTICLE
81(3)) 83 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI (1) RESIDUAL COMPETITION ON THE MARKET 83
(2) ACTUAL MARKET CONDUCT 83 (3) PAST COMPETITIVE INTERACTION 84 (4)
DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS 84 (5) POTENTIAL COMPETITION AND ENTRY BARRIERS
84 §2.16. BLOCK EXEMPTIONS 84 EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 85
§2.17. INTRODUCTION 85 §2.18. THE CONCEPT OF 'TRADE' 87 §2.19.
ESTABLISHING AN EFFECT ON TRADE 87 (1) PATTERN OF TRADE TEST 87 (2)
STRUCTURAL TEST 90 §2.20. EFFECT ON TRADE MUST BE APPRECIABLE 91 (1)
GENERAL PRINCIPLE 91 (2) THE 'NAAT RULE 92 §2.21. APPLICATION OF THE
APPRECIABILITY TEST TO COMMON TYPES OF AGREEMENTS AND ABUSES 94 (1)
AGREEMENTS AND ABUSES COVERING OR IMPLEMENTED IN SEVERAL MEMBER STATES
94 (2) AGREEMENTS AND ABUSES COVERING A SINGLE MEMBER STATE OR ONLY PART
OF ONE MEMBER STATE 95 (3) AGREEMENTS AND ABUSES INVOLVING IMPORTS AND
EXPORTS WITH UNDERTAKINGS LOCATED IN THIRD COUNTRIES OR INVOLVING
UNDERTAKINGS LOCATED IN THIRD COUNTRIES 98 ARTICLE 82 AND THE CONCEPT OF
DOMINANCE 99 §2.22. SCOPE OF ARTICLE 82 99 §2.23. DEFINITION OF A
'DOMINANT POSITION' 101 §2.24. SUPER-DOMINANCE 103 §2.25. COLLECTIVE
DOMINANCE 104 (1) ECONOMIC LINKS OR CONNECTING FACTORS 106 (2) UNIFORM
OR COORDINATED CONDUCT 107 §2.26. RELEVANT CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING
DOMINANCE 108 (1) MARKET SHARE 108 (2) DEPENDENCE 112 (3) ADDITIONAL
STRUCTURAL FACTORS 113 (4) ADDITIONAL BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS 116 MARKET
DEFINITION 117 §2.27. INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF MARKET DEFINITION
117 §2.28. THE NOTICE ON MARKET DEFINITION 118 (1) RELEVANT PRODUCT
MARKET 120 (2) RELEVANT GEOGRAPHIC MARKET 125 §2.29. PROCESS OF DEFINING
THE RELEVANT MARKET 128 §2.30. APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC MARKETS 129 XII
COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (1) PURCHASING MARKETS 129 (2)
TECHNOLOGY MARKETS 130 (3) AFTERMARKETS 131 THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION
OF EC COMPETITION LAW 133 §2.31. OUTLINE OF THIS SECTION 133 §2.32.
EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF EC COMPETITION LAW 134 (1) INTRODUCTION
134 (2) THE ECONOMIC ENTITY DOCTRINE 135 (3) THE EFFECTS DOCTRINE 135
(4) THE IMPLEMENTATION DOCTRINE 138 (5) CONSIDERATIONS OF COMITY 139 (6)
CONCLUSION 140 §2.33. BILATERAL RELATIONS 140 (1) EU/US COOPERATION 141
(2) EU/CANADA COOPERATION 156 (3) EU/JAPAN COOPERATION 157 §2.34.
MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS 158 (1) INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION NETWORK 158
(2) ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 159 (3) UNITED
NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 160 (4) WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION 160 §2.35. THE WIDENING OF THEEU 161 (1) AGREEMENTS WITH
THE CANDIDATE COUNTRIES (TURKEY, CROATIA AND MACEDONIA) AND POTENTIAL
CANDIDATE COUNTRIES (ALBANIA, BOSNIA, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) 161 (2)
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA 162 3. VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 169 INTRODUCTION 169
AGENCY AGREEMENTS 171 §3.1. INTRODUCTION 171 §3.2. THE IMPORTANCE OF
RISK 172 (1) RISKS RELATED TO CONTRACTS CONCLUDED BY THE AGENT 172 (2)
RISKS RELATED TO MARKET-SPECIFIC INVESTMENTS 175 §3.3. LEVEL OF RISK 175
§3.4. WHERE THE AGENT HAS ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE THE AGENCY RELATIONSHIP 176
§3.5. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED ON GENUINE AGENTS 178 §3.6. COLLUSION THROUGH
AGENCY 179 SUBCONTRACTING AGREEMENTS 180 §3.7. INTRODUCTION 180 §3.8.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) TO EXCLUSIVITY PROVISIONS IN SUBCONTRACTING
AGREEMENTS 180 §3.9. THE SUBCONTRACTING NOTICE 181 TABLE OF CONTENTS
XIII §3.10. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81 OUTSIDE THE SUBCONTRACTING NOTICE
183 DEMINIMIS NOTICE 184 THE VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 185
§3.11. OVERVIEW 185 §3.12. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION . 186 (1) DEFINITION OF VERTICAL AGREEMENTS
186 (2) PARTIAL EXCLUSION: AGREEMENTS BETWEEN COMPETING UNDERTAKINGS . .
186 (3) PROVISIONS RELATED TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 188 (4) ASSOCIATIONS
OF RETAILERS 189 (5) RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS
190 §3.13. MARKET SHARE TEST 190 §3.14. HARDCORE RESTRICTIONS 192 (1)
RESALE PRICES (ARTICLE 4(A)) 193 (2) RESALE RESTRICTIONS ON THE BUYER
(ARTICLE 4(B)) 196 (3) RESTRICTIONS ON THE SUPPLIER (ARTICLE 4(E)) 204
§3.15. NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 205 (1) MAXIMUM DURATION 205 (2)
POST-TERM RESTRICTIONS 207 (3) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 207 §3.16.
WITHDRAWAL OF THE VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 208 (1) INDIVIDUAL
AGREEMENTS 208 (2) ENTIRE MARKET 209 PARALLEL TRADE AND TERRITORIAL
RESTRICTIONS 209 §3.17. INTRODUCTION 209 (1) INTRA-BRAND COMPETITION 210
(2) MARKET INTEGRATION 211 (3) PROTECTION OF THE PARALLEL TRADER 212
§3.18. FORMS OF TERRITORIAL RESTRICTION 213 (1) TREATMENT OF UNILATERAL
CONDUCT 214 (2) INTERACTION OF EC COMPETITION LAW WITH INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 216 §3.19. DIRECT EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 217 (1) WITHIN THE
COMMUNITY 217 (2) OUTSIDE THE COMMUNITY 219 §3.20. OTHER FORMS OF
RESTRICTIONS 225 (1) REFUSALS TO SUPPLY AND LIMITATION OF SUPPLY 225 (2)
REFERRAL POLICIES AND PASS-OVER PAYMENTS 226 (3) DIFFERENTIAL PRICING
227 (4) PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION 231 (5) WARRANTY AND AFTER-SALES SERVICE
232 (6) MONITORING SYSTEMS 234 (7) OTHER SCHEMES 235 XIV COMPETITION LAW
OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 235 §3.21. INTRODUCTION
235 §3.22. STRUCTURE OF ANALYSIS 237 §3.23. DE MINIMIS NOTICE 237 §3.24.
VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 238 §3.25. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENTS 238 (1) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) 238 (2) THE
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) 243 §3.26. EXCLUSIVE CUSTOMER ALLOCATION
AGREEMENTS 245 (1) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) 245 (2) THE
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) 246 §3.27. EXCLUSIVE SUPPLY AGREEMENTS 247
(1) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) 248 (2) THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
81(3) 250 SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 251 §3.28. INTRODUCTION 251 §3.29.
STRUCTURE OF ANALYSIS 252 §3.30. DE MINIMIS NOTICE 252 §3.31. THE
VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 252 §3.32. THE APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81(1) - THE CASE LAW 253 (1) THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCT 254 (2)
QUALITATIVE AND PROPORTIONATE CRITERIA 256 (3) QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA 259
(4) NON-DISCRIMINATION - ADMISSION PROCEDURE 260 (5) THE SELECTIVE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM MUST ENHANCE COMPETITION 262 (6) THE STRUCTURE OF
THE MARKET: CUMULATIVE EFFECT 262 §3.33. THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
81(3) 263 (1) INDIVIDUAL EFFECT 263 (2) CUMULATIVE EFFECT 264 (3)
FORECLOSURE OF COMPETITION 266 (4) EXCLUSIVITY AND TERRITORIAL
RESTRICTIONS 266 FRANCHISING 267 §3.34. INTRODUCTION 267 §3.35.
