Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy: 1587 - 1632
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Księgarnia Akademicka
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 640 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788371881350 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy |b 1587 - 1632 |c Izabela Lewandowska-Malec |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Księgarnia Akademicka |c 2009 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Polen |b Sejm |0 (DE-588)1222742-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1600-1700 | |
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1500-1600 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1587-1632 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Legislative bodies |z Poland |x History |y 16th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Legislative bodies |z Poland |x History |y 17th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Polen | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Poland |x Politics and government |y 1572-1763 | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polen |b Sejm |0 (DE-588)1222742-0 |D b |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1587-1632 |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017645242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0903 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139251939409920 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
...................................................................................................................................11
Rozdział I. Nazwa i organizacja sejmów walnych
..............................................................19
1.1.
Nazwa sejmu
...........................................................................................................19
1.2.
Sejmy zwyczajne (ordynaryjne)
.............................................................................21
1.2.1.
Sejmy obligatoryjne (dwuletnie)
...................................................................21
1.2.2.
Sejmy fakultatywne (pilne)
...........................................................................23
1.2.3.
Długość obrad sejmowych
............................................................................31
1.3.
Sejmy nadzwyczajne
...............................................................................................37
1.4.
Sejmy rozerwane
.....................................................................................................54
1.5.
Тггу
stany sejmujące
...............................................................................................59
1.5.1.
Król
...............................................................................................................62
1.5.2.
Senat
..............................................................................................................80
1.5.3.
Izba poselska
.................................................................................................89
1.5.3.1.
Reprezentacja miejska i niższego duchowieństwa
..............................96
1.6.
Podsumowanie
......................................................................................................100
Rozdział
II.
Akcja sejmowa
...............................................................................................109
II.
1.
Zwołanie sejmu
...................................................................................................110
11.1.1.
Deliberatoria
i odpowiedzi senatorów
.......................................................113
11.1.2. Listy sejmowe (sejmikowe)
.......................................................................119
II.1.2.1. Listy oficjalne (urzędowe -publiczne)
............................................122
11.1.2.1.1.
Instrukcja królewska
..............................................................128
II.
1.2.2.
Listy nieoficjalne (nieurzędowe
-
prywatne)
...................................134
11.2. Sejmiki przedsejmowe
.........................................................................................136
11.2.1. Legacja królewska
.....................................................................................139
11.2.2. Wybór posłów.
...........................................................................................141
11.2.3. Instrukcje sejmikowe
.................................................................................143
11.3. Sejmiki generalne
................................................................................................153
11.4. Obrady sejmowe
..................................................................................................158
6
Spis treści
11.4.1.
Uroczystości wstępne
................................................................................170
11.4.2. Obrady izb rozłączonych
...........................................................................173
11.4.2.1. Narady senatu
..................................................................................173
11.4.2.2. Obrady w izbie poselskiej
................................................................174
11.4.3. Obrady izb połączonych
............................................................................182
11.4.3.1. Propozycja królewska
......................................................................184
11.4.3.2. Wotowanie senatorów
......................................................................186
11.4.4. Obrady izb rozłączonych
...........................................................................191
II.4.4.1. Narady senatu
..................................................................................192
П.4.4.2.
Obrady w izbie poselskiej
................................................................193
II.4.4.2.1. Posiedzenia plenarne
..............................................................194
.11.4.4.2.2.
Komisje sejmowe
...................................................................198
II.4.4.2.3. Sesje prowincjonalne
.............................................................199
11.4.4.3. Formy współdziałania stanów sejmujących
....................................199
11.4.5. Obrady izb połączonych
............................................................................206
II.4.5.1. Konkluzja sejmowa
..........................................................................207
П.4.5.
2.
Uroczystości końcowe
.....................................................................211
II.4.5.3. Działalność komisji legislacyjnej
....................................................212
11.5. Sejmiki posejmowe
.............................................................................................215
11.6. Pruski generał posejmowy
...................................................................................227
11.7. Podsumowanie
.....................................................................................................228
Rozdział III. Uchwały sejmowe
.........................................................................................239
ПІЛ.
Konstytucje
........................................................................................................242
III.
1.1.
Konstytucje publikowane
.........................................................................243
m.l.l.l. Konstytucje publiczne i prywatne
..................................................243
III.1.2. Konstytucje niepublikowane
....................................................................246
III.
1.2.1.
