Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek): centrum czy peryferie?
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej / Seria Humanistyczna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Wrocław in the economic space of Europe between the thirteenth and the fifteenth century |
| Beschreibung: | 648 S. Kt. 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788322929681 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
1.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
7
1.1.
Celi koncepcja badań
7
1.2.
Historiografia dalekosiężnych powiązań gospodarczych Wrocławia
i aktualny stan badań
21
1.3.
Baza źródłowa
36
2.
STREFY GOSPODARCZE EUROPY I SZLAKI KOMUNIKACYJNE
55
3.
KULTURA HANDLOWA
93
3.1.
Czym jest kultura handlowa?
93
3.2.
Uwarunkowania polityczno-ustrojowe i prawno-etyczne działalności
kupieckiej
95
3.3.
Struktury organizacyjne
128
3.4.
Warsztat kupca: narzędzia
—
wiedza
—
umiejętności
181
3.5.
Taktyka i strategia
—
między zyskiem, karierą i zbawieniem
207
4.
KONTAKTY W STREFIE MACIERZYSTEJ
232
4.1.
W okresie piastowskim (do
1335
r.)
232
4.2.
Po inkorporacji do państwa Luksemburgów
-
związki z miastami Czech
i Moraw po
1335
r.
237
4.3.
Po Dunaj i Budę
271
4.4.
Blaski i cienie związków z Krakowem i Małopolską po
1335
r.
288
5.
KIERUNEK: MORZE CZARNE
325
6.
ZACHODNIE SĄSIEDZTWO BLIŻSZE I DALSZE
(ŁUŻYCE, SAKSONIA, TURYNGIA)
363
7.
GÓRNONIEMIECCY POŚREDNICY, PARTNERZY I KONKURENCI
393
7.1.
W stronę Bawarii i Austrii
393
7.2.
Czas norymberczyków i Szwajcarów
412
8.
WSZYSTKIE DROGI PROWADZĄ DO ITALII
449
ZAKOŃCZENIE. MIEJSCE WROCŁAWIA W PRZESTRZENI
GOSPODARCZEJ EUROPY
496
Aneks
1.
Pieniądze i przeliczniki
519
Aneks
2.
Miary i wagi
533
648
Aneks
3.
Ceny wybranych towarów we Wrocławiu w
XIV-XV
w.
547
Spis tabel
575
Spis map
576
Wykaz skrótów
577
Bibliografia
584
Summary
614
Indeks wybranych postaci historycznych
622
Indeks nazw miejscowych i geograficznych
636
SUMMARY
WROCŁAW
IN THE ECONOMIC SPACE OF EUROPE
BETWEEN THE THIRTEENTH AND THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY:
CORE OR PERIPHERY?
The expansion of the Mongol empire and the long-term economic development of
Latin Europe with its climax in the 13th century entailed the emergence of intercon¬
tinental economic relations between the Far East, North Africa and Europe. The eco¬
nomic space of that third continent extended between two cores: Northern Italy and
the Netherlands. Apart from these two cores, the rest of Europe s territory consisted
of many economic zones, each of which was
-
in the words of H. Samsonowicz and
A. Mączak
—
a cluster of [more local] regions, whose economy depended on the same
external factor [that is to say], on the same external market .
The present study considers the long-distance economic relations of the city of
Wroclaw
(Breslau
in German) between the 13th and the
Ιδ01
century.
Wrocław
has
been a center of the region of Silesia, one of the most economically advanced regions
of Central Europe at this time. The self-governing city was situated at the crossroads
of several trade routes extending from east to west, as well as from north to south.
In the period under study, Wroclaw was ruled by the independent Polish dukes of the
Piast
dynasty, and, after
1327-35,
associated with the Kingdom of Bohemia for almost
two centuries, especially closely between
1335
and
1469,
and again between
1490
and
1526.
The affiliation with the Czech monarchy was tantamount to subjection to the
Holy Roman Empire; although, between
1469
and
1490,
the city of
Wrocław
was
subordinated to the king of Hungary.
The reconstruction of Wroclaw s long-distance economic relations focuses on the
zones linked specifically to the North Italian core of the European economy. This part
of the European economic space, which was intensively penetrated by Wroclaw mer¬
chants, embraced the area encompassing Silesia, south-western
Ruthenia,
Moldavia,
Walachia, northern Italy, and southern and southeastern Germany.
The book concerns several major subjects.
