Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice:
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ Press
2010
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
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| Beschreibung: | LXII, 486 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199565078 0199565074 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |c Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139328595558400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface v
TabL·
of Cases
xix
Table ofLegisUtion lix
1.
References for Preliminary Rulings
1
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Preliminary rulings in the Community judicial system
1
1.2.
The structure of this book
3
2.
History and Development of the Preliminary Reference Procedure
4
3.
Outline of the Different Possibilities of Making References
to the Court of Justice
8
3-1.
Overview
8
3.2.
Article
68
of the EC Treaty
9
3.3.
Article
35
of the
EU
Treaty
10
3.4.
The
Euratom
Treaty
11
3-5.
Conventions
11
3.6.
Preliminary references and the Common Foreign and
Security Policy
13
3.7.
The Treaty of Lisbon
13
4.
References to the
EFTA
Court
16
5.
Other Ways of Obtaining Legal Guidance from
Community Bodies
17
5.1.
Asking the European Commission for guidance on the
interpretation of Community law
17
5.1.1.
Questions on competition and State aid law
17
5.1.2.
Questions that do not concern competition or State aid law
19
5.2.
Asking the European Ombudsman for guidance on the
interpretation of Community law
22
6.
The Preliminary Reference System in the Future
25
6.1.
Overview
25
6.2.
Transfer of preliminary cases to the Court of First Instance
26
6.3.
Green light procedures
30
6.4.
Docket control
31
vu
Contents
6.5.
Limiting
the right to refer to
courts
of last
instance
33
6.6.
Decentralised Community courts
34
6.7.
The best way forward?
35
2.
Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References
37
1.
The Distribution of Preliminary References among
the Member States
37
1.1.
Overview
37
1.2.
The number of references from the different Member States
38
1.3.
Distribution of references between higher and lower courts
38
2.
Why do Courts in Some Member States Refer more than Others?
41
2.1.
Overview
41
2.2.
Differences in population figures
42
2.3.
The amount of cross-border activity
43
2.4.
Level of compliance with Community law
44
2.5-
Differences in litigation patterns
47
2.6.
Constitutional traditions
49
2.7.
Inter-court competition
—
circumventing the practice
of higher courts
52
2.8.
The national court s policy preferences
54
2.9-
Specialised
j
udiciary vs non-specialised
j udiciary
5 5
2.10.
Special factors in the national judicial system
56
2.11.
The link between the use of Article
234
and the
attitude to Community law by national courts
56
2.12.
Conclusion
—
why do some Member States make
more preliminary references than others?
58
3.
Which Bodies May Refer?
59
1.
Who May Refer Preliminary Questions?
59
2.
Criteria for Determining whether there is a Court or
Tribunal Entitled to Make a Reference
60
2.1.
Is the body established by law?
61
2.2.
Does the body have a permanent character?
62
2.3.
Is the body independent?
62
2.4.
Is the jurisdiction of the body compulsory?
65
2.5-
Does the body use an adversary procedure?
65
2.6.
Does the body take its decisions on the basis of legal rules?
66
2.7.
Must the members of the referring body include lawyers?
68
2.8.
Does the question arise in connection with the
settlement of a dispute?
68
2.9.
Are there other judicial solutions to the conflict in question?
69
2.10.
The Court s weighting of the different criteria
70
viu
Contents
3.
Which Bodies Qualify
as a
Court
or Tribunal ?
71
3.1.
Judicial bodies
72
3.1.1.
Ordinary national courts
72
3.1.2.
International courts and courts with jurisdiction
in more Member States
72
3.1.3.
Activities which do not lead to decisions of a
judicial nature
73
3.1.4.
The function as a judicial body is combined
with other functions
78
3.1.5.
Summary proceedings
79
3.1.6.
Arbitration tribunals
79
3.1.7.
Courts that do not have jurisdiction to decide
on the main action
82
3.2.
Administrative authorities and ombudsmen
84
3.2.1.
General observations
84
3.2.2.
Administrative appeal boards
87
3.2.3.
Advisory bodies
88
3.2.4.
Ombudsmen
90
3.3.
Private bodies
91
3.3.1.
