Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944: szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Avalon
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 453 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788360448632 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Patek, Artur |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 |b szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |c Artur Patek |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Avalon |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 453 p. |b Ill., Kt. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1934-1944 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jews / Legal status, laws, etc / Palestine / History / 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Zionism / Palestine / History / 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Juden | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Migration | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jews |x Legal status, laws, etc. |z Palestine |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Zionism |z Palestine |x History |y 20th century | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Juden |0 (DE-588)4028808-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Palestine / Emigration and immigration / 20th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Palestine / History / 1929-1948 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Palestine |x Emigration and immigration |x History |y 20th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Palestine |x History |y 1929-1948 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139361082540032 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Ważniejsze skróty
.......................................................................... 9
Wstęp
............................................................................................. 11
Rozdział I: „Stary
—
nowy kraj
.................................................. 25
1.
Kontekst
................................................................................ 25
2.
Ku
„pax
britannica
.............................................................. 32
3.
Węzeł gordyjski
...................................................................... 36
4.
Jiszuw
.................................................................................... 47
5.
Polaryzacja
............................................................................. 51
Rozdział
II:
Imigracja nielegalna czy niezależna?
....................... 61
1.
Spór o terminologię
............................................................... 61
2.
Bez sformalizowanych
ram
................................................... 64
3.
Stanowisko liderów jiszuwu
................................................. 68
4.
Pierwszy transport
................................................................ 72
5.
Ha apala
rewizjonistyczna
.................................................... 75
6.
„Dla Żydów świat dzieli się na dwa miejsca...
.................... 81
7.
„Afalpi
................................................................................ 88
8.
Rozdział polski
...................................................................... 93
Rozdział III: W przededniu wojny
................................................ 111
1.
Mossad
—
„morski departament Hagany
.......................... 111
2.
„Współpraca wrogów o wspólnym interesie
....................... 124
3.
„Imigracja jest dzisiaj kwestią życia i śmierci
................... 133
4.
Intensyfikacja aliji bet
.......................................................... 139
5.
Stanowisko Wielkiej Brytanii i głos strony arabskiej
.......... 152
Spis treści
Rozdział
IV:
W cieniu „Białej Księgi
.......................................... 163
1.
Realia czasu wojny
................................................................ 163
2.
Przez „zieloną granicę
........................................................ 173
3.
Z armii Andersa
..................................................................... 177
4.
„Jedyna alternatywa to utrzymanie dotychczasowych
procedur
............................................................................... 181
Rozdział
V:
Atlantic
—
Mauritius
................................................ 193
1.
Odyseja pasażerów
„Atlantica
............................................ 193
2.
„Patria ..................................................................................
197
3.
Deportacja na Mauritius
....................................................... 203
4.
Pięć lat zesłania
..................................................................... 206
Rozdział
VI:
„Gdyby wrota Palestyny były otwarte...
............... 221
1.
Grupa
Kladovo
...................................................................... 221
2.
Sprawa „Dariena
П
............................................................. 226
3.
Katastrofy na morzu („Pencho
i „Salvador )
.................... 230
4.
Tragedia „Strumy
............................................................... 236
Rozdział
VII:
„Jedyny szlak ocalenia
......................................... 257
1.
Koncesje Londynu
................................................................. 257
2.
Z Rumunią i Turcją w tle
...................................................... 260
3.
Zatonięcie „Merkury
........................................................... 272
4.
Nadejście ZSRR
..................................................................... 278
5.
Początki
Břichy
..................................................................... 283
6.
Zamiast podsumowania
........................................................ 287
Uwagi końcowe
............................................................................. 289
Aneks
............................................................................................. 295
1.
Imigracja żydowska do Palestyny w latach
1934-1948....... 295
2.
Nielegalna imigracja do Palestyny w świetle oficjalnych
statystyk mandatariusza
(1935-1945)................................. 296
3.
Morskie transporty aliji bet zorganizowane w latach
1934-1944.............................................................................. 296
4.
Natan
Alterman,
Song
of the
„
illegal
immigration
.......... 302
Słowniczek.....................................................................................
303
Spis treści
Dokumenty
.................................................................................... 309
Wykaz dokumentów
.................................................................. 309
1.
Pismo Konsula Generalnego RP w
Tel Awiwie
dr. Bernarda Hausnera do Departamentu Konsularnego
Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych w Warszawie w sprawie
nielegalnej „emigracji turystycznej Żydów do Palestyny,
28
października
1933
r.
......................................................... 311
2.
Pismo
Foreign
Office do przedstawicieli Wielkiej
Brytanii w Kairze, Bagdadzie i Dżiddzie; Londyn,
7
maja
1939
r.
........................................................................ 318
3.
Pismo Władysława Żyborskiego, dyrektora
Departamentu w Ministerstwie Spraw Wewnętrznych,
do urzędów wojewódzkich w sprawie tzw. emigracji
turystycznej; Warszawa,
15
czerwca
1939
r.