STRUCTURE OF ANALYSIS 268 §3.36. COMBINATION OF FRANCHISING WITH
SPECIFIC FORMS OF DISTRIBUTION 268 (1) SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 268 (2)
EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION 269 §3.37. DE MINIMIS NOTICE 269 §3.38. THE
VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 270 §3.39. CASE LAW AND
ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE CONCERNING FRANCHISE AGREEMENTS . 271 (1)
PRONUPTIA 271 (2) ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE OF THE COMMISSION 272 §3.40.
TYPES OF RESTRICTIONS IN FRANCHISING AGREEMENTS 272 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
(1) RESTRICTIONS NECESSARY TO PROTECT THE FRANCHISOR'S KNOW-HOW 272 (2)
RESTRICTIONS PROTECTING THE IDENTITY AND REPUTATION OF THE FRANCHISE 273
(3) LOCATION CLAUSES AND INTRA-FRANCHISE MARKET SHARING 277 §3.41.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) TO FRANCHISING AGREEMENTS 278 NON-COMPETE
OBLIGATIONS, QUANTITY FORCING AND TYING 280 §3.42. INTRODUCTION 280 (1)
NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 280 (2) QUANTITY FORCING 282 (3) TYING 282
§3.43. STRUCTURE OF ANALYSIS 284 §3.44. DE MINIMIS NOTICE 284 §3.45. THE
VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 284 §3.46. ANALYSIS OF NON-COMPETE
OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 285 (1) OVERVIEW 285 (2) ESTABLISHING
THE EXISTENCE OF MARKET-WIDE FORECLOSURE EFFECTS. 287 (3) INDIVIDUAL
CONTRIBUTION TO FORECLOSURE EFFECTS 292 (4) INDIVIDUAL AGREEMENTS IN A
NETWORK 293 (5) OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 294
(6) USE OF PREMISES OR EQUIPMENT OWNED BY THE SUPPLIER 294 (7) THE
PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES OF MEASURING FORECLOSURE EFFECTS 296 §3.47.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) TO TYING OBLIGATIONS 296 §3.48. APPLICATION
OF ARTICLE 81(3) TO NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 297 (1) NON-COMPETE
OBLIGATIONS DESIGNED TO PREVENT HOLD-UP PROBLEMS RELATING TO INVESTMENTS
MADE BY THE SUPPLIER 298 (2) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS DESIGNED TO PREVENT
HOLD-UP PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF KNOW-HOW BY THE SUPPLIER .
. 300 (3) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS DESIGNED TO PREVENT FREE RIDING 300
(4) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS DESIGNED TO CORRECT CAPITAL MARKET
IMPERFECTIONS 301 (5) USE OF NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS TO OBTAIN OTHER
LOGISTICAL EFFICIENCIES 302 (6) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS COMBINED WITH
EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION . . 303 (7) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS COMBINED WITH
SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION. . 303 (8) USE OF NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS IN
INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY AGREEMENTS. . 303 §3.49. SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO
TYING 304 THE MOTOR VEHICLE BLOCK EXEMPTION 305 §3.50. INTRODUCTION 305
§3.51. APPLICABILITY OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE BLOCK EXEMPTION 306 (1)
VERTICAL AGREEMENTS IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE SECTOR 306 (2) MARKET SHARE
THRESHOLD 307 (3) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 308 (4) AGREEMENTS
BETWEEN COMPETITORS 309 XVI COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
(5) AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BY ASSOCIATIONS 309 §3.52. STRUCTURE OF THE
MOTOR VEHICLE BLOCK EXEMPTION 309 §3.53. DE MINIMIS EXCEPTION 310 §3.54.
CHOICE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 311 (1) EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION 311 (2)
SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION 312 (3) CO-EXISTENCE OF EXCLUSIVE AND SELECTIVE
DISTRIBUTION 315 §3.55. NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 316 (1) THE DEFINITION
OF A NON-COMPETE OBLIGATION 317 (2) INDIRECT RESTRICTIONS 318 (3) REPAIR
ACTIVITIES 319 (4) POST TERM NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS 320 (5) LEASING
ACTIVITIES 320 §3.56. SALES AND PURCHASE TARGETS (INCLUDING BONUSES) 320
§3.57. RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 322 §3.58. MARKET INTEGRATION 323 (1)
CORRESPONDING MOTOR VEHICLES 324 (2) OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE REPAIR AND
WARRANTY WORK 325 (3) SALES TO INTERMEDIARIES 326 §3.59. SERVICING AND
REPAIRS WITHIN A VEHICLE MANUFACTURER'S NETWORK 327 (1) BREAKING THE
SALES-SERVICE LINK 327 (2) AUTHORIZED AFTER-SALES NETWORK 327 (3)
SUBCONTRACTING OF SERVICE OBLIGATIONS 328 §3.60. THE SUPPLY OF SPARE
PARTS 329 (1) PURCHASE RESTRICTIONS 329 (2) RIGHTS OF MANUFACTURERS OF
ORIGINAL SPARE PARTS 330 (3) SPARE PARTS RESELLERS 331 §3.61.
INDEPENDENT REPAIRERS 331 (1) TECHNICAL INFORMATION 331 (2) SUPPLY OF
SPARE PARTS TO INDEPENDENT REPAIRERS 333 (3) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 333
§3.62. GENERAL CONDITIONS ON CONTRACTUAL PROTECTION 334 (1) RIGHT OF
ASSIGNMENT 334 (2) DURATION AND TERMINATION OF AGREEMENTS 335 (3)
DISPUTE RESOLUTION 336 §3.63. WITHDRAWAL OF THE BENEFIT OF THE EXEMPTION
336 §3.64. EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE BLOCK EXEMPTION
- MAJOR CHANGES EXPECTED IN 2010 338 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII 4.
HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS: CARTELS 341 INTRODUCTION 341 APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81(1) TO CARTELS 342 RESTRICTION OF COMPETITION THROUGH CARTELS
344 §4.1. PRICING PRACTICES 344 (1) PRICE-FIXING AGREEMENTS 345 (2)
PRICE DISCRIMINATION 359 (3) ANCILLARY AGREEMENTS 361 (4) PARALLEL
PRICING BEHAVIOUR 364 (5) CARTELS AND ARTICLE 82 364 §4.2.
MARKET-SHARING AGREEMENTS 365 (1) GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET-SHARING 366 (2)
LIMITATION OF PRODUCTION OR SOURCES OF SUPPLY 372 (3) LIMITATION OR
CONTROL OF INVESTMENT 374 (4) ALLOCATION OF CUSTOMERS AND/OR PRODUCTS
374 (5) PRODUCT AND GEOGRAPHIC MARKET SHARING COMBINED 377 (6) BID
RIGGING 377 §4.3. COLLECTIVE BOYCOTTS 378 §4.4. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
380 (1) APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) 380 (2) MARKET STRUCTURE 382 (3)
NATURE OF THE INFORMATION EXCHANGED 383 (4) EXCHANGE OF PRICE
INFORMATION 387 (5) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON PRODUCTION AND SALES 387
(6) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON COSTS, INVESTMENTS AND CAPACITIES . .
388 (7) EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON OR BETWEEN DISTRIBUTORS 389 (8)
INFORMATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CONCERNING THE
IDENTITY AND SOLVENCY OF THEIR CUSTOMERS 389 (9) BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS
ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES 390 (10) UK AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR REGISTRATION
EXCHANGE 391 §4.5. TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, TRADE FAIRS AND EXHIBITIONS,
EXCHANGES AND AUCTIONS . 392 (1) TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 392 (2) TRADE FAIRS
AND EXHIBITIONS 400 (3) EXCHANGES 403 (4) AUCTIONS 404 STATE COMPULSION
AS A DEFENCE FOR CARTEL ACTIVITY 405 EXEMPTION OF CARTELS IN CRISIS
SITUATIONS 406 §4.6. INTRODUCTION 406 §4.7. ASSESSMENT OF CRISIS CARTELS
408 (1) SECTORAL RESTRUCTURING AGREEMENTS 409 (2) BILATERAL
RESTRUCTURING AGREEMENTS 412 XVIII COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 5. HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS: JOINT VENTURES AND OTHER COOPERATION
AGREEMENTS 417 INTRODUCTION 417 §5.1. OVERVIEW 417 DEFINITION OF
HORIZONTAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS AND THE SCOPE OFTHIS CHAPTER 418 §5.2.
