Vreme kada je narod govorio: "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991.
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Fil. Fak., Inst. za Sociološka Istraživanja
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2., popravljeno i dop. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: A time when the people spoke |
| Beschreibung: | 336 S. graph. Darst. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Sadržaj
Predgovor drugom izdanju
...............................................5
»VREME
KADA JE NAROD GOVORIO«
1.
Najzad
-
knjiga!
.................................................11
2.
Jedan novinski (pod)žanr
.........................................13
3.
Rubrika u kontekstu
..............................................19
4.
Skandali i afere
..................................................24
5.
Građa
-
zlatni rudnik
.............................................28
PRILOZI
I Skraćenice
..........................................................63
II
Hronologija događaja
................................................65
III Izbor iz građe
......................................................73
• 1.
Slobodan
Milosevic
i novo
sprško
rukovodstvo
73-84 · 2.
Autonomaš-
tvo i antibirokratska revolucija u Vojvodini
85-102 · 3.
Jugoslovenska narod¬
na armija i afera Janša
103-112 · 4.
Antibirokratska revolucija u Crnoj Gori
113-131 · 5.
Slučaj Azema Vlasija
132-140 · 6.
Neprincipijelna koalicija
141-147
• 7.
Miting bratstva i jedinstva na Ušću
148-160 · 8.
Događanje naroda
161-174
• 9.
Štrajk u »Starom trgu«
175-180 · 10.
Mitinzi u Hrvatskoj
181-185
• 11.
Cankarjev dom
186-197 · 12.
Ante
Markovié
i Savezno izvršno veće
198-207
• 13.
Zajam za privredni preporod Srbije
208-214 · 14.
Gazimestan
215-218
• 15.
Amandmani na slovenački Ustav
219-229 · 16.
Miting istine u Ljublja¬
ni
230-242 · 17.
Bojkot slovenačke robe
243-254 · 18.
Hrvatska demokrat¬
ska zajednica i Franjo Tuđman
255-270 · 19.
Trovanje albanske
dece
271-275
• 20.
Osnivanje Socijalističke partije Srbije
276-280 · 21.
Ante Marković i Sa¬
vez reformskih snaga Jugoslavije
281-292 · 22.
Prvi višestranački izbori u Srbiji
293-297 · 23.
Afera Špegelj
298-303 · 24.
Deveti mart
1991. 304-308
IV
Izbor karikatura
...................................................309
Imenski registar
......................................................324
Summary
...........................................................331
Summary
Aljoša
Mimica
·
Radina
Vučetić
A TIME WHEN THE PEOPLE SPOKE
The column »Echoes and reactions«,
Politika
1988-1991
The column »Echoes and Reactions« in the daily paper
Politika
is one of the most
extreme forms of the misuse of the media in Serbia, on the eve of the bloody-
disintegration of Yugoslavia. This column represents the abuse of the people from
all social and intellectual structures in the promotion of the militant nationalist
ideology and for the preparation of the ensuing aggressive political, social, economic
and military activities of the leading elites. The chronology of this column is, at the
same time, the chronology of historical events in the period
1988-1991.
The voluminous material from the column »Echoes and Reactions« spread daily
on two (in »critical« moments even on four) prominent pages was dominated by
classical pamphlets, quasi-literary glorification of epic heritage, quasi-sociological
montages of selected semi-truths, pseudo-patriotic and chauvinist attacks on
political opponents and all the »Others« (from other nations and nationalities) and
tendentious misuse of historical events and melodramatic statements. The column
was supposed to be the first battleground for the »unmasking« of the chauvinist
Albanian, Croatian, Muslim, Slovenian, Vatican, German, and American, etc. »anti-
-Serbian conspiracies« through the voice of the »ordinary people«.
The idea was that the column should be »collective work«, or at least to be
understood and accepted as the product of the People. It derived from
Politika s
long-
running column »Among us«, which was a typical column for letters to the editor, but
very soon became independent under a new name »Echoes and reactions«, spreading
aggressive rage in the name of the so-called defense of Serbia and the Serbian people.
At first it aroused mistrust towards the »Other«, then it awakened fear, and finally it
provoked hatred, which altogether made a perfect overture for war. This shows that
the new political authorities in Serbia, established in
1987,
had a clear concept of
maintaining the power and carrying out their political agenda. As it became evident
later, the content and aims of the column »Echoes and Reactions« coincided with a
part of Milosevic s program speech in Kosovo
Polje,
in April
1987:
»All questions are
on the agenda
-
justice and freedom, culture and language. All questions are on the
agenda
-
from borders to constitutional changes, from kindergartens to courts«.
332
Summary
In the first phase, nationalism as an awakening of long suppressed national
consciousness had the role of inducing public opinion desirable to the Serbian po¬
litical elite. In the second phase, with the direct roll call of the guilty ones for the
unequal position of the Serbian people in the federal state, the »homogenization
and mobilization« of the nation for the dramatic events which were going to hap¬
pen, were carried out.
