Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIX, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781420075304 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |c Frank R. Spellman |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIX, 826 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Water treatment plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Sewage disposal plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Water / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Sewage / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eau - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eau - Épuration - Ouvrages de référence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eaux usées - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eaux usées - Épuration - Guides, manuels, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sewage disposal plants |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sewage |x Purification |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water treatment plants |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water |x Purification |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139368516943872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations
Autor: Spellman, Frank R.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Preface...........................................................................................................................................................................xxxv
To the Reader..............................................................................................................................................................xxxvii
Author..........................................................................................................................................................................xxxix
Part I. Water and Wastewater Operations: An Overview............................................................................................1
Chapter 1. Current Issues in Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations...........................................................3
1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................3
1.2 The Paradigm Shift.................................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 A Change in the Way Things Are Understood and Done.........................................................................4
1.3 Multiple-Barrier Concept........................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Multiple-Barrier Approach: Wastewater Operations.................................................................................6
1.4 Management Problems Facing Water and Wastewater Operations........................................................................8
1.4.1 Compliance with New, Changing, and Existing Regulations...................................................................8
1.4.2 Maintaining Infrastructure..........................................................................................................................9
1.4.3 Privatization and/or Reengineering..........................................................................................................11
1.4.4 Benchmarking...........................................................................................................................................13
1.4.4.1 Benchmarking: The Process...................................................................................................14
1.5 Water: The New Oil?............................................................................................................................................16
1.5.1 Characteristics of Water...........................................................................................................................16
1.5.2 Water Use.................................................................................................................................................17
1.6 Technical Management vs. Professional Management.........................................................................................19
Chapter Review Questions................................................................................................................................................23
Thought-Provoking Question............................................................................................................................................23
References and Suggested Reading..................................................................................................................................23
Chapter 2. Water/Wastewater Operators....................................................................................................................25
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Setting the Record Straight...................................................................................................................................26
2.3 The Computer-Literate Jack or Jill.......................................................................................................................26
2.4 Plant Operators as Emergency Responders..........................................................................................................27
2.5 Operator Duties, Numbers, and Working Conditions..........................................................................................28
2.6 Operator Certification and Licensure....................................................................................................................29
Chapter Review Questions................................................................................................................................................30
References and Suggested Reading..................................................................................................................................30
Chapter 3. Upgrading Security.....................................................................................................................................31
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................31
3.2 Consequences of 9/11...........................................................................................................................................31
3.3 Security Hardware/Devices...................................................................................................................................34
3.3.1 Physical Asset Monitoring and Control Devices.....................................................................................34
3.3.1.1 Aboveground Outdoor Equipment Enclosures.......................................................................34
3.3.1.2 Alarms.....................................................................................................................................34
3.3.1.3 Backflow-Prevention Devices.................................................................................................36
3.3.1.4 Barriers....................................................................................................................................36
3.3.1.5 Biometric Security Systems....................................................................................................39
vi Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
3.3.1.6 Card Identification and Access and Tracking Systems..........................................................40
3.3.1.7 Fences......................................................................................................................................40
3.3.1.8 Films for Glass Shatter Protection.........................................................................................41
3.3.1.9 Fire Hydrant Locks.................................................................................................................42
3.3.1.10 Hatch Security.........................................................................................................................42
3.3.1.11 Intrusion Sensors.....................................................................................................................43
3.3.1.12 Ladder Access Control............................................................................................................43
3.3.1.13 Locks.......................................................................................................................................43
3.3.1.14 Manhole Intrusion Sensors.....................................................................................................44
3.3.1.15 Manhole Locks........................................................................................................................44
3.3.1.16 Radiation Detection Equipment for Monitoring Personnel and Packages............................44
3.3.1.17 Reservoir Covers.....................................................................................................................45
3.3.1.18 Side-Hinged Door Security.....................................................................................................46
3.3.1.19 Valve Lockout Devices...........................................................................................................47
3.3.1.20 Vent Security...........................................................................................................................47
3.3.1.21 Visual Surveillance Monitoring..............................................................................................48
3.3.2 Water Monitoring Devices.......................................................................................................................48
3.3.2.1 Sensors for Monitoring Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Contamination.................49
3.3.2.2 Chemical Sensors: Arsenic Measurement System.................................................................49
3.3.2.3 Chemical Sensors: Adapted BOD Analyzer...........................................................................50
3.3.2.4 Chemical Sensors: Total Organic Carbon Analyzer...............................................................50
3.3.2.5 Chemical Sensors: Chlorine Measurement System...............................................................50
3.3.2.6 Chemical Sensors: Portable Cyanide Analyzer......................................................................51
3.3.2.7 Portable Field Monitors to Measure VOCs............................................................................52
3.3.2.8 Radiation Detection Equipment..............................................................................................52
3.3.2.9 Radiation Detection Equipment for Monitoring Water Assets..............................................53
3.3.2.10 Toxicity Monitoring/Toxicity Meters.....................................................................................54
3.3.3 Communication and Integration...............................................................................................................54
3.3.3.1 Electronic Controllers.............................................................................................................54
3.3.3.2 Two-Way Radios.....................................................................................................................55
3.3.3.3 Wireless Data Communications..............................................................................................55
3.3.4 Cyber Protection Devices.........................................................................................................................55
3.3.4.1 Antivirus and Pest-Eradication Software...............................................................................56
3.3.4.2 Firewalls..................................................................................................................................56
3.3.4.3 Network Intrusion Hardware and Software............................................................................56
3.4 SCADA..................................................................................................................................................................57
3.4.1 What Is SCADA?.....................................................................................................................................58
3.4.2 SCADA Applications in Water/Wastewater Systems..............................................................................59
3.4.3 SCADA Vulnerabilities............................................................................................................................59
3.4.4 The Increasing Risk.................................................................................................................................60
3.4.5 Adoption of Technologies with Known Vulnerabilities..........................................................................60
3.4.6 Cyber Threats to Control Systems...........................................................................................................62
3.4.7 Securing Control Systems........................................................................................................................62
3.4.8 Steps to Improve SCADA Security.........................................................................................................62
The Bottom Line on Security...........................................................................................................................................66
Chapter Review Question.................................................................................................................................................66
References and Suggested Reading..................................................................................................................................67
Chapter 4. Water/Wastewater References, Models, and Terminology......................................................................69
4.1 Setting the Stage............................................................................. 69
4.2 Treatment Process Models....................................................... 69
4.3 Key Terms Used in Water and Wastewater Operations.............. 69
Chapter Review Question...................................... .....................................................................77
References and Suggested Reading.......................... II ! !!™ .........................................................................78
Contents vii
Part II. Water/Wastewater Operations: Math and Technical Aspects......................................................................79
Chapter 5. Water/Wastewater Math Operations.........................................................................................................81
5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................81
5.2 Calculation Steps...................................................................................................................................................81
5.3 Equivalents, Formulae, and Symbols....................................................................................................................81
5.4 Basic Water/Wastewater Math Operations............................................................................................................81
5.4.1 Arithmetic Average (or Arithmetic Mean) and Median..........................................................................81
5.4.2 Units and Conversions.............................................................................................................................84
5.4.2.1 Temperature Conversions........................................................................................................84
5.4.2.2 Milligrams Per Liter (Parts Per Million)................................................................................85
5.4.3 Area and Volume......................................................................................................................................86