........................ 321
4.
Pismo Wysokiego Komisarza Palestyny
sir Harolda
MacMichaela do ministra kolonii Malcolma MacDonalda
w sprawie ostrzelania statku
„Tiger Hill ,
3
września
1939
r.
................................................................. 324
5.
Jewish illegal immigration into Palestine (Memorandum
prepared jointly by the Foreign Office and Colonial Office.
December 1939-January
1940)............................................ 326
6.
Translation of Report on Treatment of two Jewish
Refugees at Athlit Camp
(2
IV
1940
r.)
................................ 333
7. [Moshe
Shertok], Minute of the interview with H.E.
the High Commissioner Sir Harold McMichael,
on Wednesday, November 27th,
1940.................................... 335
8.
Pismo ministra kolonii
Roberta
Gascoyne-Cecila,
wicehrabiego
Cranborne, do
Berla
Lockera
z Agencji
Żydowskiej,
22
maja
1942
r. (kopia)
..................................... 342
9.
Report
of the sinking of the
M/V „Merkure
(9
IX
1944)... 345
10.
The case of the Mauritius deportees (A Report prepared
on the basis of evidence from an ex-detainee).
London, December
1944....................................................... 352
Bibliografia selektywna................................................................
369
Summary
....................................................................................... 413
Wykaz tabel...................................................................................
417
Wykaz
map
.................................................................................... 419
Spis ilustracji
................................................................................. 420
Indeks osób
.................................................................................... 427
Indeks geograficzno-rzeczowy
..................................................... 439
Summary
Aliyah Bet
—
the illegal immigration of Jews to Palestine, the
British mandated territory
—
was one of the methods used by the Zi¬
onist movement in the fight for a sovereign Israel. On the one hand,
Aliyah Bet was the expression of the Diaspora s desire to return to
the Promised Land and on the other
—
a reaction to Great Britain s
Palestinian policy which had undergone a significant evolution from
the support of the idea of the Jewish National Home (Balfour Dec¬
laration,
1917)
through the concept of impeding its realisation (Pass-
field White Paper,
1930)
to the actual withdrawal from further ac¬
tions on its behalf (McDonald White Paper,
1939).
In reality it meant
imposing limits on Jewish immigration into Palestine. In response,
the Jews started to organise immigration using other than lawfully
acceptable methods and called it immigration type B (Aliyah Bet
or
Ha apala)
as opposed to the Aliyah allowed by the British manda¬
tory authority.
Aliyah Bet accompanied the influx of Jews into Palestine as ear¬
ly as the pre-mandate epoch, but the phenomenon took more con¬
crete forms in the
1930s.
In the history of the movement three stag¬
es can be distinguished:
1) 1934-1939
(from the first marine trans¬
port to the break-out of World War II),
2) 1939-1944
(during World
War II),
3) 1945-1948
(from the close of World War II to the estab¬
lishment of the State of Israel). Within the framework of Aliyah Bet
a total of
122
thousand people (including
21.6
thousand by Septem¬
ber,
1939
and
16.5
thousand during the war) were transferred to
Palestine by land, sea or air. The figures include those who were de¬
ported out of the mandated territory or turned back to Europe. The
illegal immigrants (ma apilim) came from the Old Continent, main¬
ly from its central and eastern parts, from countries like Germany,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Romania and Bulgaria. The routes
were mainly by sea. More than
90%
of refugees were transported this
413
Jews on their way to Palestine
way. The ma apilim fleet, ranging from small units capable of taking
only several dozen on board to freighters suitable for the passage of
thousands, consisted of over
100
ships which, at different times, set
course for Palestine.
Illegal Jewish immigration was a complex and temporally
changeable phenomenon. It was both conditioned by factors operat¬
ing within Yishuv and Diaspora and by those over which Jews had
no control of. Equally important were the circumstances of a politi¬
cal, ideological and spiritual nature. Aliyah Bet represented much
of what had contributed to the symbolism of the Jewish history and
had become part of collective Jewish awareness. As a result, illegal
immigration attracted different people and circles though for vari¬
ous reasons.
The leading force was quite understandably the Zionist move¬
ment but as this form of immigration did not at first win the support
of the Jewish Agency, the Zionist Revisionists initially took the initi¬
ative. Influenced by the leadership of Yishuv,
Mossad
le
Aliyah Bet
(Institute of Immigration B), the governing body of the illegal immi¬
gration movement, was set up toward the end of
1938
when the situ¬
ation of Jews in Europe had dramatically changed for the worse and
Great Britain drastically restricted immigration by imposing annual
quotas. Although saving endangered compatriots from Europe was
a priority, it is worth pointing out that the suitability of the refugees
for Palestine was also taken into consideration. The immigrants were
supposed to contribute to the building of the Jewish state. As a result,
the candidates were sometimes selected on the basis of their job ex¬
perience or physical fitness. Some supported Aliyah Bet out of high
motives, some were guided by ideological principles and some
—
in¬
terested in gaining additional income
—
unscrupulously took advan¬
tage of the misery of their fellow countrymen.