The regime understood that both phases could be realized most effectively
through the media with an innovation that the chosen media (in this case the
newspaper
Politika)
should not look like the loudspeaker of the regime, but as if the
media expressed the people s positions, views and needs as a kind of public tribune.
Unreserved alliance was intentionally carried out so that eventual responsibility of
the regime could be transferred to the whole nation. In the same way the nationalist
ideology would be plebiscitary accepted.
No other Serbian leadership has understood so well the power of the media as
this one, which took all the leading political positions in
1987.
In that year, the former
Serbian leadership (led by late Ivan
Stambolić)
was overthrown. With that, a new era
in the political life in Serbia began. Those were the crucial years of establishing and
consolidating the new political and social elite, which worked hastily on the creation
of a »new« national identity.
When established, the column »Echoes and Reactions« was envisaged to be
an everyday space for publishing the comments, reviews, impressions, thoughts
and judgments of the readers, which used to appear in the editorial section. The
column existed from July
1988
until March
1991.
During its existence this column
functioned as a special »people s blessing« for the Serbian communist leadership s
policy. The column confirmed and sometimes even predicted their actions. It also
followed their transformation from communists into socialists as well as covering
the appearance of the multiparty system in Serbia. In the beginning, this column
covered the mass rallies (so-called »rallies of the truth«) organized by the regime
which had already become a common place. »Echoes and Reactions« claimed to
be a kind of vox populi, which welcomed and explained the rallies, although they
were also occupying a dozen of other pages in
Politika.
As one of the authors
(Radoš
Smiljković,
a respectable member of Milosevic s party) noted in that time: »Aspirins
and medications don t help this country anymore, surgical operation is needed.
Political, moral and ethic revolution is necessary«
{Politika,
November
18, 1988).
Very soon, »ethic revolution« turned out to be a bloody »ethnic revolution«.
The great responsibility for the misuse of the media during Milosevic s regime
(in this case
-
Politika)
fell on the so-called intellectuals (academics, scientists,
economists, historians...). Milosevic s most ardent supporters actually belonged
to the group of academics gathered around the famous Memorandum of Serbian
Academy of Sciences and Arts from
1986
(this document called for the return of
provinces under Serbia s control, a decisive stand against Albanian »separatism and
terrorism«, and the
reintegration
of Yugoslavia)
.
The analysis of the socio-professional
structure of the authors of the column shows that the real opinion makers in »Echoes
Summary
333
and Reactions« were intellectuals who, by directing this »collective work«, actually
created the »collective spirit« of the Serbian people. They knew perfectly well how
to denounce certain people, how to stir up stereotypes of the »Other«, how to
construct myths about the »glorious past« or the historical role of the Serbian people.
Although we will never know how many contributions were written in
Politika
by
the journalists and editors themselves, or by other »prominent« political figures of
that time, available information shows that the majority of authors were more than
»ordinary people«. The overall champions were doctors, followed by professors,
PhDs, members of armed forces, politicians, journalists and even fourteen members
of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The fact that only four workers
contributed to the column testifies that »ordinary people« were not so ordinary, and
that we can call the contributors the intellectual elite.
When thinking about professional responsibility, today it is hard to find anyone
who was responsible for the column »Echoes and Reactions«. Editors of the column
were mentioned only three times in the column, but we can suppose that they,
together with
Politika s
journalists, »composed« this column, or even wrote some of
the letters. Former president of the Yugoslav Presidency,
Borisav Jović,
who wrote in
his memories that he
-
under pseudonym
-
took part in
Politika
s
glorious column,
denunciating reforming prime minister Ante
Markovié,
testifies to the extent to
which »Echoes and Reactions« was an important means of political propaganda.
On the top of the pyramid, as in all other aspects of life, was Slobodan Milosevic,
as a kind of hidden editor-in-chief of »Echoes and Reactions«, and of
Politika
in
general.
Among all contributions in the column »Echoes and Reactions« analyzed in
this study, the greatest number was dedicated first to Slovenia, then to Croatia,
and then to Kosovo. Excluding Bosnia and Herzegovina, the letters dedicated to
Slovenia, Croatia and Kosovo show the future chronology of the Yugoslav wars. In
most of the contributions victimization of the Serbian people was present. Serbs
were depicted as victims of the Ustashi genocide in the Second World War, victims
of Albanians demographic explosion, victims of Slovenian economic exploitation,
victims of (previous) bad regimes etc. all in order to mobilize and homogenize the
whole (Serbian) nation.
In the first period
(1988),
the column dealt with the conflict with the »defeated
forces« (former leadership led by Ivan
Stambolić)
and with the situation in Kosovo.