Skrypty do archiwum
.....................................................................246
111.2. Uchwały proceduralne
.......................................................................................251
III.2.1.
Recesy
......................................................................................................251
111.3. Uchwały podatkowe
...........................................................................................253
111.4. Podsumowanie
...................................................................................................254
Rozdział
IV.
Kompetencje ustawodawcze sejmu w świetle jego uchwał
..........................257
IV.1.
Polityka zagraniczna i obrona
............................................................................265
IV.2.
Bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne
..............................................................................275
IV.3.
Sprawy wojskowe
...............................................................................................278
IV.4.
Organizacja nabytków terytorialnych
.................................................................300
IV.4.1.
Inflanty i Estonia
.......................................................................................300
IV.4.2.
Ziemia smoleńska
.....................................................................................302
IV.5.
Lenna Rzeczypospolitej
.....................................................................................303
IV.S.l.
Prasy Książęce
..........................................................................................304
ТЧ.5.2,
Kurlandia i Semigalia
...............................................................................305
IV.6.
Odrębności terytorialne ziem Rzeczypospolitej
.................................................306
IV.7.
Granice zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne Rzeczypospolitej
.........................................307
IV.8.
Ustrój państwa i jego organów
...........................................................................308
Spis
tresei
7
IV.9.
Prawo stanów
.....................................................................................................315
IV.9.1.
Status monarchy
.......................................................................................315
IV.9.2.
Nadanie szlachectwa i potwierdzenie przywilejów
..................................319
IV.9.3.
Stosunki między państwem a Kościołem
.................................................325
IV^J.l.Róznowiercy
...................................................................................329
IV.9.4.
Mieszczaństwo
..........................................................................................331
IV.9.5.
Chłopi
.......................................................................................................337
IV.10.
Prawo sądowe
...................................................................................................338
IV.lO.l.
Prawo prywatne
......................................................................................338
IV.10.2.
Prawo karne
............................................................................................341
IV.10.3.
Prawo procesowe
....................................................................................345
IV.
10.4.
Sądownictwo
..........................................................................................349
IV.
10.4.1.
Amnestia, ułaskawienia, przywrócenie do czci, uchylanie
dekretów
.................................................................................................356
1УЛ0.5.
Korektura
prawa
.....................................................................................357
IV.11.
Skarbowość i finanse państwa
..........................................................................360
IV.
11.1.
Dobra królewskie
...................................................................................360
IV.
11.2.
Skarb kwarciany
....................................................................................362
IV.
11.3.
Podatki sejmowe
....................................................................................364
IV.
11.3.1.
Łanowe i szos
...............................................................................365
IV.
11.3.2.
Czopowe
......................................................................................368
IV.11.3.3.Pogłówne
.......................................................................................369
IV.11.3.4.Podymne
.......................................................................................372
IV.
11.4.
Cła i myta
................................................................................................373
IV.
11.5.
Inne dochody skarbowe
..........................................................................378
IV.11.
6.
Sprawy monetarne
..................................................................................379
IV.
11.7.
Długi skarbowe
.......................................................................................381
IV.11.8.
Kontrola skarbowa
..................................................................................382
IV.
11.9.
Zwolnienia podatkowe
............................................................................383
IV.
11.10.
Administracja skarbowa
........................................................................386
IV.
12.
Gospodarka
.......................................................................................................388
IV.
12.1.
Handel
.....................................................................................................388
IV.12.2.
Miary i wagi
............................................................................................390
IV.12.3.
Organizacja poczty
.................................................................................391
IV.
12.4.
Nawigacja rzek i budowa mostów
..........................................................391
IV.13.
Szkolnictwo
......................................................................................................392
IV.
14.
Podsumowanie
..................................................................................................393
Rozdział
V.
Tryb legislacyjny
............................................................................................401
V.l.
Program obrad
.....................................................................................................403
V.I.I.
Instrukcja (legacja) i propozycja królewska
..............................................406
V.l.1.1.
Prośby podatkowe króla
...................................................................425
V.I.2.
Instrukcje sejmikowe na przykładzie koronnych województw górnych...
429
V.l.2.1.
Propozycje podatkowe sejmików
.....................................................447
V.l.2.2.
Petita
.................................................................................................448
V.l.2.3.
Skrypty
.............................................................................................451
V.1.3.
