Foundations of materials science and engineering:
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill, Higher Education
2009
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| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 1068 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780073529240 0073529249 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Smith, William F. |d 1931- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)139031650 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Foundations of materials science and engineering |c William F. Smith ; Javad Hashemi |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill, Higher Education |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 1068 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Materials science | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Materials | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139327524962304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Preface
xv
CHAPTER
1
Introduction to Materials Science
and Engineering
2
1.1
Materials and Engineering
3
1.2
Materials Science and Engineering
6
1.3
Types of Materials
8
.3.1
Metallic Materials
8
.3.2
Polymeric Materials
10
.3.3
Ceramic Materials
11
.3.4
Composite Materials
13
.3.5
Electronic Materials
14
1.4
Competition Among Materials
15
1.5
Recent Advances in Materials Science
and Technology and Future Trends
17
1.5.1
Smart Materials
17
1.5.2
Nanomaterials
19
1.6
Design and Selection
19
1.7
Summary
20
1.8
Definitions
21
1.9
Problems
22
CHAPTER
2
Atomic Structure and Bonding
24
2.1
Atomic Structure and Subatomic
Particles
25
2.2
Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and
Atomic Masses
28
2.2.1
Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
28
2.3
The Electronic Structure of Atoms
31
2.3.1
Planck s Quantum Theory and
Electromagnetic Radiation
31
2.3.2
Bohr s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
34
23.3
The Uncertainty Principle and
Schrodinger s Wave Functions
37
2.3.4
Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels,
and Atomic
Orbitals 40
2.3.5
The Energy State of Multielectron
Atoms
43
2.3.6
The Quantum-Mechanical Model
and the Periodic Table
44
2.4
Periodic Variations in Atomic
Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron
Affinity
49
2.4.1
Trends in Atomic Size
49
2.4.2
Trends in Ionization Energy
49
2.4.3
Trends in Electron Affinity
52
2.4.4
Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
52
2.5
Primary Bonds
54
2.5.1
Ionic Bonds
55
2.5.2
Covalent Bonds
61
2.5.3
Metallic Bonds
68
2.5.4
Mixed Bonding
70
2.6
Secondary Bonds
71
2.7
Summary
74
2.8
Definitions
75
2.9
Problems
77
CHAPTER
3
Crystal and Amorphous Structure
in Materials
84
3.1
The Space Lattice and Unit Cells
85
3.2
Crystal Systems and
Bravais
Lattices
86
3.3
Principal Metallic Crystal Structures
87
3.3.1
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal
Structure
89
3.3.2
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal
Structure
92
3.3.3
Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal
Structure
93
3.4
Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells
95
3.5
Directions in Cubic Unit Cells
96
Table
of Contents
3.6
Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes
in Cubic Unit Cells
100
3.7
Crystallographic Planes and Directions in
Hexagonal Crystal Structure
105
3.7.1
Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit
Cells
105
3.7.2
Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells
106
3.8
Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal
Structures
108
3.8.1
FCC and HCP Crystal Structures
108
3.8.2
BCC Crystal Structure
110
3.9
Volume, Planar, and Linear Density
Unit-Cell Calculations
110
3.9.1
Volume Density
110
3.9.2
Planar Atomic Density 111
3.9.3
Linear Atomic Density
113
3.10
Polymorphism or Allotropy
114
3.11
Crystal Structure Analysis
115
3.11.1
Х
-Ray Sources
116
3.11.2
Х
-Ray Diffraction
117
3.11.3
