Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in English language
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Contributor biographical information Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 341 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521867221 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures page
χ
List of tables
xiv
Preface
xix
Abbreviations and symbolic conventions
xxv
Introduction: grammar blindness in the recent history of
English?
ι
ι. ι
Grammar is more than an arbitrary list of shibboleths
ι
ι
.2
Grammatical changes: proceeding slowly and invisible
at close range?
7
1.3
A frame of orientation: previous research on recent
and ongoing grammatical changes in English
16
1.4
Conclusion
22
Comparative corpus linguistics: the methodological basis of
this book
24
2.1
(Computer) corpus linguistics: the Brown Corpus and
after
24
2.2
Comparable corpora and comparative corpus
linguistics
27
2.3
The methodological basis of comparable corpus
linguistics
31
2.4
Stages of investigation
33
(A) Rationalize the mark-up of the corpora
33
(B) Undertake annotation of the corpora
33
(C) Use search and retrieval software to identify
and extract recurrent formal features in the
corpus
34
(D) Refine the comparative analysis
34
(Di)
Derive difference-of-frequency tables
35
(D2) Derive difference-of-frequency tables from
inter-corpus comparisons
36
vi
Contents
(D3)
Undertake further categorization of instances
of features found in the corpora
36
(E) Further qualitative analysis, examining
individual instances, or clusters of instances,
in both corpora
37
(F) Functional interpretation of findings
37
2.5
Further details and explanations of the stages of
investigation
37
2.5.1
(B) Annotation
37
2.5.2
(C) Search expressions in CQP
38
2.5.3
(Di)
Frequency across genres and subcorpora
40
2.5.4
(D2) External comparisons
43
2.5.5
(D3) Further categorization of instances
found in the corpora
45
2.5.6
(E) Further qualitative analysis
47
2-5-7
(F) Functional interpretation of findings on all
levels
49
2.6
Conclusion
50
3
The subjunctive mood
51
3.1
Introduction
51
3.2
The revival of the mandative subjunctive
52
3.2.1
Overall developments of the mandative
subjunctive
53
3.2.2
Is the mandative subjunctive losing its formal
connotations?
57
3.3
The
swď-subjunctive
61
3.3.1
The awe-subjunctive: diachronic
development
64
3.3.2
The wre-subjunctive: a recessive formal
option?
66
3.4
Revival and demise of the subjunctive? An attempt at
reconciling apparently contradictory developments
67
3.5
Summary and conclusion
69
4
The modal auxiliaries
71
4.1
The declining use of the modal auxiliaries in written
standard English 1961-1991/2
71
4.2
The changing use of the
modais
in different genres
and subcorpora
73
4.3
The changing use of the
modais
in spoken vs written
corpora
76
4.4
The core
modais
and competing expressions of
modality
78
Contents
vii
4.5
Shrinking usage of particular
modais:
a more detailed
examination
79
4.5.1
The
modais
at the bottom of the frequency
list: shall, ought to and need(n
t)
80
4.5.2
The semantics of modal decline: may, must
and should
83
4.6
Conclusion
89
5
The so-called semi-modals
91
5.1
Auxiliary—lexical verb gradience
92
5.2
Overall changes in frequency of semi-modals
98
5.3
Further evidence for grammaticalization? Phonetics
and semantics
105
5.3.1
Phonetic reduction and coalescence: gonna,
gotta and wanna
105
5.3.2
Signs of abstraction and generalization
(semantic weakening)
107
5.4
The ecology of obligation/necessity
114
5.5
Conclusion
1
16
6
The progressive
118
6.1
Introduction
118
6.2
Basic and special uses of the progressive
119
6.3
Historical background
120
6.4
Overview of recent distribution patterns
122
6.4.1
Distribution in written BrE and AmE
122
6.4.2
Distribution in contemporaneous BrE speech
and other registers
124
6.5
Present progressive active
127
6.5.1
Quotations and contracted forms
128
6.5.2 Stative
verbs
129
6.5.3
Subject type and reference
130
6.5.4
Special uses
131
6.6
The progressive passive
136
6.7
The progressive in combination with modal auxiliaries
139
6.7.1
Modal auxiliary
+
be -ing
139
6.7.2
Will