Instrukcje sejmików generalnych
..............................................................452
б
Spis treści
V.2.
Debata parlamentarna i przygotowanie projektów konstytucji
...........................454
V.2.I.
Wota i projekty senatorskie
........................................................................454
V.2.2.
Debata i koncepty poselskie
.......................................................................458
V.2.3.
Projekty komisji sejmowych
......................................................................466
V.2.4.
Inne źródła inicjatywy ustawodawczej
......................................................467
V.2.5.
Poprawki i kolejne czytania
.......................................................................472
V.3.
Opiniowanie projektów przez sejmiki
.................................................................473
V.4.
Konkludowanie ustaw i deklarowanie poborów
..................................................474
VAI.
Konkluzja poselska
....................................................................................475
V.4.2.
Konkluzja w senacie
..................................................................................478
V.4.3.
Konkluzja sejmowa
....................................................................................479
VA3.1.
Zasada powszechnej zgody
..............................................................481
V.5.
Sankcja
/
decyzja sejmików posejmowych
..........................................................489
V.6.
Redagowanie konstytucji i uniwersału poborowego
...........................................490
V.ő.l.
Sankcja i promulgacja uchwał
...................................................................507
V.6.2.
Badanie zgodności uchwał sejmowych z prawem pospolitym
..................508
V.7.
Ogłoszenie konstytucji i uniwersału poborowego
...............................................509
V.8.
Protestale
............................................................................................................511
V.9.
Ponowne rozpatrzenie uchwał na następnym sejmie
...........................................532
V.10.
Podsumowanie
...................................................................................................533
Rozdział
VI.
Technika prawodawcza uchwał sejmowych
.................................................539
VI.
l.Datacja uchwał
...................................................................................................539
¥1.2.
„Okna
...............................................................................................................544
¥1.3.
Konstytucje
........................................................................................................545
VI.3.1.
Nazwa i tytuł konstytucji
.........................................................................548
VI.3.2.
Uzasadnienia
............................................................................................554
VI.3.3.
Przepisy merytoryczne
.............................................................................557
¥1.3.3.1.
Systematyzacjaprzepisów
..............................................................559
VI.3.3.2.
Środki techniki prawodawczej
.......................................................560
¥1.3.3.3.
Przepisy odsyłające
........................................................................561
VI.3.3.4.
Załączniki
.......................................................................................567
VI.3.4.
Przepisy zmieniające
................................................................................568
VI.3.5.
Przepisy uchylające
..................................................................................569
¥1.3.6.
Przepisy upoważniające
...........................................................................570
VI.3.7.
Przepisy przejściowe
................................................................................571
¥1.3.8.
Moc wiążąca konstytucji
..........................................................................572
VI.3.8.1.
Konstytucje wieczyste i czasowe
...................................................572
¥1.3.8.2.
Przepisy generalne i partykularne
..................................................576
VI.3.8.3.
Przepisy o wejściu konstytucji w życie
..........................................577
VI.3.8.4.
Retroakcja norm prawnych
............................................................577
VI.3,9.
Sprostowania
............................................................................................579
VI.4.
Uniwersały poborowe
......,.,.........,........................,............................................580
VI Al.
Uzasadnienia
............................................................................................581
VIA2.
Przepisy merytoryczne
.............................................................................582
VI.5.
Podsumowanie
.....................................,.............................................................584
Spis
tresei
. 9
Zakończenie
.................................. .....................................................................................587
Wykaz skrótów
........................;..........................................................................................591
Bibliografia
........................................................................................................................595
I. Źródła
.......................................................................................................................595
a) rękopiśmienne
..................................................................................................595
b) starodruki
.........................................................................................................596
c) grafika
...............................................................................................................599
d) drukowane
........................................................................................................599
II.
Opracowania
...........................................................................................................601
III. Strona internetowa
................................................................................................616
Wykaz tabel
........................................................................................................................617
Wykaz schematów
.............................................................................................................618
Wykaz ilustracji
.................................................................................................................619
Indeks nazwisk
...................................................................................................................621
Summary
............................................................................................................................633
Izabela Lewandowska-Malec
Summary
The present publication is devoted to the parliament
(Sejm)
as the foremost institu¬
tion of the Polish noblemen s democracy around the turn of the 17th century
(1587-
-1632).
Its functioning was regulated by three major laws: the
Nihil
Novi
consti¬
tution of
1505,
the Union of Lublin with its resolutions of
1569,
and the Articuli
Henriciani of
1573.