Х
-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal
Structures
119
3.12
Amorphous Materials
125
3.13
Summary
126
3.14
Definitions
127
3.15
Problems
128
CHAPTER
4
Solidification and Crystalline
Imperfections
136
4.1
Solidification of Metals
137
4.1.1
The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid
Metals
139
4.1.2
Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and
Formation of a Grain Structure
144
4.1.3
Grain Structure of Industrial
Castings
145
4.2
Solidification of Single Crystals
146
4.3
Metallic Solid Solutions
150
43.1
Substitutional Solid Solutions
151
4.3.2
Interstitial Solid Solutions
153
4.4
Crystalline Imperfections
155
4.4.1
Point Defects
155
4.4.2
Line Defects (Dislocations)
156
4.4.3
Planar Defects
159
4.4.4
Volume Defects
162
4.5
Experimental Techniques for Identification
of
Microstructure
and Defects
163
4.5.1
Optical Metallography,
ASTM
Grain Size,
and Grain Diameter Determination
163
4.5.2
Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM)
168
4.5.3
Transmission Electron Microscopy
(ТЕМ)
169
4.5.4
High-Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (HRTEM)
170
4.5.5
Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic
Resolution
173
4.6
Summary
176
4.7
Definitions
177
4.8
Problems
178
CHAPTER
5
Thermally Activated Processes and
Diffusion in Solids
186
5.1
Rate Processes in Solids
187
5.2
Atomic Diffusion in Solids
191
5.2.1
Diffusion in Solids in General
191
5.2.2
Diffusion Mechanisms
191
5.2.3
Steady-State Diffusion
193
5.2.4
Non-Steady-State Diffusion
196
5.3
Industrial Applications of Diffusion
Processes
198
5.3.1
Case Hardening of Steel by Gas
Carburizing
198
5.3.2
Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers
for Integrated Circuits
202
5.4
Effect of Temperature on Diffusion
in Solids
204
5.5
Summary
208
5.6
Definitions
208
5.7
Problems
209
Table
of Contents
CHAPTER
6
Mechanical Properties
of Metals I
214
6.1
The Processing of Metals and Alloys
215
6.1.1
The Casting of Metals and Alloys
215
6.1.2
Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals
and Alloys
217
6.1.3
Extrusion of Metals and Alloys
221
6.1.4
Forging
222
6.1.5
Other Metal-Forming Processes
224
6.2
Stress and Strain in Metals
225
6.2.1
Elastic and Plastic Deformation
225
6.2.2
Engineering Stress and Engineering
Strain
226
6.2.3
Poisson s
Ratio
228
6.2.4
Shear Stress and Shear Strain
228
6.3
The Tensile Test and the Engineering
Stress-Strain Diagram
230
6.3.1
Mechanical Property Data Obtained from
the Tensile Test and the Engineering
Stress-Strain Diagram
232
63.2
Comparison of Engineering Stress-Strain
Curves for Selected Alloys
237
633
True Stress and True Strain
237
6.4
Hardness and Hardness Testing
239
6.5
Plastic Deformation of Metal Single
Crystals
240
6.5.1
Slipbands
and Slip Lines on the Surface
of Metal Crystals
240
6.5.2
Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by
the Slip Mechanism
242
6.5.3
Slip Systems
244
6.5.4
Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal
Single Crystals
249
6.5.5
Schmid
s
Law
250
6.5.6
Twinning
252
6.6
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline
Metals
254
6.6.1
Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength
of Metals
254
6.6.2
Effect of Plastic Deformation on
Grain Shape and Dislocation
Arrangements
256
6.6.3
Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on
Increasing the Strength of Metals
258
6.7
Solid-Solution Strengthening
of Metals
259
6.8
Recovery and Recrystallization of
Plastically Deformed Metals
261
6.8.1
Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal
before Reheating
262
6.8.2
Recovery
263
6.8.3
Recrystallization
264
6.9
Superplasticity in Metals
268
6.10
Nanocrystalline Metals
270
6.11
Summary
271
6.12
Definitions
272
6.13
Problems
273
CHAPTER
7
Mechanical Properties
of Metals II
280
7.1
Fracture of Metals
281
7.1.1
Ductile Fracture
282
7.1.2
Brittle Fracture
283
7.1.3
Toughness and Impact Testing
286
7.1.4
