Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sankt-Peterburg
Filolologiceskij Fakulʹtet Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Univ.
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | Izd. 2., ispr. i dop. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Nomadica
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Essays on the art of warfare of the sarmatians. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. |
| Beschreibung: | 292 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9785846506831 9785288045851 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139365797986304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Opening address, by
Valéry
P. Nikonorov
.......................................................................5
Author s foreword to the second edition
............................................................................. 13
Author s foreword to the first edition
.................................................................................. 17
Chapter I. Swords and daggers with ring-shaped pommel
..................................................20
General characteristics of the type
.......................................................................................20
Questions of origin
..............................................................................................................26
Questions of chronology and territory of distribution
.........................................................33
Scabbards and methods of carrying
.....................................................................................39
Chapter II. Swords and daggers without metal pommel
......................................................45
General characteristics
.........................................................................................................45
Questions of origin
..............................................................................................................53
Questions of chronology and territory of distribution
.........................................................59
Scabbards and methods of carrying
.....................................................................................66
Chapter III. Bows and arrows
..............................................................................................73
Sarmatian bows
....................................................................................................................73
«Scythian» bow and its evolution
........................................................................................76
Early Sarmatian iron trilobate tanged arrowheads
...............................................................89
Middle Sarmatian arrowheads
.............................................................................................93
Late Sarmatian iron arrowheads
.......................................................................................... 98
Late Sarmatian bone arrowheads
....................................................................................... 102
Shafts of arrows, quivers and methods of carrying
............................................................ 103
Chapter IV. Spears and other kinds of offensive arms
....................................................... 106
Spears
................................................................................................................................ 106
Javelins
...............................................................................................................................119
Lassoes
...............................................................................................................................119
Battle-axes and pole-axes
.................................................................................................. 120
Chapter V. Defensive weapons
.......................................................................................... 121
Early Sarmatian metal body-armour
.................................................................................. 121
Early history of metal armour
............................................................................................ 123
Sarmatian leather and bone body-armour
.......................................................................... 135
Sarmatian metallic body-armour
........................................................................................ 136
Helmets
.............................................................................................................................. 141
Shields
............................................................................................................................... 144
290
Α. Β.
СимонЕнко. Тридцать пять лет спустя: послесловие-комментарий
Chapter VI. Armed forces and art of war of the Sarmatians
.............................................. 145
First period (6th
— 2nd
centuries B.C.)
............................................................................ 145
From the history of the catafractarii
.................................................................................. 156
Second period
(1st
century B.C.
—
4th century
A.D.)...................................................... 171
Conclusion
......................................................................................................................... 186
Supplements
....................................................................................................................... 191
Supplement
1.
Swords and daggers with ring-shaped pommel found in the territory of
USSR
................................................................................................................................. 193
Supplement
2.
Beads found along with swords and daggers with ring-shaped pommel.
.. 203
Supplement
3.
Clasps found along with swords and daggers with ring-shaped pommel.
. 204
Supplement 4a. Swords and daggers without metal pommel found in the territory of the
south of the USSR (type
1-4)............................................................................................ 207
Supplement 4b. Swords and daggers without metal pommel found in the territory of the
south of the USSR (type
5)................................................................................................215
Supplement
5.
Bone laths on the bow stave found both in Sarmatian burials and in those of
Southeastern Europe
.......................................................................................................... 217
Supplement
6.
Spearheads found in Sarmatian burials of the Southern Ural and Volga
regions and of the Ukraine
.................................................................................................218
List of abbreviations
..........................................................................................................220
List of cited literature
........................................................................................................ 222
Thirty five years later (an afterword-commentary), by
Aleksandr
V. Simonenko
............. 238
Summary. Essays on the Art of warfare of the Sarmatians by Anatoly M. Khazanov
.......287
Summary
ESSAYS ON THE ART OF WARFARE OF THE SARMATIANS
by Anatoly M. Khazanov
The monograph has to do with studying martial equipment (arms and armour),
armed forces and art of war of the Sarmatians
—
one of the most powerful Iranian-
speaking nomadic peoples, which played an extremely important role in the history
of the western part of the Eurasian steppe zone from the 6th century B.C. through the
4th century
A.D.