5.4.4 Force, Pressure, and Head........................................................................................................................86
5.4.5 Flow..........................................................................................................................................................88
5.4.6 Flow Calculations.....................................................................................................................................89
5.4.6.1 Instantaneous Flow Rates.......................................................................................................89
5.4.6.2 Instantaneous Flow into and out of a Rectangular Tank.......................................................89
5.4.6.3 Flow Rate into a Cylindrical Tank.........................................................................................90
5.4.6.4 Flow through a Full Pipeline..................................................................................................90
5.4.6.5 Velocity Calculations..............................................................................................................90
5.4.6.6 Average Flow Rate Calculations............................................................................................91
5.4.6.7 Flow Conversion Calculations................................................................................................91
5.4.7 Detention Time.........................................................................................................................................91
5.4.8 Hydraulic Detention Time........................................................................................................................92
5.4.8.1 Hydraulic Detention Time in Days.........................................................................................92
5.4.8.2 Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours.......................................................................................92
5.4.8.3 Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes....................................................................................93
5.4.9 Chemical Dosage Calculations................................................................................................................93
5.4.9.1 Dosage Formula Pie Chart......................................................................................................93
5.4.9.2 Chlorine Dosage......................................................................................................................94
5.4.9.3 Hypochlorite Dosage...............................................................................................................94
5.4.10 Percent Removal.......................................................................................................................................95
5.4.11 Population Equivalent or Unit Loading Factor........................................................................................96
5.4.12 Specific Gravity........................................................................................................................................96
5.4.13 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge..........................................................................................96
5.4.14 Chemical Coagulation and Sedimentation...............................................................................................96
5.4.14.1 Calculating Feed Rate.............................................................................................................96
5.4.14.2 Calculating Solution Strength.................................................................................................97
5.4.15 Filtration...................................................................................................................................................97
5.4.15.1 Calculating the Rate of Filtration...........................................................................................97
5.4.15.2 Filter Backwash.......................................................................................................................97
5.4.16 Water Distribution System Calculations..................................................................................................98
5.4.16.1 Water Flow Velocity................................................................................................................98
5.4.16.2 Storage Tank Calculations......................................................................................................99
5.4.16.3 Distribution System Disinfection Calculations......................................................................99
5.4.17 Complex Conversions.............................................................................................................................100
5.4.17.1 Concentration to Quantity.....................................................................................................101
5.4.17.2 Quantity to Concentration.....................................................................................................101
5.4.17.3 Quantity to Volume or Flow Rate.........................................................................................102
5.5 Applied Math Operations....................................................................................................................................102
5.5.1 Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performance.................................................................................102
5.5.2 Mass Balance for Settling Tanks...........................................................................................................102
5.5.3 Mass Balance Using BOD Removal......................................................................................................102
5.5.4 Measuring Plant Performance................................................................................................................103
viii Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
5.5.4.1 Plant Performance/Efficiency................................................................................................104
5.5.4.2 Unit Process Performance/Efficiency...................................................................................104
5.5.4.3 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge.......................................................................104
5.6 Water Math Concepts..........................................................................................................................................104
5.6.1 Water Sources and Storage Calculations...............................................................................................104
5.6.2 Water Source Calculations.....................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.1 Well Drawdown.....................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.2 Well Yield..............................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.3 Specific Yield........................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.4 Well Casing Disinfection......................................................................................................106
5.6.2.5 Deep-Well Turbine Pumps....................................................................................................106
5.6.2.6 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations.....................................................................................106
5.6.3 Water Storage Calculations....................................................................................................................107
5.6.4 Copper Sulfate Dosing...........................................................................................................................107
5.6.5 Coagulation and Flocculation................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.1 Coagulation...........................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.2 Flocculation...........................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.3 Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations..........................................................................108
5.6.6 Determining Chemical Usage................................................................................................................113
5.6.7 Sedimentation Calculations....................................................................................................................114
5.6.7.1 Calculating Tank Volume......................................................................................................114
5.6.7.2 Detention Time......................................................................................................................114
5.6.7.3 Surface Overflow Rate..........................................................................................................115
5.6.7.4 Mean Flow Velocity..............................................................................................................115
5.6.7.5 Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overflow Rate)............................................................................116
5.6.7.6 Percent Settled Biosolids......................................................................................................116
5.6.7.7 Determining Lime Dosage (mg/L).......................................................................................117
5.6.7.8 Determining Lime Dosage (lb/day)......................................................................................118
5.6.7.9 Determining Lime Dosage (g/min)......................................................................................118
5.6.8 Filtration Calculations............................................................................................................................119
5.6.8.1 Row Rate through a Filter (gpm).........................................................................................119
5.6.8.2 Filtration Rate.......................................................................................................................120
5.6.8.3 Unit Filter Run Volume........................................................................................................121
5.6.8.4 Backwash Rate......................................................................................................................122
5.6.8.5 Backwash Rise Rate..............................................................................................................122
5.6.8.6 Volume of Backwash Water Required (gal).........................................................................123
5.6.8.7 Required Depth of Backwash Water Tank (ft).....................................................................123
5.6.8.8 Backwash Pumping Rate (gpm)...........................................................................................123
5.6.8.9 Percent Product Water Used for Backwash..........................................................................124
5.6.8.10 Percent Mud Ball Volume.....................................................................................................124
5.6.8.11 Filter Bed Expansion............................................................................................................125
5.6.9 Water Chlorination Calculations............................................................................................................125
5.6.9.1 Chlorine Disinfection............................................................................................................125
5.6.9.2 Determining Chlorine Dosage (Feed Rate)..........................................................................125
5.6.9.3 Calculating Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual.............................................................126
5.6.9.4 Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Rate......................................................................................128
5.6.9.5 Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate......................................................................129
5.6.9.6 Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions...........................................................................130
5.6.9.7 Calculating Percent Strength Using Dry Hypochlorite........................................................130
5.6.10 Chemical Use Calculations....................................................................................................................130
5.6.11 Fluoridation............................................................................................................................................131
5.6.11.1 Water Fluoridation................................................................................................................131
5.6.11.2 Fluoride Compounds.............................................................................................................131
Contents ix
5.6.11.3 Optimal Fluoride Levels.......................................................................................................132
5.6.11.4 Fluoridation Process Calculations........................................................................................133
5.6.12 Water Softening......................................................................................................................................137
5.6.12.1 Calculating Calcium Hardness as CaCO3............................................................................137
5.6.12.2 Calculating Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3.......................................................................137
5.6.12.3 Calculating Total Hardness...................................................................................................138
5.6.12.4 Calculating Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness............................................................138
5.6.12.5 Alkalinity Determination......................................................................................................139
5.6.12.6 Calculation for Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness...........................................................140
5.6.12.7 Recarbonation Calculation....................................................................................................140
5.6.12.8 Calculating Feed Rates.........................................................................................................141
5.6.12.9 Ion Exchange Capacity.........................................................................................................141
5.6.12.10 Water Treatment Capacity....................................................................................................142
5.6.12.11 Treatment Time Calculation (Until Regeneration Required)...............................................143
5.6.12.12 Salt and Brine Required for Regeneration...........................................................................143
5.7 Wastewater Math Concepts.................................................................................................................................144
5.7.1 Preliminary Treatment Calculations.......................................................................................................144
5.7.1.1 Screening...............................................................................................................................144
5.7.1.2 Grit Removal.........................................................................................................................145
5.7.2 Primary Treatment Calculations.............................................................................................................147
5.7.2.1 Process Control Calculations................................................................................................147
5.7.2.2 Surface Loading Rate (Surface Settling Rate/Surface Overflow Rate)...............................147