Ductile to Brittle Transition
Temperature
286
7.1.5
Fracture Toughness
289
7.2
Fatigue of Metals
291
7.2.1
Cyclic Stresses
295
7.2.2
Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a
Ductile Metal in the Fatigue Process
296
7.2.3
Some Major Factors that Affect the
Fatigue Strength of a Metal
297
7.3
Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate
298
73.1
Correlation of Fatigue Crack Propagation
with Stress and Crack Length
298
73.2
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress-
Intensity Factor Range Plots
300
733
Fatigue Life Calculations
302
7.4
Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals
304
7.4.1
Creep of Metals
304
Table
of Contents
vii
7.4.2
The Creep Test
306
7.4.3
Creep-Rupture Test
307
7.5
Graphical Representation of Creep- and
Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data
Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter
308
7.6
A Case Study in Failure of Metallic
Components
310
7.7
Recent Advances and Future Directions in
Improving the Mechanical Performance of
Metals
313
7.7.1
Improving Ductility and Strength
Simultaneously
313
7.7.2
Fatigue Behavior in Nanocry
stalline
Metals
315
7.8
Summary
315
7.9
Definitions
316
7.10
Problems
317
CHAPTER
8
Phase Diagrams
322
8.1
Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances
323
8.2
Gibbs Phase Rule
325
8.3
Cooling Curves
326
8.4
Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems
327
8.5
The Lever Rule
330
8.6
Nonequilibrium Solidification
of Alloys
334
8.7
Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems
337
8.8
Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems
345
8.9
Binary Monotectic Systems
350
8.10
Invariant Reactions
351
8.11
Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases
and Compounds
353
8.12
Ternary Phase Diagrams
357
8.13
Summary
360
8.14
Definitions
361
8.15
Problems
363
CHAPTER
9
Engineering Alloys
372
9.1
Production of Iron and Steel
374
9.1.1
Production of Pig Iron in a Blast
Furnace
374
9.1.2
Steelmaking and Processing of Major
Steel Product Forms
375
9.2
The Iron-Carbon System
377
9.2.1
The Iron-Iron-Carbide Phase
Diagram
377
9.2.2
Solid Phases in the Fe-Fefi Phase
Diagram
377
9.2.3
Invariant Reactions in the
Fe-Fefi
Phase
Diagram
378
9.2.4
Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon
Steels
380
9.3
Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon
Steels
387
9.3.1
Martensite
387
9.3.2
Isothermal Decomposition
ofAustenite
392
9.3.3
Continuous-Cooling Transformation
Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon
Steel
397
9.3.4
Annealing and Normalizing of
Plain-Carbon Steels
400
9.3.5
Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels
401
9.3.6
Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels
and Typical Mechanical Properties
405
9.4
Low-Alloy Steels
406
9.4.1
Classification of Alloy Steels
406
9.4.2
Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy
Steels
408
9.4.3
Effects of Alloying Elements on the
Eutectoid Temperature of Steels
409
9.4.4
Hardenability
410
9.4.5
Typical Mechanical Properties and
Applications
f
or Low-Alloy Steels
415
9.5
Aluminum Alloys
415
9.5.1
Precipitation Strengthening
(Hardening)
417
viii
Table of
Contents
9.5.2
General
Properties of Aluminum and Its
Production
424
9.5.3
Wrought Aluminum Alloys
425
9.5.4
Aluminum Casting Alloys
430
9.6
Copper Alloys
432
9.6.1
General Properties of Copper
432
9.6.2
Production of Copper
432
9.6.3
Classification of Copper Alloys
433
9.6.4
Wrought Copper Alloys
433
9.7
Stainless Steels
438
9.7.1
Ferritic Stainless Steels
438
9.7.2
Martensitic Stainless Steels
438
9.7.3
Austenitic Stainless Steels
441
9.8
Cast Irons
442
9.8.1
General Properties
442
9.8.2
Types of Cast Irons
443
9.8.3
White Cast Iron
443
9.8.4
Gray Cast Iron
445
9.8.5
Ductile Cast Irons
446
9.8.6
Malleable Cast Irons
449
9.9
Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel
Alloys
450
9.9.1
Magnesium Alloys
450
9.9.2
Titanium Alloys