SCOPE OF THE HORIZONTAL GUIDELINES 418 §5.3. DEFINITION OF 'HORIZONTAL'
COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 419 §5.4. THE STANDARD OF LEGALITY: ARTICLE 81 OR
THE MERGER REGULATION 419 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
81 AND THE HORIZONTAL GUIDELINES TO JOINT VENTURES AND OTHER HORIZONTAL
COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 420 §5.5. OVERVIEW 420 §5.6. APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 81 (1) TO JOINT VENTURES AND OTHER HORIZONTAL COOPERATION
AGREEMENTS 421 (1) APPRECIABLE RESTRICTION OF COMPETITION 421 (2) LIKELY
TO AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES 431 §5.7. EXEMPTION:
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) TO HORIZONTAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS 432
(1) ECONOMIC BENEFITS 432 (2) FAIR SHARE FOR CONSUMERS 434 (3)
INDISPENSABILITY 434 (4) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 436 INTRODUCTION
TO THE REMAINDER OF THIS CHAPTER 436 §5.8. SCOPE 436 §5.9. LOCATING THE
APPLICABLE SECTION OF THIS CHAPTER 437 §5.10. CENTRE OF GRAVITY TEST 437
§5.11. RULES APPLICABLE TO STRATEGIC ALLIANCES 438 RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS 438 §5.12. INTRODUCTION 438 §5.13. ARTICLE 81(1)
439 (1) AGREEMENTS THAT GENERALLY DO NOT CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR
DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 440 (2) AGREEMENTS THAT
ALMOST ALWAYS CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF COMPETITION
UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 442 (3) FACTORS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER R&D
AGREEMENTS CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER
ARTICLE 81(1) 442 (4) CONCLUSION 445 §5.14. R&D AGREEMENTS BLOCK
EXEMPTION 445 (1) PREREQUISITES FOR THE GRANT OF THE EXEMPTION 445 (2)
THRESHOLD CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION 446 (3) MARKET SHARE THRESHOLD AND
DURATION OF EXEMPTION 449 (4) HARDCORE RESTRICTIONS 451 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIX (5) SCOPE OF THE EXEMPTION - ANCILLARY RESTRICTIONS COVERED
455 (6) WITHDRAWAL OF THE EXEMPTION 455 §5.15. ARTICLE 81(3) 456 (1)
CREATION OF BENEFITS THAT ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS 456 (2)
INDISPENSABILITY 457 (3) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 457 (4) TIME OF
THE ASSESSMENT AND DURATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION. 458 JOINT
PRODUCTION/SPECIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 459 §5.16. INTRODUCTION 459 §5.17.
APPLICABLE RULES FOR SUBCONTRACTING AGREEMENTS 459 §5.18. ARTICLE 81(1)
460 (1) AGREEMENTS THAT GENERALLY DO NOT CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR
DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 461 (2) AGREEMENTS THAT
ALMOST ALWAYS CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF COMPETITION
UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 463 (3) FACTORS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER JOINT
PRODUCTION AGREEMENTS CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF
COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 463 (4) CONCLUSION 466 §5.19.
SPECIALISATION AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 466 (1) PREREQUISITES FOR THE
GRANT OF THE EXEMPTION 466 (2) MARKET SHARE THRESHOLD AND DURATION OF
EXEMPTION 468 (3) HARDCORE RESTRICTIONS 468 (4) SCOPE OF THE EXEMPTION -
ANCILLARY RESTRICTIONS COVERED 469 (5) WITHDRAWAL OF THE EXEMPTION 470
§5.20. ARTICLE 81(3) 470 (1) CREATION OF BENEFITS THAT ARE PASSED ON TO
CONSUMERS 470 (2) INDISPENSABILITY 471 (3) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION
472 PURCHASING AGREEMENTS 472 §5.21. INTRODUCTION 472 (1) DEFINITION AND
SCOPE 472 (2) RELEVANT MARKETS 473 §5.22. ARTICLE 81(1) 473 (1)
ASSESSMENT UNDER THE HORIZONTAL GUIDELINES 473 (2) ASSESSMENT UNDER THE
DE MINIMIS NOTICE 479 §5.23. ARTICLE 81(3) 479 (1) CREATION OF BENEFITS
THAT ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS 479 (2) INDISPENSABILITY 480 (3) NO
ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 481 COMMERCIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 482 §5.24.
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 482 XX COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
(1) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HORIZONTAL GUIDELINES AND THE VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION AND VERTICAL GUIDELINES. . 483 (2) 'CENTRE
OF GRAVITY' TEST 483 (3) RELEVANT MARKETS TO BE ASSESSED 484 §5.25.
ARTICLE 81(1) 484 (1) ASSESSMENT UNDER THE HORIZONTAL GUIDELINES 484 (2)
ASSESSMENT UNDER THE DE MINIMIS NOTICE 489 §5.26. ARTICLE 81(3) 489 (1)
CREATION OF BENEFITS THAT ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS 490 (2)
INDISPENSABILITY 491 (3) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 491 §5.27.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF COMMERCIALIZATION AGREEMENTS 491 (1) AGREEMENTS
INVOLVING THE APPOINTMENT OF COMPETITORS AS DISTRIBUTORS 492 (2)
AGREEMENTS INVOLVING THE CREATION OF A JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
WITHOUT INVOLVING THE JOINT FIXING OF PRICES 493 (3) AGREEMENTS
INVOLVING THE JOINT FIXING OF PRICES 495 (4) JOINT TENDERING 497 (5)
AGREEMENTS INVOLVING COMMON BRANDING AND/OR JOINT ADVERTISING. 498
STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS 499 §5.28. INTRODUCTION 499 (1) DEFINITION
499 (2) RELEVANT MARKETS 501 §5.29. ARTICLE 81(1) 501 (1) AGREEMENTS
THAT GENERALLY DO NOT CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF
COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 501 (2) AGREEMENTS THAT ALMOST ALWAYS
CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE
81(1) 503 (3) AGREEMENTS THAT MAY CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION
OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 504 §5.30. ARTICLE 81(3) 506 (1)
CREATION OF BENEFITS THAT ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS 506 (2)
INDISPENSABILITY 508 (3) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 509 ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS 510 §5.31. INTRODUCTION 510 (1) DEFINITION 510 (2) RELEVANT
MARKETS 511 §5.32. ARTICLE 81(1) 512 (1) AGREEMENTS THAT GENERALLY DO
NOT CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE
81(1) 512 (2) AGREEMENTS THAT ALMOST ALWAYS CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR
DISTORTION OF COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 517 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
(3) AGREEMENTS THAT MAY CONSTITUTE A RESTRICTION OR DISTORTION OF
COMPETITION UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 519 §5.33. ARTICLE 81(3) 521 (1)
CREATION OF BENEFITS THAT ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS 521 (2)
INDISPENSABILITY 522 (3) NO ELIMINATION OF COMPETITION 523 6.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 525 INTRODUCTION 525 RESTRICTIONS ON ENFORCEMENT
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 527 §6.1. INTRODUCTION 527 §6.2.