Moreover, since the coronation of the Swedish Prince Royal
Sigismund Vasa
as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, other, less im¬
portant constitutions and long-standing parliamentary practices constituted the legal
basis for the parliament s activity.
Historical literature has been dominated by the view that the Articuli Henriciani
defined two kinds of parliamentary sessions, ordinary (six-week sessions) and ex¬
traordinary (lasting two or three weeks). The latter, as it is still believed, were sup¬
posed to be called by the King in urgent situations, with the senators approval.
A detailed study carried out by this author has proved this assumption wrong. The
Articuli Henriciani provided for only one kind of
Sejm -
an ordinary session up to
six weeks long, convened every two years, or more frequently when the situation
of the state so required. Yet the parliament was convened according to the same
rules, observing all the necessary procedures. Early in the reign of
Sigismund
III
Vasa
(1591),
the parliament, in the constitution it passed, stated the session length,
amending the Articuli Henriciani regulation. From then on, the parliament was to
last exactly six weeks, starting from the day it was called, designated and announced
in the King s proclamation. Its termination on the same day of the week after a pe¬
riod of six weeks (from then on, it could never be a Sunday or a religious holiday)
meant that a session was to last exactly
43
days.
The diet sessions which came to be called extraordinary began to be held in
case of unforeseen or exceptionally complicated difficulties in the state. The first
such occasion (a two-week-long session to be called with partial omission of parlia¬
mentary procedures) was planned in
1595
because of imminent danger of war with
Turkey. However, the parliament never convened, for the danger on the southern
border abated. Yet the constitution of that never-convened session in Cracow, with
its provision for en extraordinary course of parliamentary action, became a precedent
634
Izabela Lewandowska-Malec
used later, when as a result of the Dimitriades, Poland was being denuded by con¬
federate soldiers demanding exorbitant pay. The situation of the state was getting
more desperate by the week. The treasury was empty, and there was no time for
the lengthy procedures of parliamentary convocation. The King decided to call a
short, two-week parliament, justifying such course of action with the requests of
the nobility themselves who were being plagued by the confederates. The nobility
widely decried that diet as illegal. The accusation would have been unjustified if the
Artìculi
Henridani
had been the legal grounds for the convocation. Eventually, the
Sejm
convened in autumn
1613,
levying huge taxes to cover outstanding military
expenses. Since then, and increasingly frequently, an extraordinary diet was called
on the strength of a previous parliamentary act which authorized the King to do
so. It was therefore a lex spedalis, a law which contravened the general rule
-
the
Articuli Henridani. The nobility considered such diets inconsistent with the body of
the law, and continually demanded their cessation. However, in practice, they con¬
tinued to function because of the need to react rapidly to difficult situations which
oppressed Poland in the second and third decades of the
17*
century.
Based on the idea of parliamentary estate which came into being during the
first interregnum, and with reference to the
Nihil
Novi
constitution, a general diet,
still called the Crown
Sejm,
even after a real union with Lithuania had already been
made, consisted of three parliamentary estates: the King, the Senate, and the House
of Deputies. During the reign of
Sigismund III Vasa,
out of the three above, the
most regulated by law was the status of a deputy. A nobleman convicted to infa¬
my or exile, or summoned before the
Sejm
court could not serve as a deputy. The
position was also denied deputies to tribunals and tax collectors who had not ac¬
counted for the money collected. A typical deputy was a land-owning noble aged at
least
23,
conversant in Polish and Latin
-
a condition that posed some difficulty to
Lithuanians.
Each parliamentary estate had its own powers and responsibilities in the parlia¬
ment. At that time, the House of Deputies grew in influence, effectively becoming
the steering force of the
Sejm,
although it was still necessary for all three estates to
agree for any law to be enacted.
For an ordinary
Sejm,
the process began by the King dispatching deliberately
letters to senators absent from the court, requesting suggestions as to the best place,
time, and subject of the session. Their answers were not binding to the King, who
convened the
Sejm
when he chose, provided the period of two years from the previ¬
ous assembly was not exceeded. Warsaw was designated by Lublin
Sejm
constitu¬
tion as the location of the
Sejm,
and there, as a rule, sessions were held, even in
times of plague. Rare were sessions held in other towns, any such change of place
usually due to the King s decision to keep close to a possible theater of war
(Krakow
- 1595,
Toruń
- 1626),
by which he intended to induce the nobility to greater devo¬
tion to fatherland.