452
9.9.3
Nickel Alloys
454
9.10
Special-Purpose Alloys
and Applications
455
9.10.1
Intermetallics
455
9.10.2
Shape-Memory Alloys
456
9.10.3
Amorphous Metals
460
9.11
Summary
462
9.12
Definitions
463
9.13
Problems
465
CHAPTER
10
Polymeric Materials
474
10.1
Introduction
475
Thermoplastics
476
Thermosetting Plastics
(Thermosets)
476
10.2
Polymerization Reactions
477
10.2.1
Covalent Bonding Structure of an
Ethylene
Molecule
477
10.2.2
Covalent Bonding Structure of an
Activated
Ethylene
Molecule
478
10.2.3
General Reaction for the Polymerization
of Polyethylene and the Degree of
Polymerization
479
10.2.4
Chain Polymerization Steps
479
10.2.5
Average Molecular Weight for
Thermoplastics
481
10.2.6
Functionality of a Monomer
482
10.2.7
Structure of Noncry
stalline
Linear
Polymers
482
10.2.8
Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers
484
10.2.9
Homopolymers and Copolymers
485
10.2.10
Other Methods of Polymerization
488
10.3
Industrial Polymerization Methods
490
10.4
Crystallinity and Stereoisomerism in Some
Thermoplastics
492
10.4.1
Solidification of Noncrystalline
Thermoplastics
492
10.4.2
Solidification of Partly Crystalline
Thermoplastics
492
10.4.3
Structure of Partly Crystalline
Thermoplastic Materials
494
10.4.4
Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics
495
10.4.5
Ziegler and
Natta
Catalysts
496
10.5
Processing of Plastic Materials
497
10.5.1
Processes Used for Thermoplastic
Materials
498
10.5.2
Processes Used for Thermosetting
Materials
502
10.6
General-Purpose Thermoplastics
504
10.6.1
Polyethylene
506
10.6.2
Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers
509
10.6.3
Polypropylene
511
10.6.4
Polystyrene
511
10.6.5
Polyacrylonitrile
512
10.6.6
Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN)
513
10.6.7 ABS 513
10.6.8
Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
515
10.6.9
Fluoroplastics
516
Table
of Contents
ix
10.7
Engineering Thermoplastics
517
10.7.1
Polyamides
(Nylons)
518
10.7.2
Polycarbonate
521
10.7.3
Phenylene Oxide-Based Resins
522
10.7.4
Acetáis
523
10.7.5
Thermoplastic Polyesters
524
10.7.6
Polyphenylene
Sulfide
525
10.7.7
Polyetherimide
526
10.7.8
Polymer Alloys
526
10.8
Thermosetting Plastics
(Thermosets)
527
10.8.1
Phenolics
529
10.8.2
Epoxy Resins
530
10.8.3
Unsaturated Polyesters
532
10.8.4
Amino
Resins (Ureas and
Melamines)
533
10.9
Elastomers (Rubbers)
535
10.9.1
Natural Rubber
535
10.9.2
Synthetic Rubbers
539
10.9.3
Properties of Polychloroprene
Elastomers
540
10.9.4
Vulcanization of Polychloroprene
Elastomers
541
10.10
Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic
Materials
543
10.10.1
Deformation Mechanisms for
Thermoplastics
543
10.10.2
Strengthening of Thermoplastics
545
10.10.3
Strengthening of Thermosetting
Plastics
548
10.10.4
Effect of Temperature on the Strength
of Plastic Materials
549
10.11
Creep and Fracture of Polymeric
Materials
550
10.11.1
Creep of Polymeric Materials
550
10.11.2
Stress Relaxation of Polymeric
Materials
552
10.11.3
Fracture of Polymeric Materials
553
10.12
Summary
556
10.13
Definitions
557
10.14
Problems
560
CHAPTER
11
Ceramics
570
11.1
Introduction
571
11.2
Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures
573
11.2.1
Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple
Ceramic Compounds
573
11.2.2
Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in
Ionically Bonded Solids
574
11.2.3
Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Crystal
Structure
577
11.2.4
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal
Structure
578
11.2.5
Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal
Lattices
582
11.2.6
Zinc Blende (ZnS) Crystal Structure
584
11.2.7
Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Crystal
Structure
586
11.2.8
Antifluorite
Crystal Structure
588
11.2.9
Corundum (A12O3) Crystal
Structure
588
11.2.10
Spinel (MgAl2O4) Crystal
Structure
588
11.2.11
Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal
Structure
588
11.2.12
Carbon and Its Allotropes
589
11.3
Silicate Structures
593
11.3.1
Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate
Structures
593
11.3.2
Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of
Silicates
593
11.3.3
Sheet Structures of Silicates
593
11.3.4
Silicate Networks
595
11.4
Processing of Ceramics
596
11.4.1
Materials Preparation
597
11.4.2
Forming
597
11.4.3
Thermal Treatments
602
11.5
Traditional and Engineering Ceramics
604
11.5.1
Traditional Ceramics
604
11.5.2
Engineering Ceramics
607
11.6
Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
609
11.6.1
General
609
11.6.2
Mechanisms for the Deformation of
Ceramic Materials
609
Table
of Contents
11.6.3
Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic
Materials
610
11.6.4
Toughness of Ceramic Materials
611
11.6.5
Transformation Toughening of Partially
Stabilized
Zirconio (PSZ)
613
11.6.6
Fatigue Failure of Ceramics
613
11.6.7
Ceramic Abrasive Materials
615
11.7
Thermal Properties of Ceramics
616
11.7.1
Ceramic Refractory Materials
617
11.7.2
Acidic Refractories
618
11.7.3
Basic Refractories
618
11.7.4
Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space
Shuttle Orbiter
618
11.8
Glasses
618
11.8.1
Definition of a Glass
620
11.8.2
Glass Transition Temperature
620
11.8.3
Structure of Glasses
621
11.8.4
Compositions of Glasses
622
11.8.5
Viscous Deformation of Glasses
624
11.8.6
Forming Methods for Glasses
626
11.8.7
Tempered Glass
628
11.8.8
Chemically Strengthened Glass
628
11.9
Ceramic Coatings and Surface
Engineering
630
11.9.1
Silicate Glasses
630
11.9.2
Oxides and Carbides
630
11.10
Nanotechnology and Ceramics
631
11.11
Summary
633
11.12
Definitions
634
11.13
Problems
635
CHAPTER
12
Composite Materials
642
12.1
Introduction
643
12.2
Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
644
12.2.1
Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic
Resins
644
12.2.2
Carbon Fibers for Reinforced
Plastics
647
12.2.3
Aramid
Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic
Resins
649
12.2.4
Comparison of Mechanical Properties
of Carbon,
Aramid,
and Glass Fibers
for Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
649
12.3
Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
651
12.3.1
Matrix Materials for Fiber-
Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
651
12.3.2
Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
652
12.3.3
Equations for Elastic Modulus of a
Lamellar Continuous-Fiber-Plastic
Matrix Composite for Isostrain and
Isostress
Conditions
656
12.4
Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-
Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
661
12.4.1
Hand Lay-Up Process
661
12.4.2
Spray-Up Process
661
12.4.3
Vacuum Bag-Autoclave Process
662
12.4.4
Filament-Winding Process
663
12.5
Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-
Reinforced-Plastic Composite
Materials
664
12.5.1
Compression and Injection Molding
664
12.5.2
The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC)
Process
665
12.5.3
Continuous-Pultrusion Process
666
12.6
Concrete
666
12.6.1
Portland Cement
667
12.6.2
Mixing Water for Concrete
670
12.6.3
Aggregates for Concrete
671
12.6.4
Air Entrainment
671
12.6.5
Compressive
Strength of Concrete
672
12.6.6
Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures
672
12.6.7
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
673
12.6.8
Prestressed Concrete
674
12.7
Asphalt and Asphalt Mixes
676
Table
of Contents
xi
12.8
Wood
678
12.8.1
Macrostructure of Wood
678
12.8.2
Microsîructure
of Softwoods
681
12.8.3
Microstructure of Hardwoods
682
12.8.4
Cell-Wall
Ultrastructure
683
12.8.5
Properties of Wood
685
12.9
Sandwich Structures
686
12.9.1
Honeycomb Sandwich Structure
688
12.9.2
Clodded Metal Structures
688
12.10
Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
689
12.10.1
Metal-Matrix Composites
(MMCs)
689
12.10.2
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
(CMCs)