One, developed in Chapter
1,
is the primary sources and the historiography. The
book is based on a wide range of published and archival primary sources. The latter
include archives situated in Poland
-
in
Wrocław, Kraków,
Lublin, and
Poznań
-
and
abroad, in Prague, Lviv, Salzburg, and Venice. The economy of the city of
Wrocław
became a subject of research during the second half of the 18th century, with the work
of S. B.
Klose.
During the 19th century, German historians in particular
-
H.
Markgraf,
К.
Wutke, and
M.
Rauprich
-
but also the Polish researcher A. Mosbach, took up this
subject. Investigation intensified after the publication of H. Wendt s monograph, Schle-
614
sien
und der Orient, in 1916. In
addition
to German scholars (including, among others,
G.
Pfeiffer
and M. Scholz-Babisch), the Swiss historian H. Ammann has also greatly
contributed to the field. Over the same period, several Polish medievalists who ex¬
plored the economic history of the towns connected to
Wrocław - Kraków
and
Lwów
-
and who include, among others, S. Kutrzeba, J.
Ptaśnik,
and
Ł.
Charewiczowa, have
helped elucidate Wroclaw s long-distance economic relations. After the Second World
War, the relevant studies were carried out by German and Swiss historians, especially
during the
1950s
and the
1960s,
with a continued output by Ammann, and by several
other scholars:
H. C
Peyer, W. Kehn, and particularly W.
von Stromer.
After
1945
and
throughout the
1950s,
Polish medievalists, most notably K.
Maleczyński,
became inter¬
ested in the long-distance economic relationships of Wroclaw in particular. Following
Maleczynski s classical study of the history of the medieval
Wrocław
(with massive
amounts of economic evidence and interpretation), published in
1958,
research on this
subject virtually ceased in Poland until the end of the
19808.
The
1989
publication of
the book about Wroclaw s rural hinterland by the Canadian historian
R. C
Hoffmann
has ushered in a new series of relevant monographs, especially by M.
Goliński
and
K.
Kopiński,
and of numerous case studies, both in Poland and in Germany.
The second subject, treated in Chapter
2,
entails some reflections on the economic
space of Europe: the different possibilities for dividing that space; the range of eco¬
nomic contacts established by
Wrocław
merchants; and the resulting network of trade
routes. Following the models outlined by a significant group of Warsaw historians,
the territorial range of Wroclaw s economic activity is divided into five economic
zones. The first, the so-called Sudeto-Carpathian zone (which included
Wrocław
itself)
encompassed numerous regions of Central Europe: Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, Little
Poland
(Małopolska),
and most of the territories comprising the medieval Kingdom of
Hungary. Second, the Black Sea zone encompassed, above all, south-western
Ruthenia
(including the city of
Lwów),
Moldavia, part of Hungarian Transylvania, Walachia.
(I leave aside from this zone those territories associated with the Black Sea which were
never directly reached by Wroclaw merchants: the Crimean Peninsula, the Caucasus,
Bulgaria, and the Byzantine empire.) The third zone embraced the southern regions
of eastern Germany: Lusatia, Saxony, and Thuringia. The fourth zone, the so-called
Upper-German, encompassed today s southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and one
border region of today s France, Alsace. Finally, a crucial economic zone with which
Wroclaw merchants maintained long-standing economic contacts was northern Italy,
with its rich and populous cities, especially Venice.
Apart from a brief description of these zones, Chapter
2
reconstructs the trade
routes which were, or may have been, used both by Wroclaw merchants, and by the
foreign merchants who visited the city for economic reasons. Here I focus on the
transport connections within each the aforementioned five zones. I depart from this
approach a bit by reconstructing the trade routes to Prussia and to Lithuania, because
of their special significance for the trade by Wroclaw merchants in several specific
kinds of merchandise, which was demanded in, and exported to, the south; and because
615
of their role as outlets for transport of merchandise out of
Wrocław
in the course of
blockades imposed by Polish kings.
The third subject, developed in the several subsections of Chapter
3,
is the cul¬
tural dimension of the long-distance economic activity of Wroclaw merchants. I define
a trade culture in terms of: the knowledge and the practical skills possessed by the
merchants; a cluster of the tools the merchant employ; the forms of organization they
adopt; and the modes of activity as well as ethical norms they observe under specific
political and legal circumstances.
I begin by depicting the political and the ethico-legal conditions for economic
activity in
Wrocław.