At that stage, the most important document produced by the Chancellery was
the so-called King s instruction comprising a report on the state of the country and
Summary
635
any actions taken by the royal court with regard to internal and external affairs since
the previous
Sejm
session, but first of all stating the vital problems to be solved
during the coming session. It was, in effect, the agenda for the session. The King s
envoys carrying the instruction and their credentials visited regional assemblies all
over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their visits were to fulfill the court s
hopes to induce the nobility to look kindly on the King s agenda. This rarely proved
to be the case at the time. Regional assemblies were critical of the King s court s
policies, which they expressed in their instructions to deputies. Usually granting
the deputies only limited powers, they gave them guidelines on how to deal with
specific issues or commanded them to seek joint solutions with other provinces.
Moreover, assembly instructions to deputies included many issues, whether local or
national, not included in the King s agenda, requiring that they be settled in parlia¬
ment. Despite the court s reluctance, the nobility won a right to add their own items
to the King s agenda.
Ever more rare were regional assemblies which were to gather deputies elected
in pre-parliamentary assemblies. In the town of
Koło,
for Greater Poland, and in
Nowe Miasto Korczyn
for Little Poland, they stopped convening early in the
17*
century, while Masovian and Lithuanian assemblies met only occasionally. By con¬
trast, the regional assembly of Royal Prussia remained active. The demise of such
gatherings was one reason for an aggravating crisis of the general
Sejm: an
impor¬
tant link went missing which used to assure greater efficiency of proceedings.
Deputies chosen in pre-parliamentary assemblies, as well as representatives of
cities: the Crown city of
Kraków,
Lithuanian
Wilno,
and Prussian
Gdańsk, Toruń,
and
Elbląg,
made their way to Warsaw to
a Sejm,
typically in winter. Traveling was
no easy matter, what with impassable roads and the absence of a bridge across the
Vistula. When they finally reached their destination, often late due not only to hin¬
drances in transit, but also to a desire to reduce the prohibitive maintenance costs
during
a Sejm,
they took lodgings in inns indicated by the Grand Marshal of the
Crown. The continual shortage of accommodation gave rise to incessant complaints,
and not only by deputies but by senators, too, who threatened to refuse participation
unless they could be provided with decent lodgings for the duration. Nor did they
travel alone: each arrived with a large retinue.
All in all, deputy attendance at
a
Sejm was
usually high
(80-85%),
while senator
turnout was much lower
(17-24%).
Sometimes senators could not afford the travel
and maintenance expenses which they had to cover for themselves, unlike deputies,
who received allowances. Often they were elderly and in poor health, although ill
health could be a mere excuse not to attend. Those opposed to the King s policies
tended to stay home to avoid having to express their position publicly.
The
Sejm
held its proceedings in two separate chambers in the King s palace,
both sizable with about
300
sq.m. floor area. The senators were seated according to
a strictly defined precedence. Against the backdrop of a tapestry covering the door
to the King s private rooms stood the royal tlirone. In their chamber, deputies sat on
benches an-anged in a square or a circle, also in an orderly manner. So-called Upper
636
Izabela Lewandowska-Malec
Provinces (Greater Poland, Krakow, and
Wilno)
took the first rows, although other¬
wise the deputies were considered equal.
Senate proceedings were often secret, while in the House of Deputies they were
usually open and public. This caused much commotion, further aggravated by arbi¬
ters present and listening. No official minutes were taken, the only surviving records
being diaries by representatives of Prussian estates, or made by private instruction
or by deputies themselves.
A session began with a Mass in St. John s Cathedral, with the bung s preacher
delivering a sermon encouraging those present to support the King s agenda. After
the service, deputies and senators went to their respective chambers. If needed, the
House of Deputies performed screening of deputies mandates. It could be necessary
if a dual assembly elected a double number of deputies, a not entirely rare occur¬
rence. Then the deputies proceeded to choose the Speaker. By rotation, he could be
a representative of the province of Krakow, Greater Poland, or of Lithuania. A ma¬
jority vote was admissible, especially if there were more than one candidate, but the
preferred choice was by common consent, which was possible when other candi¬
dates resigned for the sake of one.