The analysis of various categories and articles of the Sarmatian
offensive and protective armament and as well comparison of all the available kinds
of sources (archaeological, written and pictorial) allow the author to reveal the two
main periods in the history of Sarmatian art of warfare. Each of them had a number
of characteristic features and peculiarities.
The beginning of the first one chronologically coincides with the formation of
the Sauromatian culture, and its end must be dated to the
2nd
century B.C. This
period coincides with the drastic strengthening of a role of war and the military in
the Sarmatian society. Sarmatians were at that period a people-army, as the majority
of their adult population, including women, took the field. The bulk of their armed
forces were composed of light-armed horsemen. There was some number of
infantrymen too, but they were of no significance at all. The main weapon was then
the small bow of the so-called Scythian type and arrows with metal (bronze and
iron) tanged heads. Tactically, the Sauromatians and the early Sarmatians fought like
the Scythians
—
as a mounted avalanche . True, since the
3rd — 2nd
centuries
B.C. units of aristocratic bodyguards on horseback began to play a quite considerable
part both in the armed forces and in the society. Being better outfitted for close
combat with the most appropriate arms (long swords and heavy spears, some armour
made mostly of leather and bone) they acted in battle-fields as shock concentrated
troops .
The second period of the development of the Sarmatian art of warfare is dated to
the
1st
century B.C.
—
4th century A.D, the
1st
century B.C.
— 1st
century
A.D.
being critical in this process. Due to considerable social changes in the midst of
Sarmatians
—
the strengthening of their nobility and the depletion of some of the
ordinary population
—
the principal force of Sarmatian hordes becomes catafractarii,
armoured cavalrymen provided with a long and heavy lance as the main offensive
arm, who were recruited from the nobles and their bodyguards. In chase of loot they
287
Очерки военного дела сарматов
undertook self-dependent campaigns and raids. The ordinary Sarmatians served as
light-armed cavalry, whereas the poorest of them were soldiers on foot. The Sarmatian
battle tactics were grounded on a co-operation between catafractarii and light-armed
mounted troops, albeit each of these forces could have as well their own independent
fighting tasks. In the
2nd —
4th centuries
A.D.
the new type of bow
—
with the
longer stave reinforced for its flexibility (and, naturally, for greater piercing through
enemy means of protection) with bone and horn laths
—
appeared in the Sarmatian
armament. Among other important military innovations of the period under review
there were bigger iron arrowheads and long swords without metal pommel.
It is worthy of note that in the monograph there is a special essay devoted to the
history of catafractarii all over the Ancient world, which is beyond any doubt an
important contribution to the study of the armoured cavalry since the Hellenistic
epoch up to the Late Roman age1
.
Because this is a new (second) edition of the book, three additional sections are
included in it. There is a new foreword of the author, where he concerns some general
questions connected to the art of warfare and military organization of the Eurasian
nomads. Besides that, A. M. Khazanov notes that when writing his monograph he
had followed the traditional Marxist terminology, including such
clichés
as military
democracy , epoch of class formation , etc. In spite of the fact that, he continues,
subsequently, long since, he refused to use all
ofthat,
there is no word, nevertheless,
to be thrown out from this old story. However that may be, the author considers
necessary to underline that it is important to bear in mind that a terminology is not
always neutral, as sometimes it forces the scholar to follow a subjective interpretation
of the available data with corresponding conclusions.
The second section is an Opening address by
Valéry P.