The economic policies toward
Wrocław
of the successive rulers
were consistently supportive. The grant of staple rights in
1274,
the numerous privi¬
leges of free commerce within the Kingdom of Bohemia, and between that kingdom
and other countries of the Holy Roman Empire, the support offered to
Wrocław
mer¬
chants against other monarchs
-
all these policies attest to the protectionist attitude on
the part of the Polish, Czech, and Hungarians overlords of this city. Also at the outset,
the book outlines the economic authority and the specific role of the city council in
the area of trade. It further depicts the legal framework of trade and of credit opera¬
tions: the limitations on the sale of imported goods, quality control, and control over
standardized measures and weights. Some ethical features describing the morally good
merchant were formulated explicitly in the written records produces in
Wrocław
during
the late Middle Ages. Another important agent in Wroclaw s economic life, especially
in the area of credit operations, was the local Jewish community.
The economic life of this city and of its merchants was organized in several frame¬
works. Its rhythm depended on annual and weekly markets: the former on the feasts of
Saint John the Baptist, of Mid-Lent Sunday, and of Saint Elizabeth, and the latter on
Saturdays. Chapter
3
presents also the history of the emergence and the development
of markets. The three-fair annual cycle was supplemented by the fairs at the nearby
city of
Brzeg (Brieg
in German) that began assume importance after the turn of the
fifteenth century. The fairs of
Brzeg
retained their significance despite the successful
establishment, in
1481,
of a fourth annual fair in
Wrocław,
on the feast of the Exalta¬
tion of the Holy Cross. Salt and herring markets in
Wrocław
were also economically
rather significant, because they served as an occasion for the sale and purchase of other
important commodities.
The merchants guild, established as an autonomous unit in
1339,
did not play
a major role in the long-distance economic relations of Wroclaw. It performed aux¬
iliary and social functions. Members of some craft guilds
-
especially the furriers
-
were involved in long-distance trade. Members of other craft guilds (the chandlers,
for example) confined themselves to participation in the local distribution of imported
goods. The earliest partnerships
-
which focused specifically on trade in land and in
money rent, emerged in the second half of the 13th century
-
while the first now known
reference to partnerships oriented to long-distance trade dates from the first quarter of
the subsequent century. The merchants of
Wrocław
set up the latter type of partner-
616
ship as: the unilateral
commenda
(the sleeping partnership), the bilateral
commenda,
the societas
maris,
and the general partnership. The partners were sometimes, but not
always, related to each other. The unrelated partners originated from Wroclaw itself,
йот
other Silesian towns, or from abroad. In setting up the partnerships, Wroclaw mer¬
chants recruited collaborators from the Kingdom of Bohemia (Prague), the Kingdom
of Poland
(Krakow,
Lublin,
Poznań),
the Kingdom of Hungary (Kremnica), Russia
(Novgorod), Switzerland
(Sankt Gallen),
south and southeastern Germany
(Regens¬
burg,
Nuremberg, Erfurt,
Görlitz,
Bautzen), Prussia (Gdansk/Danzig, Torun/Thorn),
and Italy (Florence). The capital available to a single partnership did not exceed the
sum of
20
thousand Hungarian florins. The trade partnerships either employed full-time
employees (the
Diener, in
German), or made use of the services of independent agents
sent on missions abroad.
Wrocław
merchants cooperated with the individual carriers, or
with transport partnerships from
Wrocław
or from the other Central European towns.
Despite some basic education in parochial schools, practical economic activity
was the most important experience for medieval merchants. Due to the preponderance
of German citizens in Central European cities, in this region the merchants of
Wrocław,
both of German and Jewish origin, had no problems with verbal and non-verbal (writ¬
ten) communication. They do not seem to have been very much proficient in Latin,
a few highly educated exceptions apart. Some wrote in Czech, and one supposedly
spoke Italian.
Late-medieval
Wrocław
merchants possessed literate skills. They used business
letters and receipts. Wroclaw s Jewish inhabitants propagated the use of the bond
{litiera
obligatoria).
Their acquaintance with Italians familiarized the merchants of
Wroclaw with the bill of exchange
(litiera cambii).
At the turn of the 16th century,
double-entry bookkeeping came into use in Wroclaw. During the last quarter of the 15th
century, Arabic numerals came into use, though not without reservations, and with limits.
The long-run strategies of
Wrocław
merchants were directed at various aims. Cer¬
tainly, most strove to become rich, and to attain an influential in the city council. They
combined their practices of long-distance trade with credit operations. Many routinely
bought and sold money rents in the cities, and bought estates in the countryside. A few
among the richest invested in Silesian and Saxon mining. Some focused on making
their career at the royal, or imperial, court, or, thanks to their high prestige, as holders
of high office. Only a single documented merchant decided to abandon his developing
business career, and to become a priest.