Once the Speaker was chosen, the King was notified, who immediately set the
date for a welcome celebration. The salutation began with a florid speech by the
Speaker, which he concluded by asking permission to kiss the King s hand. Then, in
appropriate order, province by province, deputies and representatives of cities wel¬
comed the King. A speech on behalf of the ruler was delivered by the Chancellor or
his Deputy. His role was not to be overestimated, especially when he was to present
a proposal from the throne, which repeated or elaborated on the King s instruction.
The proposal was followed by senatorial votes. In their speeches they referred di¬
rectly to respective points in the proposal. Reluctantly, deputies stood and listened.
This was an opportunity for them to learn valuable facts about important subjects.
When this stage was complete, both houses separated and senators withdrew for
their usually confidential sessions, while deputies proceeded to debate particular is¬
sues. The debate was opened by the Speaker; at any point any deputy could address
an issue he thought pertinent. At times, therefore, several matters were discussed at
once. By the end of the 16th century a practice had arisen whereby proposals were
drafted chiefly by the House of Deputies. Nor were they kept secret until the conclu¬
sion: deputies worked with senators in joint committees throughout the six weeks
(or two-three weeks in extraordinary sessions).
On the last, 43rd day a conclusion was held, a joint assembly of the three parlia¬
mentary estates. Despite a ban on debating by candlelight, a conclusion often con¬
tinued late into the night, or even the next morning. In exceptional cases, deputies
conceded to a request by the King and Senate to prolong the session. Such a step
was sometimes necessary to save
a Sejm
session, as all estates had to agree to pass
constitutions. Extraordinary taxes were approved by deputies, who were transmit¬
ting the wishes of their respective assemblies. In this case the Senate and the King
could only appeal for greater generosity.
Summary
637
After passing new laws, or if on the 43rd day the
Sejm
did not agree on any
constitutions or taxes, the King ceremoniously departed and a religious service was
held. Yet the work of the parliament was not over if new constitutions had been ac¬
cepted. According to the constitution of
1588,
several delegates from both houses,
and from
1613
also the Speaker, met in the Chancellery in the presence of the King
to read out the constitutions so passed. After they were signed by the Speaker and
the deputies and senators present, and had the Crown Seal affixed to the document,
the laws of the
Sejm
would on the following day be entered in Warsaw court regis¬
ters. The responsibility for the entry rested with the Speaker; it was done for the first
time in
1618
by
Krzysztof Wiesiołowski.
One handwritten copy of the constitutions and tax proclamation was sent by
the Crown Chancellery to a printing establishment designated by the King. Printed
copies of
Sejm
resolutions were then stamped with Crown and Lithuanian seals and
dispatched to all cities in the Crown (Poland) and in Lithuania, where they were
entered in official books. In this way they were published throughout the country to
meet the age-old requirement that only published laws could be enforced.
Such public dissemination of constitutions was to be made prior to the con¬
vening of reporting assemblies where deputies gave account of the mandates they
had received. In time, such post-Sejm assemblies took on other functions as well:
selection of tax collectors, stewards, commissioners for revenue tribunals, county
military captains; approval and implementation of the taxes levied by the
Sejm. In
Royal Prussia, its general assembly convened after
a Sejm,
deciding in its sover¬
eignty about the implementation of the parliament s laws.
In a resolution of
1588,
the
Sejm
confirmed that it had the sole competence in
making general laws . According to the
Nihil
Novi
constitution, any changes in laws,
as well as the state matters of the Commonwealth, but also issues of individuals
exposed to harm or wrongdoing, were the prerogative of the
Sejm.
Its competences
were broad, even if a detailed catalog is impossible to define. During the time in
question, powers were increasingly shifting from the King and Senate to the
Sejm,
even though it was sometimes reluctant
ifit
involved expenditure of tax money. By
its resolution, the
Sejm
could occasionally delegate some of its powers to another
body, including regional assemblies. Interpreting its laws was another prerogative
of the
Sejm
which it did by means of another resolution.
The legislative process at the time differed considerably from present practice,
although it showed discernible germs of today s institutions. There was no such
thing as legislative initiative as we understand it now. The legislative procedure be¬
gan from a debate on the agenda proposed by the King s instruction and assembly
instructions. Sometimes matters were debated that were not listed on the agenda.