Private disciplinary bodies
91
3.3.2.
Private professional bodies
92
3.3-3.
Management and Labour (social partners)
93
4.
The Term of a Member State
93
5.
Other Forms of Preliminary References
97
5.1.
Overview
97
5.2. Euratom
Treaty
97
5.3.
Justice and Home Affairs
97
5.3.1.
Article
68
of the EC Treaty
97
5.3.2.
Artide
35
of the
EU
Treaty
98
5.3.3.
Criticism of the regimes applying to justice
and home affairs
99
5.4.
Conventions
100
6.
References from a National Court that May not
Make a Reference under National Law
101
6.1.
The national court is prevented from setting
aside a disputed national provision
102
6.2.
A superior court has declared the contested
national provision to be compatible with Community law
104
4.
What Questions Can Be Referred?
105
1.
Introduction
105
2.
Article 234(l)(a) on die interpretation of this Treaty
106
ix
Contents
2.1.
Questions on
validity of the EC Treaty
106
2.2.
What is covered by this Treaty ?
107
2.3.
Questions concerning the
EU
Treaty
108
2.3.1.
Overview
108
2.3.2.
Provisions amending die EC Treaty, the ECSC
Treaty, or the
Euratom
Treaty
109
2.3.3.
References under Article
35
of the
EU
Treaty
109
2.3.4.
Enhanced cooperation
113
2.3.5-
Article
6(2)
of the
EU
Treaty, on fundamental rights
113
2.3.6.
Article
7
of the
EU
Treaty, on sanctions in connection
with a Member State
s
breach of human rights
114
2.3.7.
The final provisions of the
EU
Treaty
114
2.3.8.
The
Schengen
Agreement
115
2.3-9.
The Treaty of Lisbon
116
2.4.
Mixed jurisdiction
116
3.
Article
234(1
)(b) on the validity and interpretation of
acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB
117
3.1.
The meaning of the institutions of the Community
117
3.2.
The meaning of acts
118
3.2.1. Aas
adopted on the basis of the EC Treaty
118
3.2.2.
Community acts which refer to non-Community act
119
3.2.3.
The act must have been adopted, but not
necessarily have entered into force
121
3.2.4.
The act does not have direct effect
122
3.2.5.
The act has previously been the subject
of a preliminary ruling
122
3.3.
The distinction between acts of the institutions of
the Community and agreements under international
law outside the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice
123
3.3.1.
Overview
123
3.3.2.
Agreements between the Community and
third countries
124
3.3.3.
Mixed agreements
125
3.3.3.1.
Overview
—
the four situations
125
3.3.3.2.
Provisions covered by exclusive competence
126
3.3.3.3.
Provisions covered by non-exclusive
competence and where the Community
has legislated
126
3.3.3.4.
Provisions covered by non-exclusive
competence and where the Community
has not legislated
128
3.3.3.5.
Provisions not covered by the Community s
competence
130
Contents
3.3.4.
Acts of organs set up by an international
agreement to which the Community is party
131
3.3.5.
International agreements to which the
Community is not party, but which are an
integral part of Community law
132
3.3.6.
International law that does not qualify as
Community law, but that may affect the validity
of Community law
133
3.3.7 .
International agreements to which the
Community is not a party
134
3.3.8.
Other international agreements which give the
Court of Justice jurisdiction to interpret
137
3.4.
The meaning of validity
137
4.
Article 234(l)(c), the interpretation of the statutes of
bodies established by an act of the Council
139
5.
Questions which Fall Outside the Jurisdiction of the
Court of Justice
140
5.1.
Overview
140
5.2.
National law
140
5.3.
Interpretation of Community acts which do not apply
in the main proceedings
142
5.3-1.
Overview
142
5.3.2.
Preliminary rulings on procedural questions in
the main proceedings
142
5.3.3.
Application of Community law outside the
scope of Community law
143
5.3.4.
Community law has been the model for national law
145
5.3.5.
Internal situations
152
5.4.
Circumstances arising before entry into the
European Community
153
5.5.
The facts in die main proceedings
155
5.6.
Application of Community law in the main proceedings
156
5.
When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
158
1.