5.7.2.3 Weir Overflow Rate (Weir Loading Rate)............................................................................148
5.7.2.4 BOD and Suspended Solids Removed (Ib/day)...................................................................148
5.7.3 Trickling Filters......................................................................................................................................148
5.7.3.1 Trickling Filter Process Calculations...................................................................................149
5.7.3.2 Hydraulic Loading................................................................................................................149
5.7.3.3 Organic Loading Rate...........................................................................................................149
5.7.3.4 BOD and Suspended Solids Removed.................................................................................150
5.7.3.5 Recirculation Flow................................................................................................................150
5.7.4 Rotating Biological Contactors..............................................................................................................150
5.7.4.1 RBC Process Control Calculations.......................................................................................151
5.7.4.2 Hydraulic Loading Rate........................................................................................................151
5.7.4.3 Soluble BOD.........................................................................................................................151
5.7.4.4 Organic Loading Rate...........................................................................................................152
5.7.4.5 Total Media Area..................................................................................................................152
5.7.5 Activated Biosolids................................................................................................................................152
5.7.5.1 Activated Biosolids Process Control Calculations...............................................................153
5.7.5.2 Moving Averages..................................................................................................................153
5.7.5.3 BOD or COD Loading..........................................................................................................153
5.7.5.4 Solids Inventory....................................................................................................................153
5.7.5.5 Food-to-Microorganism Ratio..............................................................................................154
5.7.5.6 Gould Biosolids Age.............................................................................................................155
5.7.5.7 Mean Cell Residence Time...................................................................................................155
5.7.5.8 Estimating Return Rates from SSVg,,...................................................................................156
5.7.5.9 Sludge Volume Index............................................................................................................157
5.7.5.10 Mass Balance: Settling Tank Suspended Solids...................................................................157
5.7.5.11 Biosolids Waste Based on Mass Balance.............................................................................158
5.7.5.12 Oxidation Ditch Detention Time..........................................................................................158
5.7.6 Treatment Ponds.....................................................................................................................................159
5.7.6.1 Treatment Pond Parameters..................................................................................................159
5.7.6.2 Treatment Pond Process Control Calculations.....................................................................159
5.7.6.3 Hydraulic Detention Time (Days)........................................................................................159
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
5.7.6.4 BOD Loading........................................................................................................................160
5.7.6.5 Organic Loading Rate...........................................................................................................160
5.7.6.6 BOD Removal Efficiency.....................................................................................................160
5.7.6.7 Population Loading...............................................................................................................160
5.7.6.8 Hydraulic Loading Rate (In./Day) (Hydraulic Overflow Rate)...........................................160
5.7.7 Chemical Dosing....................................................................................................................................160
5.7.7.1 Chemical Feed Rate..............................................................................................................161
5.7.7.2 Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual................................................................................162
5.7.7.3 Hypochlorite Dosage.............................................................................................................162
5.7.8 Chemical Solutions................................................................................................................................163
5.7.8.1 Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (gpd)..............................................................................164
5.7.8.2 Chemical Feed Pump: Percent Stroke Setting.....................................................................164
5.7.8.3 Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (mL/min).......................................................................165
5.7.8.4 Chemical Feed Calibration...................................................................................................165
5.7.8.5 Average Use Calculations.....................................................................................................166
5.7.8.6 Process Residuals: Biosolids Production and Pumping Calculations..................................167
5.7.8.7 Primary and Secondary Solids Production Calculations......................................................167
5.7.8.8 Primary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations................................................................167
5.7.8.9 Secondary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations............................................................167
5.7.8.10 Percent Solids........................................................................................................................168
5.7.8.11 Biosolids Pumping................................................................................................................168
5.7.8.12 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production................................................................................168
5.7.8.13 Biosolids Production in Pounds per Million Gallons..........................................................168
5.7.8.14 Biosolids Production in Wet Tons/Year................................................................................169
5.7.8.15 Biosolids Pumping Time.......................................................................................................169
5.7.8.16 Biosolids Pumped per Day in Gallons.................................................................................169
5.7.8.17 Biosolids Pumped per Day in Pounds..................................................................................169
5.7.8.18 Solids Pumped per Day in Pounds.......................................................................................169
5.7.8.19 Volatile Matter Pumped per Day in Pounds.........................................................................169
5.7.8.20 Biosolids Thickening............................................................................................................170
5.7.8.21 Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation Thickener Calculations.....................................................170
5.7.8.22 Centrifuge Thickening Calculations.....................................................................................171
5.7.8.23 Biosolids Digestion or Stabilization.....................................................................................172
5.7.8.24 Aerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations.................................................................172
5.7.8.25 Volatile Solids Loading (Ib/ft3/day)......................................................................................172
5.7.8.26 Digestion Time, Days...........................................................................................................172
5.7.8.27 pH Adjustment......................................................................................................................172
5.7.8.28 Anaerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations.............................................................173
5.7.8.29 Required Seed Volume in Gallons........................................................................................173
5.7.8.30 Volatile Acids/Alkalinity Ratio.............................................................................................173
5.7.8.31 Biosolids Retention Time.....................................................................................................173
5.7.8.32 Estimated Gas Production in Cubic Feet/Day......................................................................173
5.7.8.33 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction........................................................................................174
5.7.8.34 Percent Moisture Reduction in Digested Biosolids.............................................................174
5.7.9 Biosolids Dewatering.............................................................................................................................174
5.7.9.1 Pressure Filtration.................................................................................................................174
5.7.9.2 Plate and Frame Press Calculations.....................................................................................174
5.7.9.3 Belt Filter Press Calculations.................................................................. ............................175
5.7.9.4 Rotary Vacuum Filter Dewatering Calculations...................................................................177
5.7.9.5 Sand Drying Beds.................................................................................................................178
5.7.10 Biosolids Disposal..................................................................................................................................179
5.7.10.1 Land Application Calculations.............................................................................................179
5.7.10.2 Biosolids to Compost............................................................................................................181
5.7.10.3 Composting Calculations......................................................................................................181
Contents
5.8 Water/Wastewater Laboratory Calculations........................................................................................................182
5.8.1 Faucet Flow Estimation..........................................................................................................................182
5.8.2 Service Line Flushing Time...................................................................................................................182
5.8.3 Composite Sampling..............................................................................................................................183
5.8.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Calculations..........................................................................................184
5.8.4.1 BOD5 Unseeded....................................................................................................................184
5.8.4.2 BOD5 Seeded........................................................................................................................184
5.8.4.3 BOD 7-Day Moving Average...............................................................................................184
5.8.5 Moles and Molarity................................................................................................................................184
5.8.5.1 Moles.....................................................................................................................................185
5.8.5.2 Normality..............................................................................................................................185
5.8.6 Settleability (Activated Biosolids).........................................................................................................186
5.8.7 Settleable Solids.....................................................................................................................................186
5.8.8 Biosolids Total Solids, Fixed Solids, and Volatile Solids.....................................................................187
5.8.9 Wastewater Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solids..............................................................187
5.8.10 Biosolids Volume Index and Biosolids Density Index..........................................................................188
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................189
General Wastewater Treatment Problems...........................................................................................................189
General Water Treatment Problems....................................................................................................................196
References and Suggested Reading................................................................................................................................197
Chapter 6. Blueprint Reading.....................................................................................................................................199
6.1 Blueprints: The Universal Language..................................................................................................................199
6.1.1 Blueprint Standards................................................................................................................................200
6.1.1.1 Standards-Setting Organizations...........................................................................................201
6.1.1.2 ANSI Standards for Blueprint Sheets...................................................................................201
6.1.2 Finding Information...............................................................................................................................201
6.1.2.1 Detail Drawings....................................................................................................................201
6.1.2.2 Assembly Drawings..............................................................................................................201
6.1.2.3 Title Block.............................................................................................................................201
6.1.2.4 Drawing Notes......................................................................................................................204
6.2 Units of Measurement.........................................................................................................................................207
6.2.1 Fractions and Decimal Fractions...........................................................................................................207