Nikonorov, who marks
the indubitable merits of the monograph under review in the matter of exploring the
art of warfare of the Sarmatians and the other nomadic peoples which lived in the
steppes of Eurasia within the epoch of Classical Antiquity. In addition, he dwells on
such a question of principle as the use in modern scholarship of the terms cataphracti
and catafractarii as designations of ancient armoured horsemen. Grounding on
observations from his particular publication on this theme2, V. P. Nikonorov vindicates
a theory that the term cataphracti as applied by the Greek and Latin written sources
to heavy-armed mounted troops of the Seleucids, Armenians, Parthians, Sasanian
Persians, Romans, etc. must be used as a general name for the armoured cavalry of
the Ancient world from Hellenistic through (at least) Late Roman times. On the other
hand, the military-technical term catafractarii was employed only in the
Зга-бШ
centuries
A.D.
for designating just some of the Roman heavy-armed cavalry units,
and so it cannot be used, strictly speaking, in the same universal sense as the
cataphracti. Nevertheless, the author does not call upon his colleagues to follow his
1
This essay was also published as a separate article, see:
Хазанов А. М, Катафрактарии и их роль в
истории военного искусства
//
ВДИ.
1968. № 1.
С.
180-191.
2
Nikonorov V. P. Cataphracti, Catafractarii and Clibanarii: Another Look at the Old Problem of Their
Identifications
//
Военная археология: Оружие и военное дело в исторической и социальной перспек¬
тиве: Материалы Международной конференции
(2—5
сентября
1998
г.). СПб.,
1998.
Р.
131-138.
288
Α. Β.
СимонЕнко. Тридцать пять лет спустя.· послесловие-комментарий
theory, because the utilization of the term catafractarii has had a very long tradition
in the Russian-language scholarly literature.
The third additional section to the present edition is a long afterword-commentary
under the name Thirty five years later written by
Aleksandr
V. Simonenko, one of
the modern leading experts in the field of Sarmatian archaeology and warfare. On the
basis of adducing a lot of those finds of Sarmatian-culture arms and armour, which
have been uncovered in the course of archaeological excavations in Southeastern
Europe after the monograph by A. M. Khazanov had appeared, this detailed
commentary sheds much light upon a today s state of the study of Sarmatian weaponry
and art of war.
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035670465 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785846506831 9785288045851 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017724741 |
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| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 292 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Filolologiceskij Fakulʹtet Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Univ. |
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| series2 | Nomadica |
| spelling | Chazanov, Anatolij Michajlovič 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)129466956 aut Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov A. M. Chazanov Essays on the art of warfare of the sarmatians Izd. 2., ispr. i dop. Sankt-Peterburg Filolologiceskij Fakulʹtet Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Univ. 2008 292 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nomadica PST: Essays on the art of warfare of the sarmatians. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Rüstung (DE-588)4050894-8 gnd rswk-swf Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd rswk-swf Sarmaten (DE-588)4105355-2 gnd rswk-swf Sarmaten (DE-588)4105355-2 s Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 s Rüstung (DE-588)4050894-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017724741&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017724741&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Chazanov, Anatolij Michajlovič 1937- Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov Rüstung (DE-588)4050894-8 gnd Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd Sarmaten (DE-588)4105355-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4050894-8 (DE-588)4064228-8 (DE-588)4105355-2 |
| title | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov |
| title_alt | Essays on the art of warfare of the sarmatians |
| title_auth | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov |
| title_exact_search | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov |
| title_full | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov A. M. Chazanov |
| title_fullStr | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov A. M. Chazanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov A. M. Chazanov |
| title_short | Očerki voennogo dela sarmatov |
| title_sort | ocerki voennogo dela sarmatov |
| topic | Rüstung (DE-588)4050894-8 gnd Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd Sarmaten (DE-588)4105355-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rüstung Waffe Sarmaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017724741&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017724741&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chazanovanatolijmichajlovic ocerkivoennogodelasarmatov AT chazanovanatolijmichajlovic essaysontheartofwarfareofthesarmatians |