The economic culture of the later-medieval Wroclaw was affected by a wide
variety of influences, Upper-German above all, but also Jewish, Italian,
Hanseatic,
and Netherlandish.
Chapters
4
through
8
inquire into the long-distance economic relations of
Wroclaw merchants in terms of: trade in commodities; credit operations; and trade in
money rents. They also take under consideration the social position of the participants
in these activities. The history of these three areas of long-distance activity between
ca.
1230
and
1497
fall into four sub-periods:
617
1. Ca. 1230-1335:
the building of the basis of Wroclaw s economy under the
independent rule by the Polish dukes of
Piast
dynasty. During this sub-period,
Wrocław
merchants first entered into contacts with the merchants and the craftsmen of all the
five zones considered in this monograph, and in addition of the northern core of the
European economy, the Netherlands. The earliest trade partnerships were established
in
Wrocław
at the end of this sub-period.
2.
1335-ca.
1441:
a time of the accelerated development, encompassing the reign
of the kings of Luxemburg dynasty and the short-time rale of
Albrecht
of
Habsburg.
During this period, the earlier long-distance economic relations were developed and
intensified; new contacts were established abroad; the merchants of Wroclaw carried
out their first credit operations outside of Silesia; their trade culture underwent a rapid
development (new forms of business organization, the expansion of business literacy,
the proliferation of non-cash payment instruments), and reached its climax. Meanwhile,
the Hussite wars (although destructive, with the devastation of Wroclaw s vicinity
by Hussite troops between
1428
and
1434)
did not prove harmful to the city s long¬
distance economic relations.
3.1441—1459:
a period of stabilization alternating with some symptoms of regres¬
sion. Economic activities occurred over the geographical range as had been the case
earlier. However, some negative phenomena emerged in Wroclaw s contact with the
Kingdom of Poland: the establishment of several competitive fairs, and royal grants of
staple rights to several towns, in the Kingdom; and a gradual disruption in the bilateral
trade between Wroclaw and several Polish towns.
4. 1459
until the early modern period: a time of crisis
—
a war against the Bo¬
hemian king,
Jiži
of
Poděbrady
(1459-69,
with some respites); a trade conflict with
the Kingdom of Poland, beginning in
1490;
a growing importance of the competitive
city of Leipzig; a rise in criminality which threatened business travel; an increasing
entrance of Nurembergers into the role intermediaries on behalf of Wroclaw merchants.
All these phenomena led to a crisis in the long-distance trade of the Silesian merchants.
Although Matthias Corvinus was a powerful ruler and a supporter of Wroclaw s trade,
his reign did not reverse these adverse trends.
In terms of long-distance trade, during the period under study the city of
Wrocław
played several simultaneous roles. After all, it was a buyer s market, with a growing
purchase power and absorption capacity. As we comparing the Wroclaw tariffs of
1266
and of
1327,
we observe a rise of imported good from about a dozen to about eighty.
Later on, that number, essentially, did not grow further
-
although the volume of com¬
modities themselves may have grown. Because of its very advantageous geographical
location,
Wrocław
mattered as a nodal point and transit city, especially between Eastern
and Western Europe. The merchants of
Wrocław
took advantage of this circumstance,
and assumed full control over trade in certain commodities. For example, they began
to reexport Russian furs to northern Italy at the end of the 13th century. Among all
these trade links of the city of
Wrocław,
the most important turned out to be the routes
originating in Eastern Europe (that is,
Ruthenia,
northern Russia, and the Grand Duchy
618
of Lithuania), crossing
Wrocław,
continuing either to southern Germany or to Austria,
and, finally, all reaching Venice. In that direction,
Wrocław
merchants transported
principally natural products: furs, wax, and the red dye of Polish origin called
czerwiec.
From their sojourns to Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary, they brought in silver, and prob¬
ably also gold and lead. Silesia, and
Wrocław
in particular, also played a transit role
for the transfer of Hungarian and Russian oxen into German lands.