6.3 Alphabet of Lines................................................................................................................................................208
6.3.1 Just a Bunch of Drawn Lines?...............................................................................................................208
6.3.2 Visible Lines...........................................................................................................................................208
6.3.3 Hidden Lines..........................................................................................................................................209
6.3.4 Section Lines..........................................................................................................................................209
6.3.5 Center Lines...........................................................................................................................................210
6.3.6 Dimension and Extension Lines............................................................................................................210
6.3.7 Leaders...................................................................................................................................................210
6.3.8 Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane Lines...................................................................................................210
6.3.9 Break Lines............................................................................................................................................210
6.3.10 Phantom Lines........................................................................................................................................211
6.3.11 Line Gauge.............................................................................................................................................211
6.3.12 Views......................................................................................................................................................211
6.3.12.1 Orthographic Projections......................................................................................................212
6.3.12.2 One-View Drawings..............................................................................................................214
6.3.12.3 Two-View Drawings.............................................................................................................214
6.3.12.4 Three-View Drawings...........................................................................................................214
6.3.12.5 Auxiliary Views.....................................................................................................................216
6.4 Dimensions and Shop Notes...............................................................................................................................217
6.4.1 Dimensioning.........................................................................................................................................217
6.4.2 Decimal and Size Dimensions...............................................................................................................218
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Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
6.4.3 Definition of Dimensioning Terms........................................................................................................218
6.4.3.1 Nominal Size.........................................................................................................................2i8
6.4.3.2 Basic Size..............................................................................................................................218
6.4.3.3 Allowance..............................................................................................................................218
6.4.3.4 Design Size...........................................................................................................................219
6.4.3.5 Limits....................................................................................................................................219
6.4.3.6 Tolerance...............................................................................................................................219
6.4.3.7 Datum....................................................................................................................................22°
6.4.4 Types of Dimensions..............................................................................................................................220
6.4.4.1 Linear Dimensions................................................................................................................220
6.4.4.2 Angular Dimensions.............................................................................................................220
6.4.4.3 Reference Dimensions..........................................................................................................221
6.4.4.4 Tabular Dimensions..............................................................................................................221
6.4.4.5 Arrowless Dimensions..........................................................................................................221
6.4.5 Shop Notes.............................................................................................................................................221
6.5 Machine Drawings..............................................................................................................................................221
6.5.1 The Centrifugal Pump Drawing (Simplified)........................................................................................222
6.5.1.1 The Centrifugal Pump...........................................................................................................222
6.5.1.2 Centrifugal Pump: Description.............................................................................................222
6.5.1.3 Centrifugal Pump: Components...........................................................................................223
6.5.2 Packing Gland Drawing.........................................................................................................................223
6.5.3 Submersible Pump Drawing (Simplified)..............................................................................................223
6.5.4 Turbine Pump Drawing (Simplified).....................................................................................................223
6.6 Sheet Metal Drawings.........................................................................................................................................224
6.6.1 Sheet Metal.............................................................................................................................................224
6.6.2 Dimension Calculations.........................................................................................................................224
6.6.2.1 Calculations for Allowances in Bend...................................................................................224
6.6.2.2 Set-Back Table......................................................................................................................225
6.6.2.3 Formulae Used to Determine Developed Length.................................................................225
6.6.3 Hems and Joints.....................................................................................................................................226
6.7 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings...................................................................................................................226
6.7.1 Standard Hydraulic System....................................................................................................................226
6.7.2 Standard Pneumatic System...................................................................................................................227
6.7.3 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems: Similarities and Differences.........................................................227
6.7.4 Types of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings.......................................................................................227
6.7.5 Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Systems..........................................................................................227
6.7.5.1 Symbols for Methods of Operation (Controls)....................................................................228
6.7.5.2 Symbols for Rotary Devices.................................................................................................228
6.7.5.3 Symbols for Lines.................................................................................................................229
6.7.5.4 Symbols for Valves...............................................................................................................229
6.7.5.5 Symbols for Miscellaneous Units.........................................................................................229
6.7.6 Supplementary Information Accompanying Graphic Drawings...........................................................229
6.7.6.1 Sequence of Operations........................................................................................................229
6.7.6.2 Solenoid Chart.......................................................................................................................229
6.7.6.3 Bill of Materials....................................................................................................................230
6.8 Welding Blueprints and Symbols.......................................................................................................................231
6.8.1 Welding Processes..................................................................................................................................231
6.8.2 Types of Welded Joints..........................................................................................................................231
6.8.2.1 Butt Joints.............................................................................................................................232
6.8.2.2 Lap Joints..............................................................................................................................232
6.8.2.3 Tee Joints...............................................................................................................................232
6.8.2.4 Edge Joints............................................................................................................................232
6.8.2.5 Corner Joints.........................................................................................................................232
6.8.3 Basic Weld Symbols...............................................................................................................................232
Contents xiii
6.8.3.1 Symbols for Arc and Gas Welds..........................................................................................232
6.8.3.2 Symbols for Resistance Welds..............................................................................................232
6.8.3.3 Symbols for Supplementary Welds......................................................................................233
6.8.4 The Welding Symbol..............................................................................................................................233
6.8.4.1 Reference Line......................................................................................................................233
6.8.4.2 Arrowhead.............................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.3 Weld Symbol.........................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.4 Dimensions............................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.5 Special Symbols....................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.6 Contour Symbol....................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.7 Groove Angle........................................................................................................................234
6.8.4.8 Spot Welds............................................................................................................................235
6.8.4.9 Weld-All-Around...................................................................................................................235
6.8.4.10 Field Weld.............................................................................................................................235
6.8.4.11 Melt-Thru Welds...................................................................................................................235
6.8.4.12 Finish Symbols......................................................................................................................235
6.8.4.13 Tail.........................................................................................................................................235
6.9 Electrical Drawings.............................................................................................................................................236
6.9.1 Troubleshooting and Electrical Drawings..............................................................................................236
6.9.2 Electrical Symbols..................................................................................................................................236
6.9.2.1 Electrical Voltage and Power................................................................................................236
6.9.2.2 What Is Voltage?...................................................................................................................236
6.9.2.3 How Is Voltage Produced?....................................................................................................236
6.9.2.4 How Is Electricity Delivered to the Plant?...........................................................................236
6.9.2.5 Electric Power.......................................................................................................................236
6.9.2.6 Electrical Drawings...............................................................................................................237
6.9.2.7 Types of Architectural Drawings..........................................................................................237
6.9.2.8 Circuit Drawings...................................................................................................................238
6.9.2.9 Ladder Drawing....................................................................................................................239
6.10 AC R Drawings.................................................................................................................................................240
6.10.1 Refrigeration...........................................................................................................................................240
6.10.1.1 Basic Principles of Refrigeration..........................................................................................240
6.10.1.2 Refrigeration System Components.......................................................................................240
6.10.1.3 Refrigeration System Operation...........................................................................................241
6.10.1.4 Using Refrigeration Drawings in Troubleshooting..............................................................241
6.10.1.5 Refrigeration Component Drawings.....................................................................................242
6.10.2 Air Conditioning....................................................................................................................................243