Overview
159
2.
General Considerations
160
2.1.
Who has jurisdiction to decide the relevance of
a preliminary question?
160
2.2.
The margin of discretion of the national courts
lói
3.
The Referring Court Must be Able to Apply the
Court of Justice s Ruling to the Main Proceedings
164
xi
Contents
4.
Questions
not Related to the Facts and Circumstances
of die Main Proceedings
172
4.1.
The Court
s
answer will only be relevant for future cases
172
4.2.
Questions concerning factual circumstances which
differ from those in the main proceedings
176
4.3.
The question is based on unverified alternative
views of the facts
180
4.4.
The question concerns legal questions which cannot
be relevant to the main proceedings
181
4.5.
The referring courts interpretation of the facts or
national law is being disputed
183
4.6.
The answer can already be given on the basis of national law
186
4.7.
The question has already been answered
190
4.8.
The relationship between issues of admissibility and
issues of substance
191
4.9.
The question concerns a Community act which was
not in force at the relevant time
194
4.10.
Relevance
rattorte
temporis
and national law
197
4.11.
The question concerns the legal status of the
referring court
199
4.12.
Questions concerning legislation of other
Member States
200
5.
Contrived Cases
203
6.
The Relationship between the Preliminary Procedure
and the Infringement Procedure in Articles
226
and
227
of the EC Treaty
211
7.
The Relationship between the Preliminary Procedure
and the Procedure in Article
230
concerning Actions for
Annulment before the Court of Justice
213
7.1.
The TWD doctrine
213
7.2.
Discussion of the TWD doctrine
219
6.
When are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions?
223
1.
The Right to Refer and the Obligation to Refer
223
2.
National Courts Covered by Article
234(3) 224
3.
Exceptions to the Obligation to Refer
230
3.1.
The question is not relevant
231
3.2.
More courts handling the case qualify as court
of last instance
232
3.3.
Acte
éclairŕ
—
a materially identical question has
already been the subject of a preliminary ruling
233
xii
Contents
3.4.
Acte clair
—
the
correct application
leaves no scope for
any reasonable doubt
235
3.4.1.
Acte
cUirand the CILFITjudgment
235
3.4.2.
National courts margin of discretion under die
acte clair
doctrine
237
3.4.3.
ActecUir and the wishes of the parties
239
3.4.4.
Acte chir
and the question of different language versions
242
3.4.5.
Acte clair
зла
dissenting judgments
244
3.4.6.
Acte
сШг
and rulings by other national courts
247
3.4.7.
Acte clair
and cases pending before the Court of Justice
248
3.4.8.
Acte cUir
and administrative practice and legal literature
249
3.4.9.
Actecfair
—
meeting the demands of the times
250
3.5.
Other forms of preliminary references
253
3.5.1.
Euratom
Treaty
254
3.5.2.
Justice and Home Affairs
254
3.5.2.1.
Article
68
of the EC Treaty
254
3.5.2.2.
Article
35
of the
EU
Treaty
256
3.5.3.
Conventions
256
3.6.
Cases on interim measures
256
3.7.
Application of Community law outside the scope
of Community law
257
4.
The Obligation of Courts Other than Those of Last
Instance to Make a Reference
258
4.1.
Overview
258
4.2.
References concerning invalidity
259
4.2.1.
The duty to refer prior to a finding of invalidity
259
4.2.2.
References on validity where access to refer
is restricted
260
4.2.3.
Findings of invalidity without (prior)
preliminary reference
262
4.2.4.
Evaluating the
Foto-Frost
doctrine
263
4.3.
Deviating from the Court of Justices interpretation
of a Community legal act
264
4.4.
The duty of loyal cooperation and preliminary references
265
5.
Consequences of a National Court Disregarding its
Obligation to Make a Reference
265
5.1.
Overview
265
5.2.
Infringement proceedings for failure to refer
265
5.3.
Failure to refer, validity of national judgments, and
obligation to reopen the case-file
266
5.4.
Damages for failure to refer
270
5.5.
Failure to refer and Article
6
of the European
Convention of Human Rights
271
xiii
Contents
7.
When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
273
1.