691
12.10.3
Ceramic Composites and
Nanotechnology
696
12.11
Summary
696
12.12
Definitions
697
12.13
Problems
700
CHAPTER
13
Corrosion
706
13.1
General
707
13.2
Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals
707
13.2.1
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
710
13.2.2
Standard Electrode Half-Cell Potentials
for Metals
710
13.3
Galvanic Cells
712
13.3.1
Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with
Electrolytes That Are One Molar
712
13.3.2
Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are
Not One Molar
714
13.3.3
Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline
Electrolytes with No Metal Ions
Present
715
13.3.4
Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of
Single Electrodes
717
133.5
Concentration Galvanic Cells
718
13.3.6
Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in
Composition, Structure, and Stress
721
13.4
Corrosion Rates (Kinetics)
723
13.4.1
Rate of Uniform Corrosion or
Electroplating of a Metal in an Aqueous
Solution
724
13.4.2
Corrosion Reactions and
Polarization
727
13.4.3
Passivation
730
13.4.4
The Galvanic Series
731
13.5
Types of Corrosion
733
13.5.1
Uniform or General Attack
Corrosion
733
13.5.2
Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion
733
13.5.3
Pitting Corrosion
734
13.5.4
Crevice Corrosion
737
13.5.5
Intergranular Corrosion
739
13.5.6
Stress Corrosion
741
13.5.7
Erosion Corrosion
744
13.5.8
Cavitation Damage
744
13.5.9
Fretting Corrosion
745
13.5.10
Selective Leaching
745
13.5.11
Hydrogen Damage
746
13.6
Oxidation of Metals
747
13.6.1
Protective Oxide Films
747
13.6.2
Mechanisms of Oxidation
749
13.6.3
Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)
750
13.7
Corrosion Control
752
13.7.1
Materials Selection
752
13.7.2
Coatings
753
13.7.3
Design
754
13.7.4
Alteration of Environment
755
13.7.5
Cathodic and Anodic Protection
756
13.8
Summary
758
13.9
Definitions
758
13.10
Problems
759
CHAPTER
14
Electrical Properties
of Materials
766
14.1
Electrical Conduction in Metals
767
14.1.1
The Classic Model for Electrical
Conduction in Metals
767
XII
Table of
Contents
14.1.2
Ohm s Law
769
14.1.3
Drift Velocity of Electrons in a
Conducting Metal
773
14.1.4
Electrical Resistivity of Metals
774
14.2
Energy-Band Model For Electrical
Conduction
778
14.2.1
Energy-Band Model for Metals
778
14.2.2
Energy-Band Model for Insulators
780
14.3
Intrinsic Semiconductors
780
14.3.1
The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction
in Intrinsic Semiconductors
780
14.3.2
Electrical Charge Transport in the
Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon
781
14.3.3
Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic
Elemental Semiconductors
782
14.3.4
Quantitative Relationships for Electrical
Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic
Semiconductors
783
14.3.5
Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic
Semiconductivity
785
14.4
Extrinsic Semiconductors
787
14.4.1
п
-Type
(Negative-Type) Extrinsic
Semiconductors
787
14.4.2
p
-Туре
(Positive-Type) Extrinsic
Semiconductors
789
14.4.3
Doping of Extrinsic Silicon
Semiconductor Material
791
14.4.4
Effect of Doping on Carrier
Concentrations in Extrinsic
Semiconductors
791
14.4.5
Effect of Total Ionized Impurity
Concentration on the Mobility of
Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room
Temperature
794
14.4.6
Effect of Temperature on the Electrical
Conductivity of Extrinsic
Semiconductors
795
14.5
Semiconductor Devices
797
14.5.1
The pn Junction
798
14.5.2
Some Applications for pn Junction
Diodes
801
14.5.3
The Bipolar Junction Transistor
802
14.6
Microelectronics
804
14.6.1
Microelectronic Planar Bipolar
Transistors
804
14.6.2
Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect
Transistors
805
14.6.3
Fabrication of Microelectronic Integrated
Circuits
808
14.7
Compound Semiconductors
815
14.8
Electrical Properties of Ceramics
818
14.8.1
Basic Properties of Dielectrics
818