6.10.2.1 Operation of a Simple Air Conditioning System.................................................................243
6.10.2.2 Design of Air Conditioning Systems....................................................................................243
6.10.2.3 Air Conditioning Drawings..................................................................................................243
6.11 Schematics and Symbols.....................................................................................................................................244
6.11.1 How to Use Schematic Diagrams..........................................................................................................244
6.11.2 Schematic Circuit Layout.......................................................................................................................245
6.11.3 Schematic Symbols................................................................................................................................245
6.11.3.1 Lines on a Schematic............................................................................................................245
6.11.3.2 Lines Connect Symbols........................................................................................................246
6.11.4 Schematic Diagram: An Example..........................................................................................................246
6.11.4.1 A Schematic by Any Other Name Is a Line Diagram.........................................................247
6.11.5 Schematics and Troubleshooting...........................................................................................................248
6.12 Electrical Schematics..........................................................................................................................................248
6.12.1 Electrical Symbols..................................................................................................................................248
6.12.1.1 Schematic Lines....................................................................................................................249
6.12.1.2 Power Supplies: Electrical Systems.....................................................................................249
6.12.1.3 Power Supplies: Electronics.................................................................................................250
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Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
6.12.1.4 Electrical Loads.....................................................................................................................251
6.12.1.5 Switches................................................................................................................................251
6.12.1.6 Inductors (Coils)...................................................................................................................251
6.12.1.7 Transformers.........................................................................................................................252
6.12.1.8 Fuses......................................................................................................................................252
6.12.1.9 Circuit Breakers....................................................................................................................252
6.12.1.10 Electrical Contacts................................................................................................................253
6.12.1.11 Resistors................................................................................................................................253
6.12.2 Reading Plant Schematics......................................................................................................................253
6.13 General Piping Systems and System Schematics...............................................................................................255
6.13.1 Piping Systems.......................................................................................................................................255
6.13.2 Piping Symbols: General.......................................................................................................................256
6.13.3 Piping Joints...........................................................................................................................................256
6.13.3.1 Screwed Joints.......................................................................................................................256
6.13.3.2 Welded Joints........................................................................................................................256
6.13.3.3 Flanged Joints.......................................................................................................................256
6.13.3.4 Bell-and-Spigot Joints...........................................................................................................256
6.13.3.5 Soldered Joints......................................................................................................................256
6.13.3.6 Symbols for Joints and Fittings............................................................................................257
6.13.4 Valves......................................................................................................................................................257
6.13.4.1 Valves: Definition and Function...........................................................................................257
6.13.4.2 Valve Construction................................................................................................................258
6.13.4.3 Types of Valves.....................................................................................................................258
6.14 Hydraulic and Pneumatic System Schematic Symbols......................................................................................260
6.14.1 Fluid Power Systems..............................................................................................................................261
6.14.2 Symbols Used for Hydraulic and Pneumatic Components...................................................................261
6.14.3 AC R System Schematic Symbols.......................................................................................................262
6.14.4 Schematic Symbols Used in Refrigeration Systems.............................................................................262
6.14.4.1 Refrigeration Piping Symbols...............................................................................................262
6.14.4.2 Refrigeration Fittings Symbols.............................................................................................262
6.14.4.3 Refrigeration Valve Symbols................................................................................................263
6.14.4.4 Refrigeration Accessory Symbols.........................................................................................263
6.14.4.5 Refrigeration Component Symbols......................................................................................263
6.14.4.6 Schematic Symbols Used in AC R Air Distribution System.............................................264
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................264
References and Suggested Reading................................................................................................................................265
Chapter 7. Water Hydraulics.......................................................................................................................................267
7.1 What Is Water Hydraulics?.................................................................................................................................267
7.2 Basic Concepts....................................................................................................................................................267
7.2.1 Stevin s Law...........................................................................................................................................268
7.3 Density and Specific Gravity..............................................................................................................................268
7.4 Force and Pressure..............................................................................................................................................270
7.4.1 Hydrostatic Pressure...............................................................................................................................270
7.4.2 Effects of Water under Pressure.............................................................................................................271
7.5 Head.....................................................................................................................................................................272
7.5.1 Static Head.............................................................................................................................................272
7.5.2 Friction Head..........................................................................................................................................272
7.5.3 Velocity Head.........................................................................................................................................272
7.5.4 Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)............................................................................................272
7.5.5 Pressure and Head..................................................................................................................................272
7.5.6 Head and Pressure..................................................................................................................................272
7.6 Flow and Discharge Rates: Water in Motion.....................................................................................................272
7.6.1 Area and Velocity...................................................................................................................................273
7.6.2 Pressure and Velocity.............................................................................................................................274
Contents xv
7.7 Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli s Theorem...................................................................................................274
7.7.1 Conservation of Energy..........................................................................................................................274
7.7.2 Energy Head...........................................................................................................................................274
7.7.3 Piezometric Surface................................................................................................................................274
7.7.4 Head Loss...............................................................................................................................................275
7.7.5 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)................................................................................................................276
7.7.6 Bernoulli s Theorem...............................................................................................................................276
7.7.7 Bernoulli s Equation...............................................................................................................................276
7.8 Well and Wet-Well Hydraulics............................................................................................................................277
7.8.1 Well Hydraulics......................................................................................................................................277
7.8.2 Wet-Well Hydraulics..............................................................................................................................278
7.9 Friction Head Loss..............................................................................................................................................279
7.9.1 Flow in Pipelines....................................................................................................................................279
7.9.2 Major Head Loss....................................................................................................................................280
7.9.3 Calculating Major Head Loss................................................................................................................280
7.9.4 C Factor..................................................................................................................................................281
7.9.5 Slope.......................................................................................................................................................281
7.9.6 Minor Head Loss....................................................................................................................................281
7.10 Basic Piping Hydraulics......................................................................................................................................282
7.10.1 Piping Networks.....................................................................................................................................282
7.11 Open-Channel Flow............................................................................................................................................283
7.11.1 Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow..................................................................................................283
7.11.1.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow................................................................................................283
7.11.1.2 Uniform and Varied Flow.....................................................................................................283
7.11.1.3 Critical Flow.........................................................................................................................284
7.11.2 Parameters Used in Open Channel Flow...............................................................................................284
7.11.2.1 Hydraulic Radius...................................................................................................................284
7.11.2.2 Hydraulic Depth....................................................................................................................284
7.11.2.3 Slope (S)................................................................................................................................284
7.11.3 Open-Channel Flow Calculations..........................................................................................................285
7.12 Flow Measurement..............................................................................................................................................286
7.12.1 Flow Measurement: The Old-Fashioned Way.......................................................................................287
7.12.2 Basis of Traditional Flow Measurement................................................................................................287
7.12.3 Flow Measuring Devices........................................................................................................................287
7.12.3.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeters.........................................................................................288
7.12.3.2 Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters..........................................................................288
7.12.3.3 Magnetic Flowmeters............................................................................................................290
