Plastics additives handbook:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich [u.a.]
Hanser
2009
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| Ausgabe: | 6. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVI, 1222 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783446408012 9781569904305 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics additives handbook |c Hans Zweifel ... With contrib. by: S. E. Amos ... |
| 250 | |a 6. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich [u.a.] |b Hanser |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVI, 1222 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zweifel, Hans |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Amos, Stephen E. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139232329990144 |
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| adam_text | TABLEOF CONTENT 1 ANTIOXIDANTS 2 LIGHT STABILIZERS 3 PVC STABILIZERS 4
ACID SCAVENGERS 5 LUBRICANTS 6 POLYMER PROCESSING AIDS 7 ANTI-BLOCKING
ADDITIVES 8 SLIP ADDITIVES 9 ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES 10 ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES 11 ANTIMICROBIALS 12 FLAME RETARDANTS 13 CHEMICAL BLOWING
AGENTS 14 CROSSLINKING AND CONTROLLED DEGRADATION OF POLYOLEFINS
(PEROXIDES) 15 COLORANTS 16 FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS 17 FILLERS AND
REINFORCEMENTS/COUPLING AGENTS 18 NUCLEATING AGENTS FOR SEMI-CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS 19 ADDITIVES FOR MECHANICAL RECYCLING OF PLASTICS 20 THE
PHYSICSAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMER ADDITIVES 21 ANALYTICAL 22 ASPECTS OF
PLASTICS ADDITIVES RELATED TO HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/994168713 DIGITALISIERT
DURCH CONTENT 1 ANTIOXIDANTS DR. K. SCHWARZENBACH, DR. B. GILG, D.
MUELLER, DR. G. KNOBLOCH, J.-R. PAUQUET, DR. P. ROTA-GRAZIOSI, DR. A.
SCHMITTER, J. ZINGG, CIBA INC., ADDITIVES DIVISION, BASEL, SWITZERLAND
PROF. DR. E. KRAMER, FH AARAU, BRUGG-WINDISCH, SWITZERLAND 1.1
INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 ECONOMIC SITUATION 1 1.3 PRINCIPLES OF OXIDATIVE
DEGRADATION 3 1.3.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.3.2 AUTOXIDATION 4 1.4 INHIBITED
AUTOXIDATION 9 1.5 BASIC ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS 10 1.5.1 H-DONORS 10
1.5.1.1 AROMATIC AMINES 11 1.5.1.2 PHENOLS 11 1.5.2 HYDROPEROXIDE
DECOMPOSERS (HD) 13 1.5.2.1 PHOSPHITES/PHOSPHONITES 14 1.5.2.2
THIOSYNERGISTS 14 1.5.3 ALKYL RADICAL SCAVENGERS 15 1.5.3.1 HINDERED
AMINE STABILIZERS (HAS) 15 1.5.3.2 HYDROXYL AMINES 17 1.5.3.3
BENZOFURANONE DERIVATIVES 17 1.5.3.4 ACRYLOYL MODIFIED PHENOLS 17 1.5.4
METAL DEACTIVATORS 18 1.5.5 MULTIFUNCTIONAL STABILIZERS 19 1.5.6 BLENDS
OF STABILIZERS 19 1.6 TESTING OF ANTIOXIDANTS 19 1.6.1 GENERAL REMARKS
19 1.6.2 FAILURE MECHANISMS IN POLYMERS 19 1.6.2.1 AMORPHOUS POLYMERS 19
1.6.2.2 SEMI-CRYSTAUINE POLYMERS 20 1.6.3 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES 22
1.6.3.1 LABORATORY METHODS 22 1.6.3.2 PRODUCTION SCALE INCORPORATION OF
ADDITIVES 23 1.6.4 OVERVIEW OF TEST METHODS 23 1.6.5 MELT PROCESSING