On the other hand, the merchants of
Wrocław
bought in the natural products of
the Mediterranean area and the Orient- spices, aromatic substances, cooking essences,
fruit, sweets, and a variety of specialty wines
-
in Venice, and presumably in the cit¬
ies situated along the way to Italy, in Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. In
addition, they bought first-rate fabrics (silk and taffeta) and cotton in Italy, and some
works made of metal in Germany. Because of the development of the textile industry
in
Wrocław
during the 14th century, its merchants began to export the indigenously
produced cloth (pannus polonicalis) to Bohemia, southwestern
Ruthenia,
the Kingdom
of Hungary, and the cities of the Upper German economic zone, from the fourteenth
century onward. Therefore, the structure of interchange of goods was fairly complex,
and does not support the well-known historiographical dichotomy in the trade within
Europe: the finished goods from the West versus the natural products from the East.
My research undermines and refutes some traditional views of trade relations in
later medieval Europe. The contacts between the merchants of
Wrocław
and the Vene¬
tians were not entirely taken over by entrepreneurs from Nuremberg from the 1420s on¬
ward. Such contact seem to have been maintained directly by Wroclaw merchants until
the early modern period, although their intensity may have diminished after about the
mid-fifteenth century. Moreover, among the Upper German merchants active in Silesia,
the Nurembergers did not always dominate. Nurembergers were preceded by merchants
from
Regensburg,
and grew in importance only quite late, from the 1420s onward. One
of the most important countries in the trade relations of the city of
Wrocław
turns out
to have been the Kingdom of Hungary
-
whose significance in this respect has thus
far been underestimated by historians. Hungary played an important role not only as
the source of supply of wine, copper, silver, and presumably gold. The merchants of
Wrocław
bought there Oriental and domestic spices (respectively, pepper, and saffron,
grown in Slovakia), and furs. Simultaneously, the Hungarian cities were the outlet for
the
Wrocław
and Silesian textile products {pannuspolonicalis), for reexported Flemish
cloth, and, a bit surprisingly, for Russian furs. The importance of the
Ruthenian
city of
Lwów
for Wroclaw merchants was not a result of the Oriental merchandise sold in that
city. Instead, the merchants bought there mainly the East-European natural products,
such as fur and wax.
Despite the fact that credit operations were practiced in
Wrocław
at latest in
the second half of the
ІЗ*
century, this type of activity began to be carried out on
a long-distance scale only quite late, around
1361 —
if we leave aside the credits ex¬
tended by the merchants of
Wrocław
to the Polish, Silesian, and Czech monarchs at
the times of their lordship over this city. It is difficult to define the destination of the
619
credits granted to, and taken by, the merchants of
Wrocław.
Apart of such credits may
have been used for investment in trade, or for outlays on the debtors personal luxury
consumption; another destination must have been a kind of banking operation (profits
from the percentages). According to H. Samsonowicz, in the larger Central European
cities the making of investment prevailed over consumption, although the most popular
use of capital was its accumulation (A
>
I
>
C).
The more developed a given economic zone was, the less advantageous the credit
balance with that zone was for Wroclaw. With the Sudeto-Carpathian and the Black
Sea zones the balance was active. On the other hand, the balances with the north Ital¬
ian, Upper German, as well as the Lusatian-Saxon-Thuringian zones were passive.
Overall, Wroclaw s credit balance with all the five zones was active. The reason was
the high intensity and the volume of the transfer between the city of Wroclaw and the
other cities and towns of Wroclaw s own
-
that is to say, the Sudeto-Carpathian
-
zone:
a state of affairs which was very advantageous to this central city of Silesia. Between
1361
and
1497,
Wroclaw merchants lent more than
30,000
Hungarian florins and bor¬
rowed about
28,500
in the same golden currency (not counting the transfers to made
to monarchs, and to recipients within the city s internal market).
Wroclaw merchants also practiced the purchase of money rents. In most cases,
exact data on this is not mentioned in the intact primary sources. One can merely con¬
clude that the most intense contacts in this particular field occurred between the mer¬
chants of
Wrocław
and their partners in
Kraków
and the other Little Polish cities.
The economic significance of the city of Wroclaw depends on our standards for
comparison. There is no doubt that, on the scale of the region of Silesia,
Wrocław
was, in every meaning of that word, a core. Within Central Europe,
Wrocław
may be
counted among several of the most important centers. In the 14th century, it seems
to have been second only to Prague, and may have been more important economically
than the Hungarian capital,
Buda.
It also outdistanced also
Kraków
and
Toruń,
During
the first half of the 15th century, this hierarchy changed. Prague lost its significance
because of the Hussite wars.