Afterwards, in the next few months, number of topics increased.
The Slovenian leadership, and the Slovenians in general, were the focus of
»Echoes and Reactions« from the end of
1988
and thereafter. But, the Slovenians
were not the only victims of this column. The political fight with the »defeated forces«
in Serbia was almost finished, but the events in Yugoslavia had larger dimensions
than to be placed only within the Serbian republic. The focus was transferred to the
wider Yugoslav context. The »working people« who then got the ethnic dimension
(»Serbian people«), started crusading together with their leadership against
everything »unrighteous« in multiethnic Yugoslavia.
334
Summary
At that time, there was little understanding in the other Yugoslav republics for
such a created image of the Serbian people and their leadership in this column. The
other Yugoslav republics had their own voxpopuli tribunes, independent from those
in
Politika.
There were everyday comments and reactions in
Politika
s
column to the
»Other s« tribunes. The number of »Serbian enemies« was increasing daily.
In
1989
the equality and the harmony that had dominated in
Politika
had to
fight against a number of critics. The media from the other republics were not the
only ones who were against the interpretations of the Yugoslav reality, which had
been published in the »Echoes and Reactions«. There were frequent voices, even in
Serbia, which were different from the
Politika
s
stereotypes. Although there were no
other established political parties in Serbia by that point, some opinions appeared
which challenged the proclaimed unity of »all Serbian citizens« in whose name the
Serbian political elite claimed to speak. Many others denied
Politika
s
dogma on the
»authority of the united nation« which crushed the autonomy of the individuals or
the independent groups. Still, those challenging opinions could not be read in the
»Echoes and Reactions«, except as the negative attitudes of the readers.
During
1990
the outcome of the Yugoslav crisis went towards mutual alienation
of the federal units. In some republics (Slovenia and Croatia) new leaderships had
been elected at the multiparty elections. The anti-Croatian frame of mind became
more apparent. Milosevic s regime widely engaged the media to induce fear and to
provoke and revive memories of the brutalities of the Independent State of Croatia
in the Second World War and to connect Tudjman s regime with the Ustashi. The
feuilleton
»Ustashi plunder of [Serbian] wealth« written by
Politika s
future editor
Hadži Dragan Antić
occupied the pages of »Echoes and Reactions« from August
б
till
September
2,1990.
This
feuilleton
coincided with the referendum on the autonomy
of Serbs in Croatia scheduled for August
19
to September
2.
Generally, highlights
of the column coincided with great »historical moments«
-
with anti-bureaucratic
revolutions in
Vojvodina,
Kosovo (October and November
1988)
and Montenegro
(January
1989),
with mass rallies in Belgrade (November
1988)
and Gazimestan
(June
1989),
with the strike of Albanian miners and Slovenian support for them in
Cankarjev
dom
(February
1989)
and with the »log revolution« of Serbs in Croatia
(August
1990).
When new regimes came to power in Slovenia and Croatia, Serbia still had not
experienced multiparty elections. Even
Politika
s
»People« realized that the political
concept, which was espoused by Serbian communists, could not dominate in the
whole Yugoslav space. This was the period when the new political parties were
appearing. The column was supposed to react to these new temptations through
the »People s opinions«. One reader from Paris, who had experienced a different
political system, noted in the column that »pluralism of political parties can not
bring more wealth and democracy«. Another reader concluded that »we can only
live happily in the Socialist Yugoslavia«. But, in reality the number of political parties
was mushrooming, as well as the number of those whose concepts of the Serbian
state and society differed from the official dogma. Throughout Serbia rallies were
Summary
335
organized against the reality offered by the regime and the media such as
Politika.
The column »Echoes and Reactions« devoted itself to criticizing those protests
and tried to present a so-called »atmosphere of fear«, spread by opponents of the
regime. When part of the opposition tried to re-evaluate the role of the Chetnik
movement in the Second World War and to rehabilitate it so as to contribute to
national reconciliation,
Politika
immediately answered by publishing the
feuilleton
»The Betrayal and Crimes of the Chetnik Movement«.
A new phase of »Echoes and Reactions« started in mid-summer of
1990
when the Serbian communists realized that communism was no longer popular or
legitimizing. For this reason they changed the name of their party to the Serbian
Socialist Party. Comments like these followed in the column: »Only the Serbian
Socialist Party can bring benefits to the Serbian people«, »Why I wouldn t vote for
the opposition«, »Serbian people get its own party«, »With the Constitution Serbia
got its soul, and with the Socialist Party it got its heart«, etc.
In that kind of tone »Echoes and Reactions« covered the first multiparty elections
held in Serbia at the end of
1990.
This column did not intend to conceal which side
it was on. There were a number of attacks on the opposition leaders in that period,
such as: »The opposition leaders, whose mouths are full of democracy, are bringing
the greatest evil to the Serbian people for whose welfare they are fighting«.