STABILITY 24 1.6.6 THERMAL ANALYSIS 28 1.6. XU CONTENT 1.6.8.2 TESTING
UNDER EXTERNAL STRESS 36 1.6.9 LIFETIME PREDICTION 39 1.7 STABILIZATION
OF SELECTED SUBSTRATES 40 1.7.1 POLYOLEFINS 40 1.7.1.1 GENERAL ASPECTS
40 1.7.1.2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 61 1.7.2
ELASTOMERS 64 1.7.2.1 POLYBUTADIENE (BR) 64 1.7.2.2 POLYISOPRENE (IR) 66
1.7.2.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER, RANDOM (SBR) 66 1.7.2.4 ACRYLONITRILE
BUTADIENE COPOLYMER (NITRILE RUBBER, NBR) . . . . 67 1.7.2.5 ETHYLENE
PROPYLENE COPOLYMERS (EPR, EPDM) 68 1.7.2.6 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBERS 69
1.7.2.7 STYRENE BUTADIENE LATEX (X-SBR) 71 1.7.3 POLYSTYRENE, IMPACT
MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE AND COPOLYMERS . . . . 72 1.7.3.1 CRYSTAL
POLYSTYRENE (CPS) 72 1.7.3.2 SRYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER (SAN) 73
1.7.3.3 HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS) 74 1.7.3.4 MASS TRANSPARENT
IMPACT MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE 75 1.7.3.5 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMERS (ABS) 77 1.7.3.6 METHYL METHACRYLATE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMERS (MBS) ... 79 1.7.3.7 OTHER STYRENE-BASED GRAFT COPOLYMERS 80
1.7.4 POLYAMIDES (PA) 80 1.7.4.1 ALIPHATIC POLYAMIDES 80 1.7.4.2
AROMATIC POLYAMIDES 84 1.7.5 POLYESTERS 84 1.7.5.1 POLYAETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE) (PET) 84 1.7.5.2 POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PBT) 85
1.7.6 POLYACETALS 86 1.7.7 POLYCARBONATE, PC 88 1.7. CONTENT XIII 1.10.6
UV-ABSORBERS 116 1.10.7 HINDERED AMINE STABILIZERS HA(L)S 123 1.10.8
MAILING ADRESSES OF SUPPLIERS 137 2 LIGHT STABILIZERS F. GUGUMUS,
CONSULTANT, CH-4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND 2.1 INTRODUCTION 139 2.2
PHOTODEGRADATION OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 141 2.2.1 ULTRA-VIOLET SPECTRUM
OF SUNLIGHT 141 2.2.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING ON LIGHT
ABSORPTION ... 143 2.2.3 ENERGY OF LIGHT AND ITS ABSORPTION 150 2.2.4
PHOTO-OXIDATION SCHEME 152 2.2.5 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF POLYOLEFINS 152
2.2.5.1 PHOTO-OXIDATION OFPP 159 2.2.5.2 PHOTO-OXIDATION OFPE 161 2.2.6
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ELASTOMERS 164 2.2.7 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF STYRENIC
POLYMERS 166 2.2.8 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF POLYAMIDES 169 2.2.8.1 ALIPHATIC
POLYAMIDES 169 2.2.8.2 AROMATIC POLYAMIDES 172 2.2.9 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE 173 2.2.10 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF POLYCARBONATE 176 2.2.11
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF POLYACETALS 181 2.2.12 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF PUR 182
2.2.13 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF LINEAR POLYESTER 186 2.2.14 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER ELASTOMERS 190 2.2.15 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF
POLYACRYLATES AND POLYMETHACRYLATES 190 2.2.16 PHOTO-OXIDATION OFPPE 193
2.2.17 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF POLYSULFONE 198 2.2.18 PHOTO-OXIDATION OF
EPOXY RESINS 201 2.2.19 PHOTO-OXIDATION OFOTHER POLYMERS 204 2.3
MECHANISMS OF UV STABUEIZATION 204 2.3. XIV CONTENT 2.5 TECHNICAL ASPECTS
OF LIGHT STABILIZATION 242 2.5.1 STABILITY AND VOLATILITY 242 2.5.2
SOLUBILITY, COMPATIBILITY, MIGRATION AND EXTRACTION OF LIGHT STABILIZERS
244 2.5.3 HANDLING AND SAFETY 244 2.5.4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LIGHT
STABILIZATION 245 2.5.5 STRUCTURES OF LIGHT STABILIZERS 245 2.6
STABILIZATION OF SELECTED PLASTICS 245 2.6.1 STABILIZATION OF
POLYOLEFINS 246 2.6.1.1 UV STABILIZATION OFPP 246 2.6.1.2 STABILIZATION
OFPE 286 2.6.2 STABILIZATION OF ELASTOMERS 329 2.6.2.1 LIGHT
STABILIZATION OF ADHESIVES 336 2.6.3 STABILIZATION OF STYRENIC POLYMERS
342 2.6.4 STABILIZATION OF POLYAMIDES 350 2.6.4.1 STABILIZATION OF
POLYAMIDE FIBERS 359 2.6.5 STABILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE 362 2.6.6
STABILIZATION OF POLYCARBONATE 367 2.6.7 STABILIZATION OFPOLYACETAL 370
2.6.8 STABILIZATION OF POLYURETHANE 378 2.6.9 STABILIZATION OF LINEAR
POLYESTERS 387 2.6.10 STABILIZATION OF UNSATURATED POLYESTERS 392 2.6.11
STABILIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER ELASTOMERS 393 2.6.12
STABILIZATION OF POLYACRYIATES 393 2.6.13 STABILIZATION OF POLYPHENYLENE
ETHER 396 2.6.14 STABILIZATION OFPOLYSULFONES 399 2.6.15 STABILIZATION
OF EPOXY RESINS 400 2.6.16 STABILIZATION OFOTHER POLYMERS 401 2.7 LIST
OF TRADENAMES AND SUPPLIERS 401 2.8 REFERENCES 401 2.9 APPENDIX B 418 3
PVC STABILIZERS AND PLASTICIZERS W. CONTENT XV 3.3.3.2 OTHER PROPOSED
MECHANISMS 430 3.3.3.3 AUTOCATALYSIS 432 3.4 THERMAL STABILIZATION 433
3.4.1 GENERAL MECHANISMS 433 3.4.2 STABILIZERS CONTAINING METALS 433
3.4.3 ORGANIC STABILIZERS 435 3.4.3.1 COSTABILIZERS 435 3.4.3.2
PRINCIPAL STABILIZERS (ESTER THIOLS) 436 3.5 LEAD STABILIZERS 439 3.5.1
LEAD STABILIZER CHRONOLOGY 439 3.5.2 LEAD STABILIZER MANUFACTURING 441
3.5.3 LEAD STABILIZATION MECHANISMS 441 3.5.4 LEAD STABILIZERS OF
COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE 442 3.5.5 LEAD STABILIZER STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
442 3.5.6 LEAD STABILIZER/LUBRICANT USE LEVELS 444 3.6 ORGANOTIN
STABILIZERS 444 3.6.1 ORGANOTIN STABILIZER CHRONOLOGY 445 3.6.2
ORGANOTIN STABILIZER MANUFACTURING 447 3.6.3 ORGANOTIN STABILIZER
MECHANISMS 449 3.6.4 ORGANOTIN STABILIZERS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE 449
3.6.5 ORGANOTIN STABILIZER SYNERGISTS 451 3.6.6 LUBRICATION OF ORGANOTIN
STABILIZERS 452 3.6.7 ORGANOTIN STABILIZER STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 452
3.6.8 ORGANOTIN STABILIZER/LUBRICANT USE LEVELS 453 3.7 MIXED METAL
STABILIZERS 453 3.7.1 MIXED METAL CHRONOLOGY 453 3.7.2 MIXED METAL
MANUFACTURING 455 3.7.3 MIXED METAL STABILIZER MECHANISMS 457 3.7.4
MIXED METAL STABILIZER SYNERGISTS 459 3.7.4.1 EPOXY ESTERS 461 3.7.4.2
PHOSPHITE ESTERS 462 3.7.4.3 MINOR ORGANIC SYNERGISTS 464 3.7.4.4
INORGANIC ACID SCAVENGERS 464 3.7. XVI CONTENT 3.9.1.1 STATIC HEAT TESTS