ARTICLES 81 AND 82 AS A DEFENCE AGAINST THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 527 §6.3. THE EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE 530 §6.4. TRADE
WITHIN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA 531 (1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 531 (2)
COPYRIGHT: MECHANICAL RIGHTS 532 (3) COPYRIGHT: PERFORMING RIGHTS 533
(4) COPYRIGHT: RENTAL RIGHTS 534 (5) COPYRIGHT: SUPPLEMENTARY ROYALTIES
535 (6) COPYRIGHT: COMPUTER PROGRAMMES 535 (7) TRADE MARKS: EXHAUSTION
AND THE TRADE MARK DIRECTIVE 536 (8) TRADE MARKS: REPACKAGING AND
PARALLEL TRADE OF TRADE MARKED GOODS 538 (9) TRADE MARKS: REMOVING
LABELS FROM TRADE MARKED GOODS 541 (10) TRADE MARKS: THE 'COMMON
OWNERSHIP' DOCTRINE AND ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS 543 (11) PATENTS:
EXHAUSTION BY LICENCE 545 (12) PATENTS: EXHAUSTION DESPITE LACK OF
PROTECTION IN MEMBER STATE OF EXPORT 545 (13) PATENTS: COMPULSORY
LICENCE IN MEMBER STATE OF EXPORT 546 (14) GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE
EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE 547 (15) NATIONAL LEGISLATION CONTRARY TO ARTICLE
30 549 §6.5. IMPORTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS FROM THE NEW EU MEMBER
STATES . . 550 (1) EXCEPTION TO THE EXHAUSTION RULE FOR CERTAIN
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM ACCEDING COUNTRIES: THE 'SPECIFIC
MECHANISM' 550 (2) ONE-MONTH NOTICE REQUIREMENT FOR PARALLEL IMPORTERS
551 §6.6. IMPORTS FROM NON-EEA COUNTRIES 551 (1) TRADE MARKED GOODS: NO
INTERNATIONAL EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 551 (2) THE MEANING OF 'CONSENT'
UNDER THE EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE: UNEQUIVOCAL CONSENT REQUIRED 554 XXII
COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (3) THE BURDEN OF PROOF WITH
RESPECT TO THE EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE: A QUALIFIED RULE MAY BE NECESSARY
UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES . . . 555 (4) THE CONCEPT OF 'PUTTING ON THE
MARKET' UNDER THE EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE: REALIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC
VALUE OF THE TRADE MARK AS THE DECISIVE CRITERION 557 (5) TRANSIT OF
TRADE MARKED GOODS AND THE EXHAUSTION PRINCIPLE: TRANSIT DOES NOT AMOUNT
TO THE IMPORTATION INTO THE COMMUNITY . 559 (6) OTHER FORMS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: RULE ON INTERNATIONAL EXHAUSTION DEPENDS ON
WHETHER THE COMMUNITY HAS ADOPTED HARMONIZING MEASURES 561 TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER 561 §6.7. REGULATION OF PATENT, KNOW-HOW, AND SOFTWARE
COPYRIGHT LICENCES 561 §6.8. CATEGORIES OF LICENSING AGREEMENTS 562 (1)
AGREEMENTS FALLING OUTSIDE ARTICLE 81(1), INCLUDING DE MINIMIS
AGREEMENTS 563 (2) AGREEMENTS EXEMPTED BY THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK
EXEMPTION 563 (3) AGREEMENTS ELIGIBLE FOR INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION UNDER
ARTICLE 81(3) 563 (4) AGREEMENTS FALLING WITHIN ARTICLE 81(1) THAT DO
NOT QUALIFY FOR AN EXEMPTION 563 §6.9. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 82 564
§6.10. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION AND
OTHER BLOCK EXEMPTIONS 564 (1) THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION
AND THE VERTICAL AGREEMENTS BLOCK EXEMPTION 565 (2) THE TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION AND THE SPECIALIZATION AND R&D AGREEMENTS BLOCK
EXEMPTIONS 565 §6.11. THE FORMER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION:
ESSENTIAL FEATURES. . 566 §6.12. THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK
EXEMPTION: THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER REGIME 568 (1) UNDERLYING
ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK
EXEMPTION 568 (2) SCOPE OF THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION 569
(3) THE NEW MARKET SHARE THRESHOLDS 574 (4) DYNAMIC MARKETS WHERE MARKET
SHARES ARE NOT GOOD INDICATORS OF MARKET POWER 576 (5) HARDCORE
RESTRICTIONS 577 (6) EXCLUDED RESTRICTIONS 582 (7) WITHDRAWAL AND
NON-APPLICATION OF THE BLOCK EXEMPTION 585 §6.13. TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
LICENSING PROVISIONS UNDER THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER GUIDELINES 5G6 (1)
ROYALTY OBLIGATIONS 586 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII (2) EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE
LICENSING 588 (3) TERRITORIAL AND CUSTOMER RESTRICTIONS 590 (4) OUTPUT
RESTRICTIONS 592 (5) FIELD OF USE RESTRICTIONS 594 (6) CAPTIVE USE
RESTRICTIONS 597 (7) TYING OBLIGATIONS 599 (8) NON-COMPETE OBLIGATIONS
601 (9) EXCLUSIVE GRANTBACKS OF SEVERABLE IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW
APPLICATIONS 602 §6.14. SETTLEMENT AND NON-ASSERTION AGREEMENTS 603 (1)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 603 (2) APPLICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK
EXEMPTION TO SETTLEMENT AND NON-ASSERTION AGREEMENTS 604 (3) COMPETITIVE
ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT AND NON-ASSERTION AGREEMENTS. 604 (4) AGREEMENTS
CONCERNING FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 605 (5) NO-CHALLENGE OBLIGATIONS IN
SETTLEMENT AND NON-ASSERTION AGREEMENTS 605 §6.15. TECHNOLOGY POOLS 606
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 606 (2) COMPLEMENTARY VERSUS SUBSTITUTE
TECHNOLOGIES COMPRISED IN THE POOL 607 (3) ESSENTIAL VERSUS
NON-ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES COMPRISED IN THE POOL 608 (4) ASSESSMENT OF
INDIVIDUAL RESTRAINTS RELATED TO THE TECHNOLOGY POOL 609 (5) POOL
MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 611 LICENCES OF INDUSTRIAL OR
COMMERCIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OTHER THAN PATENTS, KNOW-HOW, AND ANCILLARY
LICENCES 612 §6.16. INTRODUCTION 612 §6.17. TRADE MARK LICENCES 612 (1)
GENERAL REMARKS REGARDING TERRITORIAL RESTRAINTS 612 (2) THE CAMPARI
CASE 613 (3) THE MOOSEHEAD-WHITBREAD CASE 614 (4) TRADE MARKS UNDER THE
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BLOCK EXEMPTION . 615 (5) COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 89/104
ON THE APPROXIMATION OF THE LAWS OF THE MEMBER STATES RELATING TO TRADE
MARKS 616 (6) COUNCIL REGULATION 40/94 ON THE COMMUNITY TRADE MARK 616
§6.18. COPYRIGHT LICENCES 616 (1) EXCLUSIVE COPYRIGHT LICENCES 617 (2)
FIELD OF USE RESTRICTIONS IN COPYRIGHT LICENCES 618 (3) OTHER TYPICAL
RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES IN COPYRIGHT LICENSING AGREEMENTS 619 (4) COPYRIGHT
COLLECTING SOCIETIES 621 XXIV COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
(5) ONE-STOP, MULTI-TERRITORIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCES FOR ONLINE USE 623
(6) COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 91/250 ON THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMS 624 §6.19. SOFTWARE LICENSING 625 §6.20. LICENCES OF PLANT
BREEDERS' RIGHTS 627 TRADE MARK DELIMITATION AGREEMENTS 628 §6.21.
INTRODUCTION 628 §6.22. AGREEMENTS NOT TO USE TRADE MARKS IN CERTAIN
MEMBER STATES 629 §6.23. UNHAMPERED MOVEMENT OF GOODS BEARING THE TRADE
MARK 630 7. CONTROL OF MERGERS, ACQUISITIONS AND CERTAIN JOINT VENTURES
633 INTRODUCTION 633 §7.1. OVERVIEW 633 (1) THE GENESIS OF THE MERGER
REGULATION 634 (2) THE 1997 AMENDMENTS 635 (3) THE 2002-2003 MERGER
CONTROL REVIEW AND THE 2004 MERGER REGULATION 636 (4) KEY DEVELOPMENTS
SINCE 2004 641 JURISDICTION OF THE COMMISSION TO REVIEW MERGERS 643
§7.2. OVERVIEW: CONCENTRATIONS WITH COMMUNITY DIMENSION 643 (1) THE
CONCEPT OF A CONCENTRATION 644 (2) COMMUNITY DIMENSION 649 §7.3.