Immediately after the tumultuous events in Serbia and the great anti-regime
demonstrations in March
1991,
the column »Echoes and Reactions« suddenly
disappeared from the pages of
Politika.
After the first days of the demonstrations,
the column reacted promptly in accordance with the regular pages of
Politika
against the opposition (»Destructive campaign in Belgrade«, »Betrayal of Serbian
interests«, »Stern punishment for those who provoke accidents«, »Traitors and
the mercenaries of their own people«...). On March
18
the column was suddenly
terminated. The reasons for such a decision have never been explained. It might have
been a logical end to that kind of propaganda. The focus of the political marketing
transferred to other media
-
especially television. That is the way in which the
column »Echoes and Reactions« finished its temporary, but very important role in
the strengthening and maintaining the regime s grip on the levers of power. In a
period when all European communist regimes, including other Yugoslav republics,
collapsed, the Serbian communists transformed in Serbian socialist Party succeeded
in maintaining and even enlarging their political power.
Politika s
famous column
»Echoes and Reactions« testified to one small part of this phenomenon.
Finally,
Politika s
column »Echoes and Reactions« purported to echo the voice
of the People, when in reality it echoed the policy of the Serbian political elite,
namely Milosevic, which sought and obtained reaction from the Serbian masses to
its mobilizing and radicalizing message. In so doing, it appeared as if the hatred
awakened by
Politika
which resulted in the wars which tore the former Yugoslavia
apart was according to the will of the People, motivated in large part by the century s
long injustice toward Serbian people. With the People s blessing, the war of words
that was carried in
Politika s
column »Echoes and Reactions« could become (and
336
Summary
became) a bloody Yugoslav war. Although this column was suddenly terminated
in March
1991,
in the memories of contemporaries it is still a symbol of political
instrumentation of the media whose aim was to manipulate public opinion in Serbia.
Beside that, it is still testimony to the greatest fall of the respectable newspaper
Politika
and an indelible trace of the shameful role of intellectuals in the construction
of ethnic stereotypes and the inflammation of national hatred.
|
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| era | Geschichte 1988-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1988-1991 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Serbia Srbija Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbia Srbija Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV035626964 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:41:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017681993 |
| oclc_num | 443897300 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 336 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Fil. Fak., Inst. za Sociološka Istraživanja |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. [priredili] Aljoša Mimica ; Radina Vučetić 2., popravljeno i dop. izd. Beograd Fil. Fak., Inst. za Sociološka Istraživanja 2008 336 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: A time when the people spoke Politika Zeitung, Belgrad (DE-588)4316460-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1988-1991 gnd rswk-swf Družbene razmere Mass media Množični mediji Newspapers Political conditions Politične razmere Social conditions Časniki Massenmedien Leserbrief (DE-588)4035442-8 gnd rswk-swf Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd rswk-swf Serbia Srbija Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 s Leserbrief (DE-588)4035442-8 s Politika Zeitung, Belgrad (DE-588)4316460-2 u Geschichte 1988-1991 z DE-604 Mimica, Aljoša Sonstige oth Vučetić, Radina 1972- Sonstige (DE-588)1060793628 oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017681993&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017681993&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. Politika Zeitung, Belgrad (DE-588)4316460-2 gnd Družbene razmere Mass media Množični mediji Newspapers Political conditions Politične razmere Social conditions Časniki Massenmedien Leserbrief (DE-588)4035442-8 gnd Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4316460-2 (DE-588)4035442-8 (DE-588)4193468-4 (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. |
| title_auth | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. |
| title_exact_search | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. |
| title_full | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. [priredili] Aljoša Mimica ; Radina Vučetić |
| title_fullStr | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. [priredili] Aljoša Mimica ; Radina Vučetić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vreme kada je narod govorio "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. [priredili] Aljoša Mimica ; Radina Vučetić |
| title_short | Vreme kada je narod govorio |
| title_sort | vreme kada je narod govorio odjeci i reagovanja u politici 1988 1991 |
| title_sub | "odjeci i reagovanja" u Politici, 1988 - 1991. |
| topic | Politika Zeitung, Belgrad (DE-588)4316460-2 gnd Družbene razmere Mass media Množični mediji Newspapers Political conditions Politične razmere Social conditions Časniki Massenmedien Leserbrief (DE-588)4035442-8 gnd Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politika Zeitung, Belgrad Družbene razmere Mass media Množični mediji Newspapers Political conditions Politične razmere Social conditions Časniki Massenmedien Leserbrief Auflösung Serbia Srbija Jugoslawien Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017681993&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017681993&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mimicaaljosa vremekadajenarodgovorioodjeciireagovanjaupolitici19881991 AT vuceticradina vremekadajenarodgovorioodjeciireagovanjaupolitici19881991 |