Overview
273
2.
Determining the Relevant Criteria
274
2.1.
The need for judicial assistance
274
2.2.
Delay and cost
278
2.3.
The wishes of the parties
279
2.4.
The wish not to overload the Court of Justice
283
2.5.
Similar cases are pending
284
3.
From which Court should a Reference be Made?
288
4.
At what Stage in the Main Proceedings should
a Reference be Made?
290
8.
The Form and Content of a Reference
295
1.
Introduction
295
2.
The Form of the Reference
297
3.
The Content of a Reference
298
3.1.
The need for a thorough order for reference
298
3.2.
Guidelines for the drafting of a reference for a preliminary ruling
303
3.2.1.
Introduction
303
3.2.2.
Identification of the question referred
304
3.2.3.
Information about the facts
308
3.2.4.
Information about national law
312
3.2.5.
The order for reference must be understandable
without the need to refer to other documents
313
3.2.6.
Requesting the application of the urgent preliminary ruling
procedure in the area of freedom, security, and justice
320
9.
Proceedings before the Referring Court after a Reference
has been Made
322
1.
The Case Remains Pending before the National Court
322
2.
Appeal against a Decision to Make a Preliminary Reference
325
3.
Interim Relief
329
3.1.
Overview
329
3.2.
The competence of national courts to order interim relief
329
3.2.1.
Possible conflicts between national law and
Community law
329
3.2.2.
Possible conflicts between different Community rules
330
3.3.
The conditions for granting interim relief
334
3.3.1.
Overview
334
3.3.2.
Doubt as to validity
335
xiv
Contents
3.3.3.
Urgency
337
3.3.4.
Balancing the interests
338
10.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
340
1.
Overview
340
2.
Notification of the Decision to Make a Reference
341
3.
Observations on the Preliminary Reference
343
3.1.
Those entitled to submit observations
343
3-2.
Observations by Community institutions and Member States
347
3.3.
Influencing the scope of the preliminary ruling through
the presentation of observations
351
3.3.1.
The preliminary ruling procedure does not have
any parties
stricto sensu 351
3.3.2.
The subject matter of the preliminary question
352
3.3.3.
Supplementing or departing from the facts of
the reference
355
3.3.3.1.
The main rule
355
3.3.3.2.
Supplementing the referring court s
description of the facts
356
3.3.3.3.
The facts presented in the reference are
being disputed
358
3.3.3.3.1.
The degree of fact-finding
performed by the referring court
358
3.3.3.3.2.
Undisputed facts that arise after
the reference is made
359
3.3.3.3.3.
A party corrects information
on the facts against his own interest
359
3.3.3.3.4.
Those entitled to present observations
disagree on the correction of a fact
360
3.3.3.3.5.
Cases concerning the validity
of Community rules
362
3.3.3.3.6.
Rules of evidence
363
3.3-3.4.
Departing from the referring court s
interpretation of national law
365
3.3.3.5.
The Court of Justice s access to information
on the facts and on national law
367
4.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
369
4.1.
Representation
369
4.2.
Language
370
4.3.
The written proceedings
372
4.3.1.
Introduction
372
4.3.2.
Deadlines and requirements regarding submission
of observations
373
xv
Contents
4.3.3. Content and
structure
of written observations
374
4.3.4.
Lengthof
the written observations
377
4.3.5.
The Report for the Hearing
377
4.4.
The oral procedure
378
4.4.1.
Not all cases are heard orally
378
4.4.2.
Setting the date for the oral hearing
379
4.4.3.
Time allowed for addressing the Court
379
4.4.4.
Content and conduct of the oral hearing
380
4.4.5.
Considerations pertaining to interpretation
383
4.4.6.
Closure of the oral procedure
385
5.
Expedited Procedures
385
5.1.
Overview
385
5.2.
The accelerated procedure laid down in Article
1
04a of
the Courts Rules of Procedure
386
5.2.1.
Procedure
386
5.2.2.
The notion of exceptional urgency
387
5.3.
The urgent procedure in the area of freedom, security,
and justice
390
5.3.1.
Overview of the urgent procedure
390
5.3.2.