7.12.3.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters..........................................................................................................291
7.12.3.5 Velocity Flowmeters.............................................................................................................292
7.12.3.6 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters.......................................................................................292
7.12.4 Open-Channel Flow Measurement........................................................................................................293
7.12.4.1 Weirs......................................................................................................................................293
7.12.4.2 Flumes...................................................................................................................................294
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................295
References and Suggested Reading................................................................................................................................295
Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Electricity.....................................................................................................................297
8.1 Nature of Electricity............................................................................................................................................298
8.2 The Structure of Matter......................................................................................................................................298
8.3 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators......................................................................................................300
8.4 Static Electricity..................................................................................................................................................301
8.4.1 Charged Bodies......................................................................................................................................301
8.4.2 Coulomb s Law......................................................................................................................................301
8.4.3 Electrostatic Fields.................................................................................................................................302
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Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
8.5 Magnetism...........................................................................................................................................................302
8.5.1 Magnetic Materials.................................................................................................................................303
8.5.2 Magnetic Earth.......................................................................................................................................303
8.6 Difference in Potential........................................................................................................................................304
8.6.1 The Water Analogy.................................................................................................................................304
8.6.2 Principal Methods for Producing a Voltage...........................................................................................304
8.7 Current.................................................................................................................................................................305
8.8 Resistance............................................................................................................................................................305
8.9 Battery-Supplied Electricity................................................................................................................................306
8.9.1 The Voltaic Cell......................................................................................................................................306
8.9.2 Primary and Secondary Cells.................................................................................................................307
8.9.3 Battery....................................................................................................................................................307
8.9.4 Battery Operation...................................................................................................................................307
8.9.5 Combining Cells.....................................................................................................................................307
8.9.6 Types of Batteries...................................................................................................................................308
8.9.6.1 Dry Cell.................................................................................................................................308
8.9.6.2 Lead-Acid Battery................................................................................................................308
8.9.6.3 Alkaline Cell.........................................................................................................................309
8.9.6.4 Nickel-Cadmium Cell...........................................................................................................309
8.9.6.5 Mercury Cell.........................................................................................................................309
8.9.7 Battery Characteristics...........................................................................................................................309
8.10 Simple Electrical Circuit.....................................................................................................................................310
8.10.1 Schematic Representations....................................................................................................................311
8.11 Ohm s Law..........................................................................................................................................................311
8.12 Electrical Power..................................................................................................................................................313
8.12.1 Electrical Power Calculations................................................................................................................313
8.13 Electrical Energy (Kilowatt-Hours)....................................................................................................................314
8.14 Series DC Circuit Characteristics.......................................................................................................................314
8.14.1 Series Circuit Resistance.......................................................................................................................314
8.14.2 Series Circuit Current............................................................................................................................315
8.14.3 Series Circuit Voltage.............................................................................................................................315
8.14.4 Series Circuit Power..............................................................................................................................317
8.14.5 Summary of the Rules for Series DC Circuits......................................................................................317
8.14.6 General Series Circuit Analysis.............................................................................................................318
8.14.7 Kirchhoff s Voltage Law........................................................................................................................318
8.14.8 Polarity of Voltage Drops......................................................................................................................319
8.14.9 Series Aiding and Opposing Sources....................................................................................................319
8.14.10 Kirchhoff s Law and Multiple-Source Solutions..................................................................................320
8.15 Ground.................................................................................................................................................................320
8.16 Open and Short Circuits......................................................................................................................................321
8.17 Parallel DC Circuits............................................................................................ .! !.ZZL ! . Z ZZ....!.321
8.17.1 Parallel Circuit Characteristics..............................................................................................................321
8.17.2 Voltage in Parallel Circuits...................................................................................^..............................321
8.17.3 Current in Parallel Circuits....................................................................................................................322
8.17.4 Parallel Circuits and Kirchhoff s Current Law.....................................................................................323
8.17.5 Parallel Circuit Resistance.....................................................................................................................324
8.17.6 Reciprocal Method................................................................................................................................325
8.17.7 Product over the Sum Method...............................................................................................................326
8.17.8 Reduction to an Equivalent Circuit.......................................................................................................326
8.17.9 Power in Parallel Circuits......................................................................................................................326
8.17.10 Rules for Solving Parallel DC Circuits.................................................................................................326
8.18 Series-Parallel Circuits.......................................................................................................................................327
8.18.1 Solving a Series-Parallel Circuit...........................................................................................................327
8.19 Conductors...........................................................................................................................................................327
8.19.1 Unit Size of Conductors........................................................................................................................327
Contents xvii
8.19.2 Square Mil..............................................................................................................................................327
8.19.3 Circular Mil............................................................................................................................................328
8.19.4 Circular-Mil-Foot...................................................................................................................................329
8.19.5 Resistivity...............................................................................................................................................329
8.19.6 Wire Measurement.................................................................................................................................330
8.19.7 Factors Governing the Selection ofWire Size......................................................................................330
8.19.8 Copper vs. Other Metal Conductors......................................................................................................331
8.19.9 Temperature Coefficient.........................................................................................................................331
8.19.10 Conductor Insulation..............................................................................................................................332
8.19.11 Conductors, Splices, and Terminal Connections...................................................................................332
8.19.12 Soldering Operations..............................................................................................................................332
8.19.13 Solderless Connections..........................................................................................................................332
8.19.14 Insulation Tape.......................................................................................................................................332
8.20 Electromagnetism................................................................................................................................................333
8.20.1 Magnetic Field around a Single Conductor..........................................................................................333
8.20.2 Polarity of a Single Conductor..............................................................................................................333
8.20.3 Field around Two Parallel Conductors..................................................................................................334
8.20.4 Magnetic Field of a Coil........................................................................................................................334
8.20.5 Polarity of an Electromagnetic Coil......................................................................................................334
8.20.6 Strength of an Electromagnetic Field....................................................................................................335
8.20.7 Magnetic Units.......................................................................................................................................335
8.20.8 Properties of Magnetic Materials..........................................................................................................335
8.20.8.1 Permeability..........................................................................................................................335
8.20.8.2 Hysteresis..............................................................................................................................335
8.20.9 Electromagnets.......................................................................................................................................336
8.21 AC Theory...........................................................................................................................................................336
8.21.1 Basic AC Generator...............................................................................................................................337
8.21.2 Cycle.......................................................................................................................................................337
8.21.3 Frequency, Period, and Wavelength.......................................................................................................338
8.21.4 Characteristic Values of AC Voltage and Current.................................................................................338
8.21.5 Peak Amplitude......................................................................................................................................338
8.21.6 Peak-to-Peak Amplitude........................................................................................................................339
8.21.7 Instantaneous Amplitude........................................................................................................................339
8.21.8 Effective or RMS Value.........................................................................................................................339
