The state and life chances in urban China: redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge University Press
2004
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XXIV, 375 S. graph. Darst. 24cm |
ISBN: | 0521835070 |
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adam_text | Contents
List of Figures page xiii
List of Tables xv
Preface xix
Credit Line xxiii
i Redistribution and Stratification Dynamics Under State
Socialism i
Introduction i
Social Stratification in a Comparative Perspective 5
Redistribution and Stratification Dynamics Under State
Socialism 7
The Political Logic of Redistribution 7
The Bureaucratic Class Thesis 9
Redistributive Institutions Thesis 13
Stratification Dynamics Under State Socialism 16
Institutional Transformation and Stratification Processes in
the Reform Era 16
The Theoretical Debate 17
Coevolution Between Politics and Markets 30
Looking Ahead 3 3
2. Overview: Historical Context and Research Design 3 5
Changing Historical Contexts in Urban China 3 5
The 1949-1965 Period 3*
The 1966-1979 Period 38
The 1980-1994 Period 39
vii
viii Contents
The Evolution of Redistributive Institutions and
Life Chances 4°
Labor Force Composition 4°
Composition of Industrial Output Across Sectors 46
Educational Opportunities 47
The Life History Data From The State and Life
Chances Project 5°
Sampling 5J
Research Design Considerations 5Z
Focus of Analysis: Different Aspects of the Stratification
System 53
Main Covariates of Theoretical Interest 54
Statistical Analysis: Models and Methods 60
The Concept of the Risk Set 60
Periodization 61
Models 61
Missing Values 64
Chapter Summary 64
PART ONE. REDISTRIBUTION AND STRATIFICATION DYNAMICS:
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
3 Educational Stratification 69
Education and Social Stratification: The Issues 71
Historical Evolution of Educational Opportunities 75
State Policies, Social Origins, and Educational Attainment:
Further Analyses 80
Overview: Do Social Origins Matter? 83
Effects of Gender and Social Origins on Transition Rates
Across Historical Periods 85
Effects of Family Class Background 93
Chapter Summary 95
4 Entry Into the Labor Force: Patterns of First-Job Attainment 98
The Concept of Job in a Comparative Perspective 99
Occupational Status 100
The Hierarchy of Work Organizations ioz
Descriptive Patterns of Entry Into the Labor Force 103
Entry Into First Occupation 104
Entry Into First Organization 105
Explaining Entry Into First Jobs: The Overall Pattern 107
Overall Patterns of First-Job Attainment 108
Period-Specific Job-Attainment Patterns 111
Entry Into First Occupation 112
Contents ix
Entry Into First Organization 116
An Alternative Specification of Social Origins 119
Chapter Summary 122
Occupation Versus Work Organization Hierarchies 122
Stratification Dynamics 122
5 Children of the Cultural Revolution: The Send-Down
Episode 124
The Issues 126
The Send-Down Experience in Historical Context 128
Historical Patterns of the Send-Down Episode 131
Different Impacts of State Policies on Social Groups 133
Who Was More Likely to Be Sent Down? 133
Return to Urban Areas 138
Consequences of the Sent-Down Experience 142
Experience of Subsequent Life-Course Events 142
Income Determinants 146
Chapter Summary 151
6 Climbing the Political Ladder: Bureaucratic Career
Patterns 154
Introduction: The Personnel System in the Chinese
Bureaucracy 156
The Bureaucratic System 157
Policies and Practice of Recruitment and Promotion 159
Explaining Bureaucratic Career Patterns in Urban China:
Two Models 162
Walder s Dual-Path Model 162
A Model of Stratification Dynamics 164
Implications for Empirical Examination 167
Descriptive Patterns Across Historical Periods 171
Entry Into Cadre and Professional Careers 173
Recruitment Into the Communist Party 179
Promotion Patterns in the Chinese Bureaucracy 182
Promotion Patterns in Formal Bureaucratic Ranks 183
Promotion Patterns in Work Organizations 188
Chapter Summary 192
PART TWO. ASSESSING INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN THE
POST-MAO ERA
7 Economic Transformation and Changes in Income
Inequality 197
Redistribution and Marketization: Implications for Income
Inequality 199
i
x Contents
Cross-Sectional Analyses of Income Determinants 202
Comparing Changes Across Two Eras: A Mixed Model for *
Panel Data *°9 ;
Exploration of Regional Variations 2.16 ;
Comparison With the OLS Results and Other Studies 221 ;
Chapter Summary 221 I
8 Redistribution and Latent Economic Benefits 225
Redistribution and Latent Economic Benefits 226
Policy on Maternity Leave: An Illustration 226
The Issues 227 j
Distribution of Latent Economic Benefits: Historical J
Overview 229 j
A Case Study: Determinants of Housing Distribution 233 |
Determinants of Housing Space 234 f
Determinants of Housing Quality 239 }
Chapter Summary 240 }
Implications for Understanding Redistribution and J
Stratification Dynamics 24° j
Implications for Understanding Recent Economic j
Transformation 243 S
9 Institutional Changes and Patterns of Job Shifts 246 1
Job-Shift Patterns as a Focus of Study 247 {
Why Study Job Shifts? 247 ;
Explaining Job Shifts: Some Considerations 249
Analytical Strategies in Modeling Job Shifts 251
Historical Trends of Job Shift Patterns 253
Explaining Job Shift Patterns Across Historical Periods 255