Disputes, mostly in the House of Deputies, offered various, often contradictory
ways of addressing a given issue. Only when respective provinces and lands brought
their positions closer to each other was a proposal drafted. The concept was typi¬
cally developed by the Speaker with delegates appointed by the House. Sometimes
the House assigned the task to another deputy who was familiar with the subject.
638
Izabela Lewandowska-Malec
A proposal could also be made by any deputy of his own accord. During rebel¬
lions it could happen that
Sejm
resolutions were based on selected demands by rebel
groups such as the
Wiślica
Confederation.
Proposals for new legislation were thus created within the
Sejm.
At that time, it
was inadmissible to impose anything on deputies, as would have been understood an
attempt to submit to them a pre-prepared proposal. It would have been a limitation
they could not suffer. Therefore, debates were not about a submitted proposal, but
rather a proposal resulted from a broad, unimpeded discussion. A preliminary con¬
clusion was made in the House. Although in principle no proposal was to be submit¬
ted for the joint conclusion between the three estates that had not been agreed upon,
in reality this rule was not always observed. It much the same way, when the Senate
developed a proposed resolution, it was accepted as a preliminary conclusion. The
Senate and the House shared with each other the proposed constitutions each had
developed in order to facilitate a joint conclusion. Yet this did not guarantee suc¬
cessful enactment. When the parliamentary estates assembled on the session s last
day, heated disputes often continued. It was no easy matter to achieve common con¬
sent, desired and laudable as it was felt to be. It could be pursued by persuasion and
verbal duel, at times scathing and violent. More than once, a session was saved by
a speech by a distinguished statesman calling for responsibility for the shared home¬
land. Proposals which won approval were considered passed, others were physically
destroyed to prevent a chance of their slipping into print.
However, there were times when a hard-won proposal was not submitted for
a conclusion but was instead passed on to regional assemblies for assessment and
consultation. The best-known example of this was the concept of the
Sejm
of
1620
signed by Speaker
Jakub Szczawiński
and providing for a comprehensive regulation
of common levy (militia) forces.
The conclusion complete, a legislative committee set to work. In the space of
one day it was to prepare the text of the constitutions and tax laws in a form suitable
for entry in court books and for printing. Approval of the text by senators and depu¬
ties present and by the King was called a sanction, its signing by the Speaker was
a promulgation, and the placement of a seal by the Chancellor or Deputy Chancellor
meant that the guardian of the law
(custos legum)
validated the conformity of the
resolutions just passed with existing laws. Constitutions of
1588
and
1613
aimed
to eliminate the editing of resolutions. Complaints had been voiced about substan¬
tial changes to constitutions in editing after the conclusion. However, such regula¬
tions failed to remedy the problem. The wording of proposals passed was still being
rather liberally treated and alterations were introduced, no doubt
bona fide.
But not
always. Altered wording could include deliberate distortions, doctoring of texts, and
addition of clauses absent from the concluded version. Deputies were constantly
complaining of alterations in
Sejm
resolutions. They submitted protestations which
the King s officials usually dismissed as illegal. When the protesters indignation
spread among the nobility at large, entire assemblies protested, demanding that of¬
fending resolutions be repealed. In isolated instances such campaigns resulted in
Summary
639
the next
Sejm
repealing a constitution. Such protestations, on rare occasions also
submitted by senators, or even the King himself, may be seen as an early form of
a legislative veto, or a germinating constitutional complaint as we know it today.
In the period in question, regional assemblies rose in importance as they increas¬
ingly participated in the legislative process, also in its final stages. Within the scope
defined by the
Sejm,
they could take final decisions, chiefly in matters of taxation.
Parliamentary proceedings produced resolutions which included constitutions,
tax resolutions, and procedural resolutions. Chronologically, the oldest form of
a resolution concerned taxation, which in
Sejm
practice was called a tax univer¬
sal. Each such universal was modeled after a law of
1578.
Later new items were
added as complaints were made about various abuses. In
1628
a new model tax uni¬
versal was formulated covering a single field tax.
Resolutions were divided into published and rare unpublished ones. The latter
were called archive scripts. Developed behind closed doors, they contained deci¬
sions as to the conduct of warfare, numbers and deployment of forces, and types
of formations to be maintained. A published constitution only acknowledged the
passing of a script. The few copies of a script were distributed among authorized
persons, the country s highest officials.