8.21.9 Average Value.........................................................................................................................................340
8.21.10 Resistance in AC Circuits......................................................................................................................340
8.21.11 Phase Relationships................................................................................................................................341
8.22 Inductance............................................................................................................................................................342
8.22.1 Self-Inductance.......................................................................................................................................343
8.22.2 Mutual Inductance..................................................................................................................................344
8.22.3 Calculation of Total Inductance.............................................................................................................345
8.23 Practical Electrical Applications.........................................................................................................................345
8.23.1 Electrical Power Generation..................................................................................................................345
8.23.1.1 DC Generators......................................................................................................................346
8.23.1.2 AC Generators......................................................................................................................347
8.23.1.3 Motors..................................................................................................................................347
8.23.1.4 DC Motors............................................................................................................................348
8.23.1.5 AC Motors............................................................................................................................349
8.23.2 Transformers..........................................................................................................................................351
8.23.3 Power Distribution System Protection...................................................................................................352
8.23.3.1 Fuses.....................................................................................................................................352
8.23.3.2 Circuit Breakers...................................................................................................................353
8.23.3.3 Control Devices....................................................................................................................353
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................354
References and Suggested Reading................................................................................................................................355
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Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
Chapter 9. Hydraulic Machines: Pumps....................................................................................................................357
9.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................357
9.2 Basic Pumping Calculations...............................................................................................................................358
9.2.1 Velocity of a Fluid through a Pipeline..................................................................................................358
9.2.2 Pressure-Velocity Relationship..............................................................................................................358
9.2.3 Static Head.............................................................................................................................................359
9.2.3.1 Static Suction Head...............................................................................................................359
9.2.3.2 Static Suction Lift.................................................................................................................359
9.2.3.3 Static Discharge Head...........................................................................................................359
9.2.4 Friction Head..........................................................................................................................................360
9.2.5 Velocity Head.........................................................................................................................................360
9.2.6 Total Head..............................................................................................................................................361
9.2.7 Conversion of Pressure Head.................................................................................................................361
9.2.8 Horsepower............................................................................................................................................361
9.2.8.1 Hydraulic (Water) Horsepower (WHP)................................................................................361
9.2.8.2 Brake Horsepower (BHP).....................................................................................................361
9.2.9 Specific Speed........................................................................................................................................361
9.2.9.1 Suction Specific Speed.........................................................................................................362
9.2.10 Affinity Laws—Centrifugal Pumps.......................................................................................................362
9.2.11 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH).......................................................................................................362
9.2.11.1 Calculating NPSHA..............................................................................................................363
9.2.12 Pumps in Series and Parallel.................................................................................................................364
9.3 Centrifugal Pumps...............................................................................................................................................364
9.3.1 Description.............................................................................................................................................364
9.3.2 Terminology............................................................................................................................................365
9.3.3 Pump Theory..........................................................................................................................................366
9.3.4 Pump Characteristics..............................................................................................................................367
9.3.4.1 Head (Capacity)....................................................................................................................367
9.3.4.2 Efficiency...............................................................................................................................367
9.3.4.3 Brake Horsepower Requirements.........................................................................................367
9.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Centrifugal Pump.....................................................................367
9.3.6 Centrifugal Pump Applications..............................................................................................................369
9.3.7 Pump Control Systems...........................................................................................................................369
9.3.7.1 Float Control.........................................................................................................................369
9.3.7.2 Pneumatic Controls...............................................................................................................370
9.3.7.3 Electrode Control Systems...................................................................................................371
9.3.7.4 Other Control Systems..........................................................................................................371
9.3.8 Electronic Control Systems....................................................................................................................371
9.3.8.1 Flow Equalization System....................................................................................................371
9.3.8.2 Sonar or Other Transmission Types of Controllers..............................................................371
9.3.8.3 Motor Controllers..................................................................................................................372
9.3.8.4 Protective Instrumentation....................................................................................................372
9.3.8.5 Temperature Detectors..........................................................................................................372
9.3.8.6 Vibration Monitors................................................................................................................372
9.3.8.7 Supervisory Instrumentation.................................................................................................372
9.3.9 Centrifugal Pump Modifications...........................................................................................................373
9.3.9.1 Submersible Pumps.............................................................................................................373
9.3.9.2 Recessed Impeller or Vortex Pumps.....................................................................................374
9.3.9.3 Turbine Pumps......................................................................................................................374
9.4 Positive-Displacement Pumps.............................................................................................................................375
9.4.1 Piston Pump or Reciprocating Pump...................................................................... 375
9.4.2 Diaphragm Pump................................................................................................ 375
9.4.3 Peristaltic Pumps....................................................................................................................................375
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................................................376
References and Suggested Reading................................................................................................................................376
Contents xix
Chapter 10. Water/Wastewater Conveyance..............................................................................................................377
10.1 Delivering the Lifeblood of Civilization............................................................................................................377
10.2 Conveyance Systems...........................................................................................................................................377
10.3 Definitions...........................................................................................................................................................379
10.4 Fluids vs. Liquids................................................................................................................................................380
10.5 Maintaining Fluid Flow in Piping Systems........................................................................................................380
10.5.1 Scaling...................................................................................................................................................380
10.5.2 Piping System Maintenance.................................................................................................................381
10.6 Piping System Accessories.................................................................................................................................382
10.7 Piping Systems: Temperature Effects and Insulation.........................................................................................382
10.8 Metallic Piping....................................................................................................................................................383
10.8.1 Piping Materials....................................................................................................................................383
10.8.2 Piping: The Basics................................................................................................................................383
10.8.3 Pipe Sizes..............................................................................................................................................383
10.8.3.1 Pipe Wall Thickness..........................................................................................................384
10.8.3.2 Piping Classification..........................................................................................................384
10.8.4 Types of Piping Systems......................................................................................................................385
10.8.4.1 Code for Identification of Pipelines..................................................................................385
10.8.5 Metallic Piping Materials.....................................................................................................................385
10.8.6 Characteristics of Metallic Materials...................................................................................................385
10.8.6.1 Cast-iron Pipe....................................................................................................................386
10.8.6.2 Ductile-Iron Pipe...............................................................................................................386
10.8.6.3 Steel Pipe...........................................................................................................................387
10.8.7 Maintenance Characteristics of Metallic Piping..................................................................................387
10.8.7.1 Expansion and Flexibility..................................................................................................387
10.8.7.2 Pipe Support Systems........................................................................................................387
10.8.7.3 Valve Selection..................................................................................................................387
10.8.7.4 Isolation..............................................................................................................................387
10.8.7.5 Preventing Backflow..........................................................................................................387
10.8.7.6 Water Hammer...................................................................................................................387
10.8.7.7 Air Binding........................................................................................................................388
10.8.7.8 Corrosion Effects...............................................................................................................388
10.8.8 Joining Metallic Pipe............................................................................................................................388
10.8.8.1 Bell-and-Spigot Joints.......................................................................................................389