CONCENTRATIONS FALLING OUTSIDE THE THRESHOLDS 652 §7.4. EXCEPTIONS TO
THE ONE-STOP SHOP PRINCIPLE 652 (1) MEMBER STATE PROTECTION OF
LEGITIMATE INTERESTS 653 (2) REFERRALS FROM THE COMMISSION TO ONE OR
MORE MEMBER STATES. . 654 (3) REFERRALS FROM THREE OR MORE MEMBER
STATES TO THE COMMISSION. . 655 (4) REFERRALS BY A MEMBER STATE TO THE
COMMISSION 656 §7.5. IDENTIFYING THE ENTITIES WHOSE TURNOVER MUST BE
CONSIDERED IN ASSESSING 'COMMUNITY DIMENSION' 657 (1) IDENTIFYING THE
'UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED' - OVERVIEW 657 (2) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN
THE CASE OF MERGERS 658 (3) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE CASE OF
ACQUISITIONS OF SOLE CONTROL 658 (4) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE CASE
OF ACQUISITIONS OF JOINT CONTROL 659 (5) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE
CASE OF ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY A JOINT VENTURE 659 (6) UNDERTAKINGS
CONCERNED IN THE CASE OF CHANGES FROM JOINT TO SOLE CONTROL 660 (7)
UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE CASE OF DE-MERGERS (BREAK UP OF COMPANIES)
660 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV (8) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE CASE OF
EXCHANGE OF ASSETS ('ASSET SWAPS') AND IN THE CONTEXT OF OUTSOURCING
AGREEMENTS . 660 (9) UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED IN THE CASE OF
ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY INVESTMENT FUNDS 661 §7.6. THE DEFINITION OF
'TURNOVER' 661 (1) BASICS OF CALCULATING TURNOVER 662 (2) NET TURNOVER
662 (3) GROUP TURNOVER 662 (4) TREATMENT OF 'INTERNAL' TURNOVER 665
§7.7. GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOCATION OF TURNOVER 665 §7.8. SPECIAL RULES FOR
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS 668 (1) CREDIT AND
OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 668 (2) INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS 669 (3)
MIXED GROUPS 669 §7.9. CALCULATING TURNOVER IN THE CASE OF ACQUISITION
OF ASSETS WITHOUT SALES . . 670 §7.10. EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF
THE MERGER REGULATION 670 (1) THE RULE 670 (2) CASE LAW 671 SUBSTANTIVE
REVIEW BYTHE COMMISSION 672 §7.11. SECTOR-SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION OF
MERGER CONTROL 673 §7.12. INVESTIGATIVE POWERS 673 §7.13. DEFINING THE
RELEVANT MARKETS 674 (1) RELEVANT MARKET DEFINITION 675 (2) DEFINING
RELEVANT MARKETS IN PRACTICE 685 §7.14. TEST OF COMPATIBILITY WITH THE
COMMON MARKET: SIGNIFICANT IMPEDIMENT OF EFFECTIVE COMPETITION, IN
PARTICULAR AS A RESULT OF THE CREATION OR STRENGTHENING OF A DOMINANT
POSITION 685 §7.15. HORIZONTAL MERGERS: NON-COORDINATED/UNILATERAL
EFFECTS 686 (1) MARKET POSITION/MARKET SHARE 687 (2) THE DEGREE TO WHICH
THE MERGING FIRMS ARE CLOSE COMPETITORS . 691 (3) THE DEGREE TO WHICH
CUSTOMERS MAY SWITCH SUPPLIERS 692 (4) THE LIKELIHOOD OF COMPETITORS
INCREASING SUPPLY 692 (5) THE ABILITY OF THE MERGED ENTITY TO HINDER
EXPANSION BY COMPETITORS 693 (6) THE ELIMINATION OF AN IMPORTANT
COMPETITIVE FORCE 693 (7) POTENTIAL COMPETITION 694 (8) BARRIERS TO
ENTRY 697 (9) COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER 700 (10) EFFICIENCY
CONSIDERATIONS 702 (11) FAILING FIRM DEFENCE 704 §7.16. HORIZONTAL
MERGERS: COORDINATED EFFECTS/COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 706 (1) THE LEGAL TEST
FOR COORDINATED EFFECTS/COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 706 (2) CASE LAW ON
COORDINATED EFFECTS/COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 712 XXVI COMPETITION LAW OF THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY §7.17. VERTICAL MERGERS 719 (1) INTRODUCTION 719 (2)
MARKET SHARES AND CONCENTRATION LEVELS 720 (3)
NON-COORDINATED/UNILATERAL EFFECTS: FORECLOSURE 720 (4) COORDINATED
EFFECTS 723 (5) EXAMPLES OF CASE LAW ON VERTICAL MERGERS 724 §7.18.
CONGLOMERATE MERGERS AND PORTFOLIO POWER 727 (1) MARKET SHARES AND
CONCENTRATION LEVELS 727 (2) NON-COORDINATED/UNILATERAL EFFECTS:
FORECLOSURE 728 (3) COORDINATED EFFECTS 729 (4) EXAMPLES OF CASE LAW ON
CONGLOMERATE MERGERS 729 §7.19. ARTICLE 2(4) AND 2(5): COORDINATIVE
EFFECTS OF FULL-FUNCTION JOINT VENTURES 732 (1) OVERVIEW 732 (2)
SUBSTANTIVE ASSESSMENT UNDER ARTICLE 2(4) AND 2(5) 733 (3) EXAMPLE OF
CASE LAW ON COORDINATIVE EFFECTS OF FULL-FUNCTION JOINT VENTURES:
LOCKHEED MARTIN/BOEING/UNITED LAUNCH ALLIANCE JV 737 §7.20. ANCILLARY
RESTRAINTS 738 (1) INTRODUCTION 738 (2) REQUIREMENTS FOR RESTRICTIONS TO
BE CONSIDERED ANCILLARY 739 (3) COMMON TYPES OF ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS AS
ADDRESSED IN THE NOTICE ON ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 741 THE PROCESS OF
NOTIFYING A CONCENTRATION TO THE COMMISSION 746 §7.21. FORMALITIES 746
§7.22. TIMING 746 §7.23. COMPLETING FORM CO 747 (1) OVERVIEW 747 (2)
INFORMATION THAT MUST BE PROVIDED IN FORM CO 747 (3) COPIES THAT MUST BE
PROVIDED 748 (4) CORRECT AND COMPLETE INFORMATION 749 §7.24. SIMPLIFIED
PROCEDURE 749 §7.25. PRE-NOTIFICATION CONSULTATIONS 751 §7.26.
SUSPENSION REQUIREMENT 751 (1) SUSPENSION PERIOD 751 (2) WAIVER OF
SUSPENSION REQUIREMENT 751 (3) CONSEQUENCES OF CONTRAVENING THE
SUSPENSION REQUIREMENT 752 (4) CONSEQUENCES OF FAILING TO NOTIFY AND
PROVIDING INCORRECT/ MISLEADING INFORMATION 753 (5) ABANDONMENT OF
CONCENTRATIONS 753 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII PROCEDURE FOR REVIEW OF
CONCENTRATIONS AND APPLICABLE DEADLINES 754 §7.27. FIRST PHASE TIMETABLE
754 (1) TYPES OF FIRST PHASE DECISIONS 754 (2) PUBLICATION OF NOTICE OF
PRIOR NOTIFICATION 755 (3) COMMUNICATION WITH MEMBER STATES IN THE FIRST
PHASE 755 (4) VERIFICATION, REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATION
IN THE FIRST PHASE 756 (5) RIGHT TO BE HEARD IN THE FIRST PHASE 758 (6)
INTER-SERVICE MEETINGS AND 'PEER REVIEW PANELS' IN THE FIRST PHASE . 759
(7) MODIFICATION OF THE CONCENTRATION, CONDITIONS AND OBLIGATIONS IN THE
FIRST PHASE 759 (8) DEADLINE FOR REFERRAL TO MEMBER STATES 760 (9)
PUBLICATION OF PHASE I DECISIONS 760 (10) REVOCATION OF PHASE I
DECISIONS 761 §7.28. SECOND PHASE TIMETABLE 761 (1) REQUESTS FOR
INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATIONS 762 (2) SUSPENSION AND EXTENSION OF 90
WORKING DAY TIME LIMIT 762 (3) STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS 762 (4) ACCESS TO
FILE 764 (5) RIGHT OF REPLY TO STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS 766 (6) ORAL
HEARING 766 (7) 'TRIANGULAR' OR 'CONTRADICTORY' MEETINGS 768 (8)
COMMITMENTS AND UNDERTAKINGS 768 (9) DRAFT DECISION 769 (10)
CONSULTATION WITH ADVISORY COMMITTEE 769 (11) DECISIONS ENDING A PHASE
II INVESTIGATION 770 (12) PUBLICATION OF PHASE II DECISIONS 771 (13)
REVOCATION OF PHASE II DECISIONS 771 §7.29. REFERRALS BETWEEN THE
COMMISSION AND THE MEMBER STATES 771 §7.30. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE
COMMISSION AND THE MEMBER STATES 771 (1) REQUIREMENT OF COOPERATION
UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION 771 (2) REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION AND
INVESTIGATIONS 772 (3) ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CONCENTRATIONS 772 (4)
IMPORTANCE OF COOPERATION 773 §7.31. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 773 (1)
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 773 (2) EU-US COOPERATION 773 (3) EU COOPERATION
WITH OTHER COUNTRIES 776 §7.32. REMEDIES 777 (1) INTRODUCTION 777 (2)
STRUCTURAL V. BEHAVIOURAL COMMITMENTS 779 (3) TIMETABLE FOR COMMITMENTS
784 XXVIII COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (4) ENFORCEABILITY
OF COMMITMENTS 784 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF MERGER DECISIONS 786 §7.33.