Conditions for the application of the urgent
preliminary ruling procedure
391
5.3.3.
The decision whether or not to apply the
urgent procedure
392
5.3.4.
The written procedure
394
5.3.5.
The oral observations in the urgent procedure
395
6.
Gathering of Further Evidence and Reopening the
Oral Proceedings
395
11.
The Preliminary Ruling
400
1.
Judgment or Order?
400
2.
Reformulating the Question Referred
403
2.1.
Overview
403
2.2.
The preliminary question is narrowed down
405
2.3.
Inclusion of other Community law provisions
408
2.4.
Alternative answers
411
2.5.
Potentially relevant issues that do not form part of
the preliminary reference
413
2.6.
Questions on the validity of a Community provision
418
3.
Tailoring the Preliminary Ruling to the Facts of the Case
419
3.1.
The extent to which the Court of Justice itself makes the legal
classification of the facts
419
3.2.
The nature of the question
421
xvi
Contents
Ъ.Ъ.
The content and formulation of the preliminary reference
423
3.4.
Policy considerations
424
3.5.
The work load of the Court of Justice
427
3.6.
New legal principles
429
12.
The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling
431
1.
Introduction
431
2.
The Effects of a Preliminary Ruling for the Main Proceedings
432
2.1.
National courts dealing with the case
432
2.2.
The parties to the main proceedings
440
3.
The Effect of a Preliminary Ruling in Other Cases
441
3.1.
Other national courts
441
3.2.
Parties in other national proceedings, Community
institutions, and Member States
444
3.3.
The Court of Justice
444
4.
The Legal Significance of the Opinions of the
Advocates General
445
5.
The Temporal Effect of a Preliminary Ruling
445
5.1.
The main rule
445
5.2.
Circumstances which justify limiting the temporal effect
446
5.2.1.
Overview
446
5.2.2.
Lack of legal clarity and good faith
447
5.2.2.1.
General considerations
447
5.2.2.2.
The behaviour of Community institutions
450
5.2.2.3.
Legitimate expectations for Member States?
453
5.2.3.
Serious financial consequences
454
5.2.4.
Relationship to pending proceedings
457
5.2.5.
Temporal limitation in cases concerning the validity of
Community measures
457
6.
Interpretation and Revision of a Preliminary Ruling
458
13.
Litigation Costs and Legal Aid
460
1.
Litigation Costs
460
2.
Legal Aid
461
Bibliography
463
Index
475
XVII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171536681 |
| author_facet | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- |
| author_variant | m p b mp mpb n f nf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035645425 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KJE5461 |
| callnumber-raw | KJE5461 |
| callnumber-search | KJE5461 |
| callnumber-sort | KJE 45461 |
| classification_rvk | PS 2960 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)455831528 (DE-599)BVBBV035645425 |
| dewey-full | 341.2422 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 341 - Law of nations |
| dewey-raw | 341.2422 |
| dewey-search | 341.2422 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.2422 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV035645425 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199565078 0199565074 |
| language | English |
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| physical | LXII, 486 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ Press |
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| spelling | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)171536681 aut Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ Press 2010 LXII, 486 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Court of Justice of the European Communities Rules and practice Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd rswk-swf Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen gtt Prejudiciële uitspraken gtt Advisory opinions European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Procedure (Law) European Union countries Reference legislation European Union countries Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 b Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 s DE-604 Fenger, Niels Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017700140&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Court of Justice of the European Communities Rules and practice Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen gtt Prejudiciële uitspraken gtt Advisory opinions European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Procedure (Law) European Union countries Reference legislation European Union countries Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5103273-9 (DE-588)4127136-1 |
| title | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_auth | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_exact_search | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_full | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_fullStr | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_short | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_sort | preliminary references to the european court of justice |
| topic | Court of Justice of the European Communities Rules and practice Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen gtt Prejudiciële uitspraken gtt Advisory opinions European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Procedure (Law) European Union countries Reference legislation European Union countries Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Court of Justice of the European Communities Rules and practice Europäischer Gerichtshof Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen Prejudiciële uitspraken Advisory opinions European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Procedure (Law) European Union countries Reference legislation European Union countries Vorabentscheidungsverfahren Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
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