14.8.2
Ceramic Insulator Materials
820
14.8.3
Ceramic Materials for Capacitors
821
14.8.4
Ceramic Semiconductors
822
14.8.5
Ferroelectric Ceramics
824
14.9
Nanoelectronics
827
14.10
Summary
828
14.11
Definitions
829
14.12
Problems
832
CHAPTER
15
Optical Properties and
Superconductive Material
838
15.1
Introduction
839
15.2
Light and the Electromagnetic
Spectrum
839
15.3
Refraction of Light
841
15.3.1
Index of Refraction
841
153.2
Snell s Law of Light Refraction
843
15.4
Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of
Light
844
15.4.1
Metals
844
15.4.2
Silicate Glasses
845
15.4.3
Plastics
846
15.4.4
Semiconductors
848
15.5
Luminescence
849
15.5.1
Photoluminescence
850
15.5.2
Cathodoluminescence
850
15.6
Stimulated Emission of Radiation and
Lasers
852
15.6.1
Types of Lasers
854
Table
of Contents
xiii
15.7
Optical Fibers
856
15.7.1
Light Loss in Optical Fibers
856
15.7.2
Single-Mode and Multimode Optical
Fibers
857
15.7.3
Fabrication of Optical Fibers
858
15.7.4
Modern Optical-Fiber Communication
Systems
860
15.8
Superconducting Materials
861
15.8.1
The Superconducting State
861
15.8.2
Magnetic Properties of
Superconductors
862
15.8.3
Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in
Superconductors
864
15.8.4
High-Current, High-Field
Superconductors
865
15.8.5
High Critical Temperature (Tc)
Superconducting Oxides
867
15.9
Definitions
869
15.10
Problems
870
CHAPTER
16
Magnetic Properties
874
16.1
Introduction
875
16.2
Magnetic Fields and Quantities
875
16.2.1
Magnetic Fields
875
16.2.2
Magnetic Induction
878
16.2.3
Magnetic Permeability
878
16.2.4
Magnetic Susceptibility
880
16.3
Types of Magnetism
880
16.3.1
Diamagnetism
881
16.3.2
Paramagnetism
881
16.3.3
Ferromagnetism
881
16.3.4
Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired
Atomic Electron
883
16.3.5
Antiferromagnetism
885
16.3.6
Ferrimagnetism
885
16.4
Effect of Temperature on
Ferromagnetism
885
16.5
Ferromagnetic Domains
885
16.6
Types of Energies that Determine the
Structure of Ferromagnetic Domains
888
16.6.1
Exchange Energy
888
16.6.2
Magnetostatic Energy
889
16.6.3
Magnetocry
stalline
Anisotropy
Energy
889
16.6.4
Domain Wall Energy
890
16.6.5
Magnetostrictive
Energy
891
16.7
The Magnetization and Demagnetization of
a Ferromagnetic Metal
893
16.8
Soft Magnetic Materials
894
16.8.1
Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic
Materials
895
16.8.2
Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic-
Materials
895
16.8.3
Iron-Silicon Alloys
896
16.8.4
Metallic Glasses
897
16.8.5
Nickel-Iron Alloys
898
16.9
Hard Magnetic Materials
901
16.9.1
Properties of Hard Magnetic
Materials
901
16.9.2
Alnico Alloys
903
16.9.3
Rare Earth Alloys
905
16.9.4
Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnetic
Alloys
907
16.9.5
Iron-Chromium-Cobalt Magnetic
Alloys
907
16.10
Ferrites
909
16.10.1
Magnetically Soft
Ferrites
909
16.10.2
Magnetically Hard
Ferrites
913
16.11
Summary
913
16.12
Definitions
914
16.13
Problems
917
CHAPTER
17
Biological Materials and
Biomaterials
922
17.1
Introduction
923
17.2
Biological Materials: Bone
17.2.1
Composition
924
924
xiv
Table
of Contents
17.2.2
Macrostructure
924
17.2.3
Mechanical Properties
924
17.2.4
Biomechanics of Bone Fracture
927
17.2.5
Viscoelasticity of Bone
927
17.2.6
Bone Remodeling
928
17.2.7
A Composite Model of Bone
928
17.3
Biological Materials: Tendons and
Ligaments
930
17.3.1
Macrostructure and Composition
930
17.3.2
Microstructure
930
17.3.3
Mechanical Properties
932
17.3.4
Structure-Property Relationship
933
17.3.5
Constitutive Modeling and
Viscoelasticity
934
17.3.6
Ligament and Tendon Injury
938
17
A Biological Material: Articular
Cartilage
938
17.4.1
Composition and Macrostructure
938
17.4.2
Microstructure
939
17.4.3
Mechanical Properties
939
17.4.4
Cartilage Degeneration
940
17.5
Biomaterials:
Metals in
Biomedical
Applications
940
17.5.1
Stainless Steels
942
17.5.2
Cobalt-Based Alloys
942
17.5.3
Titanium Alloys
943
17.5.4