+
be -ing
139
6.8
Summary and conclusion
141
7
The passive voice
144
7.1
Introduction
144
7.2
The
ŕe-passive
148
7.3
The grZ-passive
154
7.4
The
mediopassive
158
7.5
Summary and conclusion
164
viii Contents
8
Take or have a look at a corpus? Expanded predicates in
British and American English
166
8.1
The state of the art
167
8.2
Hypotheses
170
8.3
Defining the variable
173
8.4
Results
174
8.4.1
Stylistic variation
174
8.4.2 Diachronie
variation
175
8.4.3
Regional variation
175
8.5
Summary
179
9
Non-finite clauses
181
9.1
Introduction: long-term trends in the evolution of
English non-finite clauses
181
9.2
Changes in non-finite clauses I: case studies of
individual matrix verbs
186
9.2.1
Help
+
infinitive
187
9.2.2
Prevent/stop
+
NP
+
(from)
+
gerund
193
9.2.3
Start and stop in catenative uses
195
9.2.4
Want to
199
9.2.5
Assessing the speed of changes
201
9.3
Changes in non-finite clauses II: statistical trends in
the tagged corpora
201
9.4
Conclusion
204
10
The noun phrase
206
10.1
Parts of speech: an overall survey
207
10.2
Nouns and noun sequences
211
10.2.1
Common nouns
212
10.2.2
Proper nouns, including proper nouns as
acronyms
212
10.3
Noun sequences and other juxtapositions
214
10.3.1
Noun + commonnounsequences
216
10.3.2
Noun sequences with plural attributive
nouns
219
10.3.3
Sequences of proper nouns
221
10.4
The s-genitive and the o/^genitive
222
10.4.1
The i-genitive
223
10.4.2
The o/^genitive
224
10.5
Relative clauses
226
10.5.1
Wh- relative clauses
228
10.5.2
That relative clauses
229
10.5.3
Zero relative clauses
231
10.5.4
Pied-piping vs preposition stranding
231
10.6
Summary and conclusion
233
Contents ix
11
Linguistic and other determinants of change
236
11.1
The functional and social processes of change
236
11.2
Grammaticalization
237
11.3
Colloquialization
239
11.3.1
Contracted negatives and verb forms
240
11.3.2
TVoi-negation vs «o-negation
241
11.3.3
Questions
242
11.3.4
Other plausible grammatical signs of
colloquialization
243
11.3.5
Punctuation
244
11.3.6
Problems and issues concerning
colloquialization
245
11.4
Densification of content
249
11.5
Americanization?
252
11.5.1
Americanization in relation to other trends
256
11.5.2
Americanization and sociolinguistic
globalization
258
11.6
Other trends
259
11.6.1
Democratization: ironing out differences
259
11.6.2
Language prescriptions
263
11.6.3
Analyticization?
264
11.7
Conclusion
267
Appendix I The composition of the Brown Corpus
273
Appendix II The C8
tagset
used for part-of-speech tagging of
the four corpora
276
Appendix III Additional statistical tables and charts
281
References
314
Index
335
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| language | English |
| lccn | 2009019728 |
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| spelling | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Geoffrey Leech ... 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2009 XXVIII, 341 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in English language Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1960-1992 gnd rswk-swf Englisch Grammatik Corpora (Linguistics) English language Grammar Computational linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s Geschichte 1960-1992 z DE-604 Leech, Geoffrey N. 1936-2014 Sonstige (DE-588)119411350 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0910/2009019728-b.html Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0910/2009019728-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0910/2009019728-t.html Table of contents only Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017710847&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study Englisch Grammatik Corpora (Linguistics) English language Grammar Computational linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
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| title | Change in contemporary English a grammatical study |
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| title_short | Change in contemporary English |
| title_sort | change in contemporary english a grammatical study |
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