Aliyah Bet focused the attention of many parties
—
the Brit¬
ish mandatory, Palestinian Arabs and many European governments.
The latter, like Poland or Romania, perceived Jewish immigration as
a way of solving their domestic social problems, the Third Reich was
motivated by the desire to get rid of Jews out of her territory. Arabs
opposed the idea of the Jewish National Home as it collided with
their own aspirations. Finally, the British standpoint was shaped by
a political strategy and consideration of the Arab cause.
From the perspective of London s interests, the strategic Mid¬
dle East held a prominent place as one of the foundations of securi¬
ty of the Empire. Consequently, Great Britain strived for preserving
414
Jews on their way to Palestine
pax
britannica
within the territory. The problem was that it was
only possible to achieve this aim through cooperation with the Ar¬
abs. This, in turn, ruled out the pro-Jewish option.
A chain of events put the British and Jews on the opposing sides.
Great Britain believed in her Middle Eastern strategy as strongly as
did the Jews in the idea of an Erec Israel. And at that time the two
standpoints could not possibly be reconciled. The British stood fast
against illegal immigration. From their perspective Aliyah Bet threat¬
ened to destabilise relations in the mandate and that, in turn, would
weaken Great Britain s position east of Suez (it is important to bear
in mind that more than half of the British Empire, both in terms of
area, population and economy, was situated east of the Suez Canal).
For the Jews, however, immigration was a rescue and a form of strug¬
gle for their own state. Arabs too had a different standpoint on the
matter. The disgraceful situation was exacerbated by the fact that the
events took place during the time of persecution of Jews in Europe
and at the time of the Holocaust. How many people would have sur¬
vived World War II, had the door to Palestine been kept open? Aliyah
Bet exposed the heartlessness and hypocrisy of many governments
which exploited the question of Jewish refugees even after news of
the Holocaust by the Third Reich had spread.
Translated by
Alicja Waligóra-Zblewska
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Patek, Artur |
| author_facet | Patek, Artur |
| author_role | aut |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)429115312 (DE-599)BVBBV035667343 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1934-1944 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1934-1944 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Palestine / Emigration and immigration / 20th century Palestine / History / 1929-1948 Palestine Emigration and immigration History 20th century Palestine History 1929-1948 Palästina (DE-588)4044381-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Palestine / Emigration and immigration / 20th century Palestine / History / 1929-1948 Palestine Emigration and immigration History 20th century Palestine History 1929-1948 Palästina |
| id | DE-604.BV035667343 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788360448632 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017721668 |
| oclc_num | 429115312 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 453 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Avalon |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Patek, Artur Verfasser aut Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Artur Patek Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Wyd. 1. Kraków Avalon 2009 453 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1934-1944 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Legal status, laws, etc / Palestine / History / 20th century Zionism / Palestine / History / 20th century Geschichte Juden Migration Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Palestine History 20th century Zionism Palestine History 20th century Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Palestine / Emigration and immigration / 20th century Palestine / History / 1929-1948 Palestine Emigration and immigration History 20th century Palestine History 1929-1948 Palästina (DE-588)4044381-4 gnd rswk-swf Palästina (DE-588)4044381-4 g Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1934-1944 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017721668&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017721668&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Patek, Artur Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Jews / Legal status, laws, etc / Palestine / History / 20th century Zionism / Palestine / History / 20th century Geschichte Juden Migration Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Palestine History 20th century Zionism Palestine History 20th century Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4013960-8 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4044381-4 |
| title | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| title_alt | Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| title_auth | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| title_exact_search | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| title_full | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Artur Patek |
| title_fullStr | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Artur Patek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 Artur Patek |
| title_short | Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934 - 1944 |
| title_sort | zydzi w drodze do palestyny 1934 1944 szkice z dziejow aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji zydowskiej jews on their way to palestine 1934 1944 |
| title_sub | szkice z dziejów aliji bet nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej = Jews on their way to Palestine 1934 - 1944 |
| topic | Jews / Legal status, laws, etc / Palestine / History / 20th century Zionism / Palestine / History / 20th century Geschichte Juden Migration Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Palestine History 20th century Zionism Palestine History 20th century Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Jews / Legal status, laws, etc / Palestine / History / 20th century Zionism / Palestine / History / 20th century Geschichte Juden Migration Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Palestine History 20th century Zionism Palestine History 20th century Einwanderung Palestine / Emigration and immigration / 20th century Palestine / History / 1929-1948 Palestine Emigration and immigration History 20th century Palestine History 1929-1948 Palästina |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017721668&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017721668&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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