Some Issues in Orthopedic Application
of Metals
945
17.6
Polymers in
Biomedical
Applications
947
17.6.1
Cardiovascular Applications
of Polymers
947
Yl.
6.2
Ophthalmic Applications
948
17.6.3
Drug Delivery Systems
950
17.6.4
Suture Materials
950
17.6.5
Orthopedic Applications
950
17.7
Ceramics in
Biomedical
Applications
951
17.7.1
Alumina in Orthopedic Implants
952
17.7.2
Alumina in Dental Implants
953
17.7.3
Ceramic Implants and Tissue
Connectivity
954
ΥΙΠ
A Nanocrystalline Ceramics
955
17.8
Composites in
Biomedical
Applications
957
17.8.1
Orthopedic Applications
957
17.8.2
Applications in Dentistry
958
17.9
Corrosion in
Biomaterials
958
17.10
Wear in
Biomedical
Implants
959
17.11
Tissue Engineering
963
17.12
Summary
964
17.13
Definitions
965
17.14
Problems
966
APPENDIX I
Important Properties of
Selected Engineering Materials
971
APPENDIX II
Some Properties of
Selected Elements
1026
APPENDIX III
Ionic Radii of the Elements
1028
APPENDIX IV
Selected Physical Quantities
and Their Units
1031
References for Further Study by
Chapter
1033
Glossary
1036
Answers
1048
Index
1052
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Smith, William F. 1931- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139031650 |
| author_facet | Smith, William F. 1931- |
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| bvnumber | BV035644726 |
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| callnumber-search | TA403 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3403 |
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| classification_rvk | UQ 8000 ZM 3000 |
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| dewey-sort | 3620.1 11 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035644726 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:42:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780073529240 0073529249 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008050012 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017699456 |
| oclc_num | 244764197 |
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| owner | DE-703 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 |
| physical | XVIII, 1068 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| publisher | McGraw-Hill, Higher Education |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Smith, William F. 1931- Verfasser (DE-588)139031650 aut Foundations of materials science and engineering William F. Smith ; Javad Hashemi 5. ed. Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill, Higher Education 2009 XVIII, 1068 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materials science Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s DE-604 Hashemi, Javad Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017699456&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smith, William F. 1931- Foundations of materials science and engineering Materials science Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079184-1 |
| title | Foundations of materials science and engineering |
| title_auth | Foundations of materials science and engineering |
| title_exact_search | Foundations of materials science and engineering |
| title_full | Foundations of materials science and engineering William F. Smith ; Javad Hashemi |
| title_fullStr | Foundations of materials science and engineering William F. Smith ; Javad Hashemi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foundations of materials science and engineering William F. Smith ; Javad Hashemi |
| title_short | Foundations of materials science and engineering |
| title_sort | foundations of materials science and engineering |
| topic | Materials science Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Materials science Materials Werkstoffkunde |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017699456&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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