Gdańsk
matched, and perhaps even surpassed, Wroclaw s
economic. At the end of the Middle Ages,
Wrocław
was outdistanced by
Gdańsk
and
Kraków,
while Prague, presumably, regained its former position.
On a scale of the Holy Roman Empire,
Wrocław
was, throughout the entire
Middle Ages, secondary in relation to its own economic centers: Frankfurt am Main,
Nuremberg, Cologne, and
Lübeck.
Yet the Silesian city does not seem to have been
secondary in relation to Vienna. In the course of time the proportions of significance
changed. In the 13th century, Wroclaw was outdistanced by the influential
Regensburg,
but in the first half of the 15th century, the Silesian city blossomed, whereas the Bavar¬
ian center stagnated. Yet, on the other hand, at the end of the 15th century
Wrocław
began to be outdistanced by the developing Leipzig.
On the scale of Europe, the city of
Wrocław
was an active and ambitious satellite
of the Venetian core of European economy. For most of time the Silesian center marked
620
the northern range of the north Italian activity on the Continent. This upper limit of
that range changed in the second half of the 15th century.
Generally, the city of Wroclaw can be recognized as one of important nodal points
within the area between Baltic and the Adriatic Sees, the Danube, and southwestern
Ruthenia, especially during the 15th century. Its municipal authorities, and its individual
merchants, did not limit themselves to the making of profit from the city s favorable
economic and geographic location. Having developed its domestic industries and trade
culture, and having established contact with numerous foreign merchants and cities,
they contributed to the economic integration of Europe in the later Middle Ages.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Myśliwski, Grzegorz 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)14399350X |
| author_facet | Myśliwski, Grzegorz 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Myśliwski, Grzegorz 1966- |
| author_variant | g m gm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035662220 |
| classification_rvk | NR 7620 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316550551 (DE-599)BVBBV035662220 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Wrocław (Polska) / średniowiecze jhpk Polska / handel zagraniczny / średniowiecze jhpk Polska / sytuacja gospodarcza / średniowiecze jhpk Polska - handel zagraniczny - średniowiecze jhpk Polska - sytuacja gospodarcza - średniowiecze jhpk Wrocław (Polska) - średniowiecze jhpk Breslau (DE-588)4008216-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Wrocław (Polska) / średniowiecze Polska / handel zagraniczny / średniowiecze Polska / sytuacja gospodarcza / średniowiecze Polska - handel zagraniczny - średniowiecze Polska - sytuacja gospodarcza - średniowiecze Wrocław (Polska) - średniowiecze Breslau |
| id | DE-604.BV035662220 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322929681 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017716634 |
| oclc_num | 316550551 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 648 S. Kt. 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej / Seria Humanistyczna |
| spelling | Myśliwski, Grzegorz 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)14399350X aut Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? Grzegorz Myśliwski Wrocław Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego 2009 648 S. Kt. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej / Seria Humanistyczna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Wrocław in the economic space of Europe between the thirteenth and the fifteenth century Geschichte 1200-1400 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd rswk-swf Wrocław (Polska) / średniowiecze jhpk Polska / handel zagraniczny / średniowiecze jhpk Polska / sytuacja gospodarcza / średniowiecze jhpk Polska - handel zagraniczny - średniowiecze jhpk Polska - sytuacja gospodarcza - średniowiecze jhpk Wrocław (Polska) - średniowiecze jhpk Breslau (DE-588)4008216-7 gnd rswk-swf Breslau (DE-588)4008216-7 g Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 s Geschichte 1200-1400 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017716634&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017716634&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Myśliwski, Grzegorz 1966- Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4023222-0 (DE-588)4008216-7 |
| title | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? |
| title_auth | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? |
| title_exact_search | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? |
| title_full | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? Grzegorz Myśliwski |
| title_fullStr | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? Grzegorz Myśliwski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) centrum czy peryferie? Grzegorz Myśliwski |
| title_short | Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII - XV wiek) |
| title_sort | wroclaw w przestrzeni gospodarczej europy xiii xv wiek centrum czy peryferie |
| title_sub | centrum czy peryferie? |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Handel Wrocław (Polska) / średniowiecze Polska / handel zagraniczny / średniowiecze Polska / sytuacja gospodarcza / średniowiecze Polska - handel zagraniczny - średniowiecze Polska - sytuacja gospodarcza - średniowiecze Wrocław (Polska) - średniowiecze Breslau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017716634&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017716634&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mysliwskigrzegorz wrocławwprzestrzenigospodarczejeuropyxiiixvwiekcentrumczyperyferie |