External Job Shifts: Moves Across Types of
Organizations 255
Internal Job Shifts: Moves Within Types of Organizations 261
External Job Shifts: Moves Across Economic Sectors 265
Chapter Summary 269
10 Economic Transformation and Life Chances: A Life-Course
Perspective 272
Institutional Changes and Life-Course Implications 274
Empirical Implications 277
Job-Shift Patterns: Cohort Difference in Response to
Opportunities 277
Determinants of Personal Income: Cohort Variations in
Economic Resources 279
Historical Context, Cohort Attributes, and Evolving
Opportunity Structures 280
i
Contents xi
Response to Opportunities and Risks: Cohort Variations in
Job-Shift Patterns 284
Cohort Variations in Economic Rewards 290
Chapter Summary 293
PART THREE. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
11 Social Stratification Under State Socialism: Summary and
Assessment 299
The Bureaucratic Class Thesis Revisited 300
Socioeconomic Status and Bureaucratic Privileges 300
Authority Relationships in Work Organizations 303
Intergenerational Status Inheritance 306
A Summing Up 308
Human Capital Versus Political Capital 309
Redistributive Institutions in Social Stratification 311
Stratification Dynamics Under State Socialism: Theoretical
Implications 312
Further Issues 315
12 Stratification Dynamics and Institutional Transformation 317
Rethinking State-Society Relationship Under State
Socialism 317
Imageries of Society under State Socialism 318
An Institutional Model of Unorganized Interests and
Collective Action 3 20
Stratification Dynamics and State-Society Relationship:
Further Considerations 322
The Social Basis of Institutional Transformation in China 324
Erosion of the Organizational Basis of Redistribution 325
Life Experiences and Ideological Crises 327
From Social Stratification to Institutional Transformation 330
Beyond China and Beyond State Socialism 333
References 337
Index 353
Figures
z.ia. Composition of urban labor force across sectors in
official statistics, 1952-94 page 41
2.1b. Composition of urban labor force across sectors in the
sample, 1951-91(5 -year average) 4 2
2.2a. Composition of type of organizations in the state sector
(5-year average) 43
2.2b. Composition of type of organizations in the nonstate
sector (5-year average) 44
2.3 a. Composition of cadres, professionals and office workers,
1951-91 (5-year average) 45
2.3b. Composition of workers and self-employed, 1951-91
(5-year average) 45
2.4. Composition of industrial output across sectors, 1952-94 47
2.5. Enrollment rates at three educational levels, 1949-94
(official statistics) 48
2.6. Distribution of educational levels in the sample, 1951-91
(5-year average) 49
3.1. Rates of entry into four educational levels in the sample,
1953-88 (5-year average) 76
3.2. Number of higher education institutions, 1949-94 78
3.3a. Rates of entry into high school, by the father s occupation
(5-year average) 79
3.3b. Rates of entry into college, by the father s occupation
(5-year average) 80
3.4. Transition rates by period and gender 89
xiii
xiv Figures
3.5a. Transition rates to high school by period and father
education 91
3.5b. Transition rates to college by period and father education 92
3.6a. Transition rates to high school by period and class label 94
3.6b. Transition rates to college by period and class label 95
4.1. Hazard rates of entry into first occupations, 1949-92 104
4.2a. Hazard rates of entry into first organizations, the state
and collective sectors, 1949-92 106
4.2b. Hazard rates of entry into first organizations, hybrid firm
and farm, 1949-92 106
4.3. Rates of entering types of occupations for college
graduates, by period 116
4.4. Rates of entering types of organizations for college
graduates, by period 119
5.1. Hazard rates of entry into first job, 1967-78 132
5.2. Hazard rates of return to urban areas, 1967-87 132
5.3. Distribution of age at marriage among three groups 144
5.4. Distribution of age at birth of first child among three
groups 144
6.1. The administrative rank system 158
6.2. The professional rank system 160
6.3. Hazard rates of entry into CCP, administrative, and
professional occupations (195 0-9 3) 171
6.4. Hazard rates of promotion in national bureaucratic
system (1950-93) 173
6.5. Age effects on entry into CCP, administrative, and
professional occupations (1980-94) 177
6.6. Age effects on promotion rates, 1980-94 186
7.1. Comparison of income in national and sample statistics 203
7.2. Log-rates of income for female and college education
(selected years) 206
7.3. Log-rates of income for cadres and professionals (selected
years) 207
7.4. Log-rates of income for type of organizations (selected
years) 208
9.1 Hazard rates of job shifts to the state sector 254
9.2 Hazard rates of job shifts to collective and nonstate firms 254
10.1 Distribution of first-job destinations, by cohort 281
10.2 Distribution of job destinations in 1993, by cohort 282
Tables
i. i. A partial list of political campaigns in China,
1949-1994 page 17
2.1. Distribution of the sample size across provinces
and cities 5 3
3.1. Likelihood ratio tests of improvement in model fit 84
3.2. Parameter estimates of logistic regression models of
probability of entering three educational levels, by
historical period 86