INTERIM RELIEF 786 (1) PRIMA FACIE CASE 787 (2) URGENCY 788 (3) BALANCE
OF INTERESTS 788 §7.34. ACTS SUBJECT TO REVIEW 789 §7.35 STANDING OF
MERGING PARTIES 791 §7.36. STANDING OF THIRD PARTIES 791 (1) DIRECT
CONCERN 792 (2) INDIVIDUAL CONCERN 792 §7.37. GROUNDS FOR REVIEW 794
§7.38. THE COURT'S ACCELERATED PROCEDURE 794 § 7.39. DAMAGE CLAIMS ON
THE BASIS OF ARTICLE 288(2) 794 8. ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION 79 7
INTRODUCTION 797 THE CONCEPT OF 'ABUSE' 797 §8.1. EXPLOITATIVE ABUSES
AND EXCLUSIONARY ABUSES 798 §8.2. THE OBJECT OR EFFECT OF THE BEHAVIOUR
AT ISSUE 799 §8.3. THE 'SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITY' OF DOMINANT FIRMS 800
§8.4. THE REQUIRED DEGREE OF LINKAGE BETWEEN THE DOMINATED MARKET AND
THE MARKET ON WHICH THE ABUSE OCCURS 801 §8.5. THE REQUIRED DEGREE OF
LINKAGE BETWEEN THE DOMINANT UNDERTAKING AND THE UNDERTAKING WHICH
COMMITS THE ABUSE 802 §8.6. OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION 802 §8.7.
COMMISSION'S GUIDANCE ON ABUSIVE EXCLUSIONARY CONDUCT 805 ABUSIVE
PRACTICES 806 §8.8. PRICING PRACTICES 807 (1) CHARGING EXCESSIVE PRICES
807 (2) EXTRACTING EXCESSIVELY LOW PURCHASE PRICES 810 (3) PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 810 (4) REBATE SCHEMES 817 (5) PREDATORY PRICING 830 (6)
MARGIN SQUEEZING 835 §8.9. REFUSALS TO DEAL 836 (1) INTRODUCTION 836 (2)
REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 837 (3) REFUSAL TO LICENSE 845 (4) ESSENTIAL
FACILITIES 853 (5) JUSTIFICATIONS FOR REFUSALS TO DEAL 854 (6) REFUSAL
TO PURCHASE 857 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX §8.10. DISCRIMINATION 857 (1)
DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN NATIONALS OR RESIDENTS OF DIFFERENT MEMBER STATES
857 (2) OTHER FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION 858 §8.11. TYING 859 (1) THE TYING
AND TIED GOODS ARE TWO SEPARATE PRODUCTS 860 (2) THE UNDERTAKING
CONCERNED IS DOMINANT IN THE TYING PRODUCT MARKET 863 (3) THE
UNDERTAKING DOES NOT GIVE CUSTOMERS A CHOICE TO OBTAIN THE TYING PRODUCT
WITHOUT THE TIED PRODUCT 863 (4) THE TIE FORECLOSES COMPETITION 864 (5)
OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION 866 §8.12. UNFAIR TERMS AND CONDITIONS 867 (1)
TETRA PAK (II): ABUSIVE CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS 867 (2) SABAM:
COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT SOCIETIES REQUIRING ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT 868 (3)
ALSATEL: UNILATERAL PRICE-SETTING AND LEASE EXTENSIONS 869 §8.13.
MISCELLANEOUS ABUSES 869 (1) SINGLE BRANDING AND EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING
OBLIGATIONS 869 (2) ABUSIVE USE OF PUBLIC PROCEDURES AND REGULATIONS 873
(3) RESTRICTIONS ON RESALES 875 (4) ABUSIVE LICENSING PRACTICES 875 (5)
LIMITING PRODUCTION, MARKETS AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT 877 (6)
MARKET-SHARING AGREEMENTS 878 9. ANTITRUST AND THE STATE 879
INTRODUCTION 879 §9.1. STRUCTURE 879 §9.2. PRELIMINARY REMARKS 879 STATE
MEASURES THAT MAY JEOPARDIZE THE ATTAINMENT OF THE COMPETITION LAW
OBJECTIVES OF THE TREATY 882 §9.3. RELEVANT TREATY PROVISIONS: ARTICLES
10, 3(1 )(G), 81 AND 82 882 §9.4. THE INNOIVAN EYCKE LINE OF CASE LAW
884 (1) INNO 885 (2) VAN EYCKE 886 (3) "COMPLICITY" CASES: STATE
MEASURES THAT REQUIRE, FAVOUR OR REINFORCE RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS 887
(4) DELEGATION CASES 891 (5) SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 894 (6) THE DUTY OF
NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES TO DISAPPLY ANTI- COMPETITIVE STATE
MEASURES IN BREACH OF ARTICLE 10 READ IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 81 895 (7)
DIRECT EFFECT OF ARTICLE 10 READ IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 81 895 XXX
COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY STATE MEASURES RELATED TO
PUBLIC OR 'PRIVILEGED' UNDERTAKINGS 896 §9.5. INTRODUCTION 896 §9.6.
SCOPE, APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLE 86(1) 898 (1) THE CONCEPT
OF AN UNDERTAKING 898 (2) UNDERTAKINGS WITH SPECIAL OR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
('PRIVILEGED' UNDERTAKINGS) 899 (3) PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 902 (4) STATE
MEASURES 903 §9.7. STATE MEASURES CONTRARY TO THE TREATY: BACKGROUND AND
THREE STRANDS OF CASE LAW 904 (1) GRANT OF SPECIAL OR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
ACCEPTABLE IN PRINCIPLE 905 (2) GRANT OF SPECIAL OR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
IMPERMISSIBLE IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES 907 (3) EXEMPTIONS FROM THE
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 86(1) 918 §9.8. ARTICLE 86(3): THE ENFORCEMENT
AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE COMMISSION 918 (1) BROAD DISCRETION FOR
THE COMMISSION UNDER ARTICLE 86(3) 919 (2) COMMISSION'S POWER TO ADOPT
DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 86(3) AND THE RIGHT TO APPEAL 919 (3)
COMMISSION'S POWER TO ADOPT DIRECTIVES UNDER ARTICLE 86(3) 920 EXEMPTION
FROM PROHIBITION IN CASES OF UNDERTAKINGS ENTRUSTED WITH THE OPERATION
OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 921 §9.9. INTRODUCTION 921
§9.10. SCOPE OF ARTICLE 86(2) 924 (1) ENTRUSTED UNDERTAKINGS 925 (2)
SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 927 (3) REVENUE-PRODUCING
MONOPOLIES 936 §9.11. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NON-APPLICATION OF THE
COMPETITION RULES 938 (1) OBSTRUCTION OF THE PERFORMANCE BY AN ENTRUSTED
UNDERTAKING OF ITS PARTICULAR SGEI TASKS: NECESSITY AND PROPORTIONALITY
OF THE STATE MEASURE 938 (2) APPLICATION OF EXEMPTION UNDER ARTICLE
86(2) MUST NOT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE TO AN EXTENT CONTRARY TO THE
COMMUNITY INTEREST 948 §9.12. COMPENSATION FOR SGEI TASKS, ALTMARK AND
THE "ALTMARK PACKAGE' . 950 10. PROCEDURE 953 INTRODUCTION 953 §
10.1. RULES OF PROCEDURE GENERALLY 953 §10.2. RULES OF PROCEDURE UNDER
REGULATION 17 954 (1) THE NOTIFICATION PROCESS 955 TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXXI (2) OUTCOME OF THE NOTIFICATION PROCESS 955 §10.3. DRASTIC REFORM
OF THE PROCEDURAL RULES: THE REGULATION ON PROCEDURE . . . 957 (1)
ABOLITION OF THE NOTIFICATION AND EXEMPTION SYSTEM 959 (2) DECENTRALIZED
APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 959 (3) CONCURRENT APPLICATION OF EC
COMPETITION LAW AND NATIONAL COMPETITION LAW 968 (4) CHALLENGES AHEAD
969 §10.4. IMPACT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ON COMPETITION ENFORCEMENT
PROCEDURE. . . 971 (1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND THE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION 971 (2) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND COMPETITION LAW PROCEEDINGS 976
§10.5. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS: OVERVIEW 984 INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED
BY THE COMMISSION 985 §10.6. OPENING OF INVESTIGATION 986 (1) COMPLAINTS
986 (2) HANDLING AND ASSESSMENT OF COMPLAINTS BY THE COMMISSION . 989
(3) REVIEW OF THE COMMISSION'S HANDLING PROCESS OF COMPLAINTS BY THE
EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN 996 (4) PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF COMPLAINANTS 997 (5)
OTHER EVENTS TRIGGERING AN INVESTIGATION 998 §10.7. REQUESTS FOR
INFORMATION 999 (1) PROCEDURE 1000 (2) 'NECESSARY' INFORMATION 1001 (3)
INCORRECT INFORMATION 1002 §10.8. ON-THE-SPOT INSPECTIONS 1003 (1)
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE INSPECTION 1005 (2) RIGHT OF ENTRY 1007 (3) RIGHT
TO SEARCH 1010 (4) ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS 1012 (5) DUTY TO
ASSIST 1013 (6) COPIES OF BOOKS AND RECORDS 1013 (7) SEALS 1014 (8) ORAL
EXPLANATIONS 1014 (9) ASSISTANCE FROM OTHER COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 1016
§10.9. INTERVIEWS 1018 §10.10. SECTOR INQUIRIES 1018 §10.11. LIMITATIONS
ON THE COMMISSION'S INVESTIGATION POWERS 1020 (1) PROPORTIONALITY RULE
1020 (2) TERRITORIAL REACH 1021 (3) LEGAL PRIVILEGE 1023 (4) RIGHT TO
PRIVACY 1026 (5) RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT (OR 'PRIVILEGE AGAINST
SELF-INCRIMINATION'). 1027 (6) USE OF INFORMATION - PURPOSE OF THE
INQUIRY 1031 (7) PROFESSIONAL SECRECY 1032 XXXII COMPETITION LAW OF THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMMISSION 1034 §10.12. MAIN
ACTORS IN THE PROCEDURE 1034 (1) THE COMMISSION AND THE PARTIES
CONCERNED 1034 (2) THE HEARING OFFICER 1035 (3) COMPLAINANTS AND
INTERESTED THIRD PARTIES 1037 §10.13. INITIATION OF PROCEEDINGS 1038
§10.14. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS 1038 §10.15. ACCESS TO THE FILE 1042 (1)
THE DEFENDANTS' RIGHT OF ACCESS TO THE FILE 1042 (2) ACCESS TO THE FILE
UNDER THE TRANSPARENCY REGULATION 1053 §10.16. WRITTEN AND ORAL COMMENTS
ON THE PROCEEDINGS 1060 (1) WRITTEN COMMENTS 1060 (2) ORAL HEARING 1062
(3) THE REPORTS OF THE HEARING OFFICER 1066 ADOPTION OF DECISIONS BY THE
COMMISSION 1067 §10.17. INTERIM MEASURES 1068 (1) CONDITIONS 1069 (2)
PROCEDURE 1070 §10.18. RECOMMENDATIONS 1071 §10.19. ADVISORY COMMITTEE
1071 §10.20. FINAL DECISION 1073 (1) POSSIBLE RELIEF 1073 (2) FORMAL
REQUIREMENTS 1075 (3) TIMING - DUTY TO ACT WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME 1079
(4) TRUSTEE 1081 §10.21. FINDINGS OF INAPPLICABILITY 1081 §10.22.