Constitutions also assumed the form of a universal, and from
1618
were signed
by the
Sejm
Speaker and from
1620
also by the King s Secretary. Several handwrit¬
ten copies were used for entry in registers and for print. Since Warsaw city archives
were destroyed in World War II, handwritten constitutions and tax
universais
are
now lost. Jan Seredyka discovered what is so far the only existing handwritten con¬
stitution of
a Toruń Sejm
of
1626
in an archive in the
Radziwiłł
house (now kept at
the Warsaw s Central Archives of Historical Records,
AGAD).
The present author
found a registry version of the constitutions of
1623
Sejm,
submitted to the Royal
Archives by Speaker
Jakub
Sobieski
with four appointed deputies (MK No.
170,
also kept at
AGAD).
Constitutions, like
universais,
showed typical qualities of a medieval docu¬
ment, from introduction (invocation and intitulation) to eschatoll (corroboration and
dating).
A third kind of resolution, not always recognized in literature, were procedural
resolutions called recesses. They listed matters so far unresolved which should
first be addressed by the next
Sejm.
Legal norms were formulated rather clumsily. Often a greater part of a resolu¬
tion consisted of its justification. This is hardly surprising as the prevailing expecta¬
tion was that the legal regulation would be implemented voluntarily, and hence the
desire to persuade and encourage citizens to obey it. Resolutions were irregular and
unsystematic in using various special regulations: repeals, authorizations, temporary
ordinances, enactment procedures, etc. Generally observed was the non-retroactive
principle. Regulations could be general or particular or extending the scope of exist¬
ing laws. Such detailed rales were necessary since only some territories agreed to
implement a law while others refused to do so. This situation necessitated a certain
640
Izabela Lewandowska-Malec
legislative policy ; when some provinces or lands implemented a regulation, oth¬
ers could follow suit at a later date.
In the discussed period, the Sejm usually performed fairly efficiently. The
principle of unanimity
(liberum
veto) did not apply. When in
1627
the Lithuanian
ensign Adam Oborski refused to agree to prolongation of a Sejm session, he was
immediately persuaded to change his position. It would not be until
25
years later
that a similar situation would lead to a consensus that a single noble s objection
might annul the proceedings and thus the entire work of a Sejm. During the reign of
Sigismund
Ш,
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although beset by pestilence
and war, still appeared to maintain its status of a power. Its foremost institution
-
the
Sejm legislating laws as a foundation of democracy
-
in its increasing weakness
was seeing the last days of its almost two-century-long period of glory.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lewandowska-Malec, Izabela 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1253411182 |
| author_facet | Lewandowska-Malec, Izabela 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lewandowska-Malec, Izabela 1962- |
| author_variant | i l m ilm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035590004 |
| callnumber-first | J - Political Science |
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| classification_rvk | NN 4120 |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte 1587-1632 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte 1587-1632 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Poland Politics and government 1572-1763 |
| geographic_facet | Polen Poland Politics and government 1572-1763 |
| id | DE-604.BV035590004 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:41:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371881350 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017645242 |
| oclc_num | 430339322 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 640 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Księgarnia Akademicka |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lewandowska-Malec, Izabela 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)1253411182 aut Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 Izabela Lewandowska-Malec Kraków Księgarnia Akademicka 2009 640 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte 1587-1632 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Politik Legislative bodies Poland History 16th century Legislative bodies Poland History 17th century Polen Poland Politics and government 1572-1763 Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 b Geschichte 1587-1632 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017645242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017645242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lewandowska-Malec, Izabela 1962- Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Geschichte Politik Legislative bodies Poland History 16th century Legislative bodies Poland History 17th century |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1222742-0 |
| title | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 |
| title_auth | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 |
| title_exact_search | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 |
| title_full | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 Izabela Lewandowska-Malec |
| title_fullStr | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 Izabela Lewandowska-Malec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 - 1632 Izabela Lewandowska-Malec |
| title_short | Sejm walny koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i jego dorobek ustawodawczy |
| title_sort | sejm walny koronny rzeczypospolitej obojga narodow i jego dorobek ustawodawczy 1587 1632 |
| title_sub | 1587 - 1632 |
| topic | Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Geschichte Politik Legislative bodies Poland History 16th century Legislative bodies Poland History 17th century |
| topic_facet | Polen Sejm Geschichte Politik Legislative bodies Poland History 16th century Legislative bodies Poland History 17th century Polen Poland Politics and government 1572-1763 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017645242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017645242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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