3.3. Parameter estimates of class background effects on
probability of entering three educational levels, by
historical period 94
4.1. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into first
occupation (reference category: worker) 109
4.2. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into first
organization (reference category: collective firm) 111
4.3. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into first
occupation, by period (reference category: worker) 113
4.4. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into first
organization, by period (reference category: collective
firm) 117
4.5. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into first
work organization, using family class background by
period 121
5-i. Parameter estimates of logistic model for Probability of
Being Sent Down: Sent-down = 1,1967-1978 135
xv
xvi Tables
5.2. Parameter estimates of logistic model for Probability of
Returning to Urban Areas, return to urban areas = i,
1967-1977 J39
5.3. Descriptive and test statistics of group differences in
experiencing life-course events 143
5.4. OLS estimates of the determinants of income, selected
years I47
6.1. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into the
cadre occupation, by period 175
6.2. Parameter estimates of logistic model for entry into the
Communist Party, by period 180
6.3. GEE estimates of the determinants of promotion patterns
in the Chinese bureaucracy 184
6.4. GEE estimates of the determinants of promotion patterns
in work organizations 19°
7.1. OLS estimates of the determinants of log(income),
selected years 2.05
7.2. Parameter estimates of the determinants of log(income) in
the full mixed model 211
7.3. Parameter estimates of the determinants of log(income) in
the mixed model, by region 217
8.1. Distribution of welfare expenditure, by type of
organization 230
8.2. Distribution of expenditure on housing construction, by
type of organization 231
8.3. OLS estimates of the determinants of living space
(log[square meter]), selected years 2.36
8.4. Parameter estimates of the Poisson model for number of
facilities, selected years 241
9.1. Parameter estimates of logistic model for job shifts
outside type of work organization, by period 256
9.2. Parameter estimates of logistic model for job shifts within
type of organization, by period 263
9.3. Parameter estimates of logistic model for job shifts
outside economic sectors, by period 266
10.1. Descriptive statistics of three cohorts of workers in urban
China, 1993 284
10.2. Parameter estimates of logistic model for job shifts across
type of organizations in the reform era (1980-94), by
cohort 286
Tables xvii
10.3. OLS Parameter estimates of determinants of 1993 income
for three cohorts of workers in urban China 291
11.1. Summary of returns to bureaucratic positions 301
11.2. Gini Coefficients of income inequality across countries 304
11.3. Summary of findings on intergenerational status
inheritance 307
11.4. Summary of findings on returns to education 310
11.5. Summary of findings on returns to organizations (the
state sector) 312
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spelling | Zhou, Xueguang 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)12411511X aut The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 Xueguang Zhou Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge University Press 2004 XXIV, 375 S. graph. Darst. 24cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1949-1994 gnd rswk-swf Social stratification China Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf China Social conditions 1949- China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 s Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 s Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s Geschichte 1949-1994 z DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017726995&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Zhou, Xueguang 1959- The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 Social stratification China Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4077574-4 (DE-588)4077575-6 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
title | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 |
title_auth | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 |
title_exact_search | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 |
title_full | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 Xueguang Zhou |
title_fullStr | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 Xueguang Zhou |
title_full_unstemmed | The state and life chances in urban China redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 Xueguang Zhou |
title_short | The state and life chances in urban China |
title_sort | the state and life chances in urban china redistribution and stratification 1949 1994 |
title_sub | redistribution and stratification, 1949-1994 |
topic | Social stratification China Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Social stratification China Soziale Schichtung Soziale Situation Wirtschaftspolitik China Social conditions 1949- China Bibliografie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017726995&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT zhouxueguang thestateandlifechancesinurbanchinaredistributionandstratification19491994 |