10.8.8.2 Screwed or Threaded Joints..............................................................................................389
10.8.8.3 Flanged Joints....................................................................................................................389
10.8.8.4 Welded Joints.....................................................................................................................390
10.8.8.5 Soldered and Brazed Joints...............................................................................................390
10.9 Nonmetallic Piping..............................................................................................................................................390
10.9.1 Nonmetallic Piping Materials...............................................................................................................390
10.9.1.1 Clay Pipe............................................................................................................................391
10.9.1.2 Concrete Pipe.....................................................................................................................391
10.9.1.3 Plastic Pipe........................................................................................................................393
10.10 Tubing..................................................................................................................................................................394
10.10.1 Tubing vs. Piping: The Difference.......................................................................................................394
10.10.2 Advantages of Tubing...........................................................................................................................396
10.10.2.1 Mechanical Advantages of Tubing....................................................................................396
10.10.2.2 Chemical Advantages of Tubing.......................................................................................396
10.10.3 Connecting Tubing................................................................................................................................397
10.10.3.1 Cutting Tubing...................................................................................................................397
10.10.3.2 Soldering Tubing...............................................................................................................397
10.10.3.3 Connecting Flared/Nonflared Joints..................................................................................398
10.10.4 Bending Tubing.....................................................................................................................................398
10.10.5 Types of Tubing....................................................................................................................................398
10.10.6 Typical Tubing Applications.................................................................................................................399
XX
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition
10.11 Industrial Hoses...................................................................................................................................................3
10.11.1 Hose Nomenclature...............................................................................................................................400
10.11.2 Factors Governing Hose Selection.......................................................................................................401
10.11.3 Standards, Codes, and Sizes.................................................................................................................401
10.11.3.1 Hose Size...........................................................................................................................401
10.11.3.2 Hose Classifications...........................................................................................................402
10.11.3.3 Nonmetallic Hose..............................................................................................................402
10.11.3.4 Metallic Hose.....................................................................................................................403
10.11.4 Hose Couplings.....................................................................................................................................403
10.11.5 Hose Maintenance.................................................................................................................................404
10.12 Pipe and Tube Fittings........................................................................................................................................404
10.12.1 Fittings..................................................................................................................................................404
10.12.2 Functions of Fittings.............................................................................................................................405
10.12.2.1 Changing the Direction of Flow........................................................................................405
10.12.2.2 Providing Branch Connections..........................................................................................405
10.12.2.3 Changing the Sizes of Lines.............................................................................................405
10.12.2.4 Sealing Lines.....................................................................................................................406
10.12.2.5 Connecting Lines...............................................................................................................406
10.12.3 Types of Connections...........................................................................................................................406
10.12.3.1 Screwed Fittings................................................................................................................406
10.12.3.2 Hanged Connections.........................................................................................................406
10.12.3.3 Welded Connections..........................................................................................................407
10.12.4 Tubing Fittings and Connections..........................................................................................................407
10.13 Valves..................................................................................................................................................................407
10.13.1 Valve Construction................................................................................................................................408
10.13.2 Types of Valves.....................................................................................................................................408
10.13.2.1 Ball Valves.........................................................................................................................409
10.13.2.2 Gate Valves........................................................................................................................409
10.13.2.3 Globe Valves......................................................................................................................410
10.13.2.4 Needle Valves.....................................................................................................................410
10.13.2.5 Butterfly Valves..................................................................................................................410
10.13.2.6 Plug Valves.........................................................................................................................411
10.13.2.7 Check Valves......................................................................................................................411
10.13.2.8 Quick-Opening Valves.......................................................................................................411
10.13.2.9 Diaphragm Valves..............................................................................................................411
10.13.2.10 Regulating Valves..............................................................................................................411
10.13.2.11 Relief Valves......................................................................................................................412
10.13.2.12 Reducing Valves.................................................................................................................412
10.13.3 Valve Operators.....................................................................................................................................412
10.13.3.1 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Valve Operators.......................................................................413
10.13.3.2 Magnetic Valve Operators.................................................................................................413
10.13.4 Valve Maintenance................................................................................................................................413
10.14 Piping Systems: Protective Devices............................................................................... 413
10.14.1 Applications....................................................................................................................................413
10.14.2 Strainers................................................................................................. 413
10.14.3 Filters...................................................................................................^.........ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ4H
10.14.4 Traps......................................................................................................................................................414
10.14.4.1 Trap Maintenance and Testing..........................................................................................415
10.15 Piping Ancillaries................................................................................................................................................415
10.15.1 Gauges...................................................................................................................................................416
10.15.2 Pressure Gauges....................................................................................................................................416
10.15.2.1 Spring-Operated Pressure Gauges.....................................................................................416
10.15.2.2 Bourdon-Tube Gauges.......................................................................................................417
10.15.2.3 Bellows Gauge............................................................................ |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1110974892 |
| author_facet | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- |
| author_variant | f r s fr frs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035672344 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TD434 |
| callnumber-raw | TD434 |
| callnumber-search | TD434 |
| callnumber-sort | TD 3434 |
| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
| classification_rvk | WK 6500 |
| classification_tum | UMW 450f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)226304825 (DE-599)GBV564719528 |
| dewey-full | 628.1/62 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 628 - Sanitary engineering |
| dewey-raw | 628.1/62 |
| dewey-search | 628.1/62 |
| dewey-sort | 3628.1 262 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Biologie Bauingenieurwesen Umwelt |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035672344 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420075304 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008018725 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017726599 |
| oclc_num | 226304825 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-634 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-634 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXXIX, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)1110974892 aut Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations Frank R. Spellman 2. ed. Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2009 XXXIX, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Water treatment plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage disposal plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Water / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Eau - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eau - Épuration - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Épuration - Guides, manuels, etc Sewage disposal plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Water treatment plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Water Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Abwasserreinigung (DE-588)4000313-9 gnd rswk-swf Abwasseranlage (DE-588)4499192-7 gnd rswk-swf Abwasserreinigung (DE-588)4000313-9 s Abwasseranlage (DE-588)4499192-7 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017726599&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations Water treatment plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage disposal plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Water / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Eau - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eau - Épuration - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Épuration - Guides, manuels, etc Sewage disposal plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Water treatment plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Water Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Abwasserreinigung (DE-588)4000313-9 gnd Abwasseranlage (DE-588)4499192-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000313-9 (DE-588)4499192-7 |
| title | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |
| title_auth | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |
| title_full | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations Frank R. Spellman |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations Frank R. Spellman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations Frank R. Spellman |
| title_short | Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |
| title_sort | handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations |
| topic | Water treatment plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage disposal plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Water / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Eau - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eau - Épuration - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Épuration - Guides, manuels, etc Sewage disposal plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Water treatment plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Water Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Abwasserreinigung (DE-588)4000313-9 gnd Abwasseranlage (DE-588)4499192-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Water treatment plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage disposal plants / Handbooks, manuals, etc Water / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage / Purification / Handbooks, manuals, etc Eau - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eau - Épuration - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Stations de traitement - Ouvrages de référence Eaux usées - Épuration - Guides, manuels, etc Sewage disposal plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Sewage Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Water treatment plants Handbooks, manuals, etc Water Purification Handbooks, manuals, etc Abwasserreinigung Abwasseranlage |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017726599&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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