WITHDRAWAL OF A BLOCK EXEMPTION IN INDIVIDUAL CASES 1082 §10.23.
GUIDANCE LETTER 1083 FINES AND PERIODIC PENALTY PAYMENTS 1085 § 10.24.
FINES FOR PROCEDURAL INFRINGEMENTS 1085 §10.25. FINES FOR SUBSTANTIVE
BREACHES OF COMPETITION RULES 1086 (1) GENERAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES 1087 (2)
LEGAL MAXIMUM 1093 (3) LEGAL CRITERIA: GRAVITY AND DURATION 1095 (4) THE
COMMISSION FINING GUIDELINES 1096 (5) PAYMENT 1120 § 10.26. PERIODIC
PENALTY PAYMENTS 1123 §10.27. LENIENCY 1125 (1) IMMUNITY FROM FINES 1127
(2) REDUCTION IN FINES 1130 (3) PROCEDURE 1133 (4) LENIENCY AND PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT 1136 (5) LENIENCY AND GROUPS OF COMPANIES 1139 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XXXIII (6) LENIENCY AND JUDICIAL REVIEW 1140 (7) LENIENCY AND
INTERNATIONAL CARTELS 1142 (8) ENTRY INTO FORCE 1148 §10.28. LIMITATION
PERIODS 1148 (1) IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES 1148 (2) ENFORCEMENT OF
SANCTIONS 1150 §10.29. PARENT/SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY 1151 §10.30.
SUCCESSION 1155 ALTERNATIVE ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES 1156 §10.31. INFORMAL
SETTLEMENTS 1157 §10.32. COMMITMENTS PROCEDURE 1159 (1) SCOPE OF THE
COMMITMENTS PROCEDURE 1160 (2) PROCEDURAL STEPS 1162 (3) COMMITMENTS
DECISIONS 1164 (4) PROCEDURAL RIGHTS 1168 §10.33. SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE
1170 (1) SCOPE OF THE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE 1172 (2) PROCEDURAL STEPS
1173 (3) 'SETTLED' DECISION 1178 (4) PROCEDURAL RIGHTS UNDER THE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE 1181 JUDICIAL REVIEW 1184 §10.34. JURISDICTION 1185
§10.35. DIRECT ACTIONS 1185 (1) ACTION FOR ANNULMENT 1186 (2) ACTION FOR
FAILURE TO ACT 1192 (3) ACTION FOR DAMAGES BASED ON THE NON-CONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY OF THE COMMUNITY 1194 §10.36. INTERIM MEASURES 1195 §10.37.
THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION 1198 §10.38. STANDARD OF REVIEW 1200 § 10.39.
PRELIMINARY RULINGS 1203 §10.40. APPEALS TO THE COURT OF JUSTICE 1204
§10.41. COSTS 1205 §10.42. LENGTH OF PROCEEDINGS 1206 11. PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT 1209 NATIONAL COURTS 1209 §11.1. INTRODUCTION 1209 §11.2.
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS 1210 §11.3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
PROCEDURES BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS. .1212 §11.4. APPLICATION OF EC
COMPETITION LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS 1213 (1) POWERS OF NATIONAL COURTS
1214 XXXIV COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (2) PARALLEL OR
CONSECUTIVE APPLICATION OF THE EC COMPETITION RULES BY THE COMMISSION
AND BY NATIONAL COURTS 1215 (3) RIGHT TO DAMAGES BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS
1221 (4) PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF ENFORCEMENT OF EC COMPETITION LAW BEFORE
NATIONAL COURTS 1243 §11.5. COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONAL COURTS AND THE
COMMISSION 1247 (1) ASSISTANCE OF NATIONAL COURTS BY THE COMMISSION 1247
(2) ASSISTANCE OF THE COMMISSION BY NATIONAL COURTS 1250 §11.6.
CONCLUSION 1251 ARBITRATION 1253 §11.7. INTRODUCTION 1253 §11.8. EC
COMPETITION LAW AND ARBITRATION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1253 §11.9. IMPACT
OF THE REGULATION ON PROCEDURE ON ARBITRATION 1256 12. SPECIAL SECTORS
125 9 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 1259 §12.1. INTRODUCTION 1259 § 12.2.
COMPETITION ISSUES ARISING IN THE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SECTOR. .
1260 (1) ARTICLE 81 1260 (2) APPLICATION OF THE MERGER REGULATION IN THE
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SECTOR 1282 (3) ARTICLE 82 1291 (4) SECTOR
INQUIRIES 1306 § 12.3. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK APPLYING TO THE ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS SECTOR 1312 (1) THE 'OLD' REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1312 (2)
THE NEW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1317 (3) FURTHER EU TELECOMMUNICATIONS
REFORM 1330 (4) THIRD GENERATION (3G) MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 1337
TRANSPORT 1341 §12.4. INTRODUCTION 1341 §12.5. AIR TRANSPORT 1342 (1)
INTRODUCTION 1342 (2) MARKET LIBERALIZATION 1342 (3) PROCEDURAL
FRAMEWORK FOR ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW IN THE AIR TRANSPORT
SECTOR: OVERVIEW 1349 (4) COMPETITION PRIORITIES IN THE AIR TRANSPORT
SECTOR 1351 § 12.6. MARITIME TRANSPORT 1369 (1) INTRODUCTION 1369 (2)
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 OF THE EC TREATY IN THE
MARITIME SECTOR 1374 (3) THE CONSORTIA BLOCK EXEMPTION 1374 §12.7.
TRANSPORT BY RAIL, ROAD AND INLAND WATERWAY 1379 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV
(1) INTRODUCTION 1379 (2) REGULATION 1017/68 1379 (3) LIBERALIZATION IN
THE RAILWAY SECTOR 1382 POSTAL SERVICES 1385 §12.8. INTRODUCTION 1385
§12.9. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE POSTAL SECTOR 1386 (1) DIRECTIVE
97/67/EC AND AMENDMENTS 1386 (2) POSTAL NOTICE 1390 §12.10. CASES AND
DECISIONS 1391 (1) APPLICATION OF COMPETITION RULES/THE SCOPE OF THE
RESERVED AREA .1391 (2) ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION 1397 (3)
PRICE-FIXING AGREEMENTS 1400 (4) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 1403 ELECTRICITY
AND GAS 1405 §12.11. INTRODUCTION 1405 (1) BACKGROUND 1406 (2) HISTORY
1407 (3) THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK COMMON TO THE ELECTRICITY AND GAS
MARKETS 1407 §12.12. THE ELECTRICITY DIRECTIVE (THE 2003 REGIME) 1408
(1) QUANTITATIVE LIBERALIZATION 1408 (2) QUALITATIVE LIBERALIZATION 1408
(3) PUBLIC SERVICE OBJECTIVES 1409 (4) THE THIRD ENERGY PACKAGE (ADOPTED
IN 2009) 1410 §12.13. REGULATION 1228/2003 ON CROSS-BORDER EXCHANGES OF
ELECTRICITY 1413 (1) TSO COMPENSATION 1413 (2) ACCESS CHARGES 1414 (3)
PROVISION OF INFORMATION REGARDING INTERCONNECTION CAPACITIES . . 1414
(4) CONGESTION MANAGEMENT 1414 (5) NEW INTERCONNECTORS AND EXEMPTIONS
FROM TPA OBLIGATIONS . 1414 § 12.14. SAFEGUARDING SECURITY OF
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND PROMOTING INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 1415 (1)
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF TSOS AND ELECTRICITY SUPPLIERS . 1415
(2) BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND 1416 (3) NETWORK INVESTMENT 1416 (4)
INTERCONNECTOR CONSTRUCTION 1416 §12.15. THE GAS DIRECTIVE (THE 2003
REGIME) 1417 (1) QUANTITATIVE LIBERALIZATION 1417 (2) QUALITATIVE
LIBERALIZATION 1417 (3) PUBLIC SERVICE OBJECTIVES 1418 (4) NEW
INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXEMPTIONS FROM TPA OBLIGATIONS 1418 (5) THE THIRD
ENERGY PACKAGE (ADOPTED IN 2009) 1419 §12.16. CONDITIONS OF ACCESS TO
THE GAS TRANSMISSION NETWORKS 1419 XXXVI COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY (1) ACCESS CHARGES 1419 (2) CAPACITY ALLOCATION AND CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES. . . . 1420 (3) BALANCING AND IMBALANCE CHARGES
1420 (4) SECONDARY MARKETS 1420 §12.17. SAFEGUARDING SECURITY OF GAS
SUPPLY 1420 (1) DEFINING NATIONAL SECURITY OF GAS SUPPLY POLICY 1421 (2)
MINIMUM SECURITY OF GAS SUPPLY STANDARDS 1421 (3) COMMISSION MONITORING
AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTION 1421 §12.18. CASE LAW AND DECISIONAL PRACTICE
1422 (1) CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE 1422 (2) COMMISSION PRACTICE
1428 THE INSURANCE SECTOR 1453 §12.19. THE APPLICABILITY OF THE
COMPETITION RULES TO THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY . . 1453 §12.20. INSURANCE
BLOCK EXEMPTION 1454 (1) JOINT CALCULATIONS, TABLES AND STUDIES OF RISKS
1456 (2) STANDARD POLICY CONDITIONS AND MODELS 1458 (3) COMMON COVERAGE
OF CERTAIN TYPES OF RISKS 1460 (4) SECURITY DEVICES 1462 (5) REVIEW 1463
§12.21. INSURANCE INTERMEDIARIES 1465 § 12.22. BUSINESS INSURANCE 1466
BANKING 1467 §12.23. INTRODUCTION 1467 (1) APPLICATION OF COMPETITION
LAW TO BANKING SERVICES 1467 (2) MERGER CONTROL 1468 (3) EFFECT ON TRADE
BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 1468 (4) THE SECTOR INQUIRY, THE GREEN PAPER ON
RETAIL FINANCIAL SERVICES AND THE SINGLE MARKET REVIEW 1470 §12.24.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81 TO PRICE AGREEMENTS 1471 (1) PRICE AGREEMENTS
CONCERNING SERVICES PROVIDED BY BANKS TO THEIR CUSTOMERS 1472 (2) PRICE
AGREEMENTS CONCERNING SERVICES PROVIDED BETWEEN BANKS. . 1476 §12.25.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81 TO NON-PRICE AGREEMENTS 1480 §12.26. ARTICLE
82 1482 COMPETITION POLICY AND SPORTS 1484 §12.27. INTRODUCTION 1484 §
12.28. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORT AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR
COMPETITION LAW 1485 §12.29. ORGANIZATION OF SPORT 1487 (1) PRINCIPLE OF
TERRITORIALITY 1487 (2) MONOPOLY OF THE FEDERATIONS 1489 (3) RULES
RELATING TO THE OWNERSHIP OF SPORTING CLUBS 1490 §12.30. BROADCASTING
RIGHTS 1490 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXVII (1) PARTICULARITIES OF SPORT
BROADCASTING 1491 (2) RELEVANT MARKET 1492 (3) EXCLUSIVITY 1493 (4)
JOINT SELLING AND PURCHASING 1497 (5) ORGANIZATIONAL RULES IN THE AREA
OF BROADCASTING 1501 §12.31. OTHER SOURCES OF REVENUES FOR ASSOCIATIONS
AND CLUBS 1502 (1) TICKETING 1502 (2) SPONSORSHIP AGREEMENTS AND
EXCLUSIVITY GRANTED TO PROVIDERS OF EQUIPMENT 1504 §12.32. RULES
RELATING TO PLAYERS 1505 (1) MOVEMENT OF PLAYERS/TRANSFER RIGHTS 1505
(2) RULES ON PLAYERS' AGENTS 1509 (3) DOPING 1510 SECTORS SUBJECT TO
SPECIFIC TREATY RULES: NUCLEAR, AGRICULTURE AND DEFENCE 1511 §12.33.
OUTLINE OF THIS SECTION 1511 §12.34. NUCLEAR ENERGY 1512 §12.35.
AGRICULTURE 1512 (1) APPLICATION OF THE COMPETITION RALES TO AGRICULTURE
1512 (2) EXCEPTIONS UNDER THE REGULATION ON COMPETITION IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS 1514 (3) PROCEDURE 1518 §12.36. DEFENCE 1518 ANNEX I. BASIC
COMPETITION PROVISIONS OF THE EC TREATY 1521 ARTICLE 81 OF THE EC TREATY
(EX-ARTICLE 85) 1521 ARTICLE 82 OF THE EC TREATY (EX-ARTICLE 86) 1522
ANNEX H. COMMON NAMES USED FOR LEGISLATION, NOTICES, GUIDELINES AND
OTHER COMMISSION DOCUMENTS 1523 TABLE I: LEGISLATION 1523 TABLE II:
NOTICES, GUIDELINES AND OTHER COMMISSION DOCUMENTS 1529 ANNEX HI. TABLES
OF CASES 1535 TABLE 1: COMMISSION ANTITRUST CASES 1535 TABLE 2:
COMMISSION MERGER CASES 1577 TABLE 3: COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE CASES 1587
TABLE 4: COURT OF JUSTICE CASES 1612 INDEX 1615 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Van Bael, Ivo 1939-2013 Bellis, Jean-François 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131833642 (DE-588)170486753 |
| author_facet | Van Bael, Ivo 1939-2013 Bellis, Jean-François 1949- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Van Bael, Ivo 1939-2013 |
| author_variant | b i v bi biv j f b jfb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035675383 |
| classification_rvk | PS 3360 |
| classification_tum | JUR 925f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)553045860 (DE-599)BVBBV035675383 |
| dewey-full | 343.4072122 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 343 - Military, tax, trade & industrial law |
| dewey-raw | 343.4072122 |
| dewey-search | 343.4072122 |
| dewey-sort | 3343.4072122 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 5th ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035675383 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:27:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789041128768 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017729592 |
| oclc_num | 553045860 |
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| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-384 |
| physical | XLII, 1674 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
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| publisher | Kluwer Law International |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Van Bael, Ivo 1939-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)131833642 aut Competition law of the European Community Van Bael & Bellis 5th ed. The Hague [u.a.] Kluwer Law International 2010 XLII, 1674 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd rswk-swf Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 s DE-604 Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 b 1\p DE-604 Bellis, Jean-François 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)170486753 aut SWBplus Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017729592&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Van Bael, Ivo 1939-2013 Bellis, Jean-François 1949- Competition law of the European Community Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)35439-9 (DE-588)4121924-7 |
| title | Competition law of the European Community |
| title_auth | Competition law of the European Community |
| title_exact_search | Competition law of the European Community |
| title_full | Competition law of the European Community Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_fullStr | Competition law of the European Community Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Competition law of the European Community Van Bael & Bellis |
| title_short | Competition law of the European Community |
| title_sort | competition law of the european community |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Europäische Gemeinschaften Wettbewerbsrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017729592&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vanbaelivo competitionlawoftheeuropeancommunity AT bellisjeanfrancois competitionlawoftheeuropeancommunity |