474 3.9.1.2 DYNAMIC HEAT TESTS 475 3.9.1.3 DETERMINATION OF
DEHYDROCHLORINATION 475 3.9.1.4 RESIDUAL HEAT STABILITY 475 3.9.2
TESTING THE EFFECTS OF HEAT STABILIZERS ON PROCESSING PROPERTIES . . 476
3.9.3 TESTING ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 476 3.9.4 FOGGING TEST 476 3.9.5
TESTING WEATHERING AND LIGHT STABILITY 477 3.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 477 3.11
INDEX OF TRADENAMES AND SUPPLIERS OF PVC STABILIZERS 478 3.12 REFERENCES
482 3.13 PLASTICIZERS 485 LEONARD G. KRAUSKOPF 3.13.1 INTRODUCTION 485
3.13.2 PLASTICIZATION CONCEPTS 487 3.13.3 SOLVENCY,
MISCIBIUETY/COMPATIBILITY 488 3.13.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICIZERS 489
3.13.5 PLASTICIZER PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IN PVC 491 3.13.6 EFFECTS
ON PROCESSING OF PVC 500 3.13.7 FLEXIBLE PVC MARKETS 502 3.13.7.1 FILM,
SHEETING, AND COATED SUBSTRATES 503 3.13.7.2 WIRE AND CABLE INSULATION
504 3.13.7.3 EXTRUDED AND MOLDED SHAPES 506 3.13.7.4 FLOORCOVERINGS 506
3.13.7.5 ADHESIVES, SEALANTS, AND COATINGS 508 3.13.7.6 REGULATED FOOD
AND MEDICAL USES 508 3.13.7.7 MISCELLANEOUS 510 3.13.7.8 SAFETY, HEALTH,
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 510 3.13.7.9 FUTURE 511 3.14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
511 3.15 INDEX OF TRADENAMES AND SUPPLIERS OF PVC STABILIZERS 511 3.16
REFERENCES 513 4 ACID SCAVENGERS A. HOLZNER, DR. K. CHMIL, BAERLOCHER
GMBH, UNTERSCHLEISSHEIM, GERMANY 4. CONTENT XVII 4.3.3 HYDROCALUMITE 521
4.3.4 ZINC OXIDE 522 4.4 INCORPORATION OF ADDITIVES IN THE POLYMERS 523
4.5 TESTING ADDITIVES IN THE POLYMERS 523 4.5.1 CORROSION RESISTANCE
TEST 523 4.5.2 MULTIPLE EXTRUSION 524 4.5.3 YELLOWNESS INDEX
(ASTMD-1925; DIN ISO 6167) 525 4.5.4 MELT FLOW INDEX/MELT VOLUME INDEX
(ASTM D1238-95; DIN ISO 1133-1991) 525 4.5.5 FILTRATION INDEX 525 4.6
EXAMPLES OF FORMULATIONS AND ADDITIVE PERFORMANCE IN VARIOUS POLYMERS .
. 526 4.7 INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER ADDITIVES 535 4.8 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
535 4.9 CONCLUSION 535 4.10 LIST OF MANUFACTURERS PER PRODUCT GROUP 536
4.11 REFERENCES 537 5 LUBRICANTS DR. E. RICHTER, CLARIANT GMBH, WERK
GERSTHOFEN, GERMANY 5.1 INTRODUCTION 539 5.1.1 LUBRICANTS FOR PLASTICS
PROCESSING 539 5.1.2 DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS 540 5.1.3 COMMERCIAL
IMPORTANCE OF LUBRICANTS 540 5.2 EFFECTS OF LUBRICANTS 542 5.2.1
UNDERSTANDING THE LUBRICATING EFFECT 542 5.2.2 INTERNAL LUBRICATING
EFFECTS 544 5.2.2.1 VISCOSITY REDUCTION 544 5.2.2.2 REDUCTION OF HEAT
DISSIPATION 547 5.2.3 EXTERNAL LUBRICATING EFFECTS 548 5.2.3.1 RELEASE
EFFECT 548 5.2.3.2 PLASTIFICATION RETARDING (FRICTION-REDUCING) EFFECT
550 5.2.3.3 PREVENTIONOFMELTFRACTURE 550 5.2.4 EFFECTS ON FINISHED PART
SURFACES 551 5.2.4.1 MOLD-RELEASE EFFECT 551 5.2.4. XVHI CONTENT 5.3.2.4
DEMOLDING FORCE 558 5.3.2.5 LABORATORY KNEADER (PLASTOGRAPH) 559 5.3.2.6
EXTRUSIOMETER 560 5.3.2.7 MELTSTRENGTH 561 5.3.2.8 ROLL MILL TESTS 562
5.3.3 FINISHED PART TESTING 563 5.3.3.1 GLOSS AND SMOOTHNESS 563 5.3.3.2
SLIP MEASUREMENTS 563 5.4 LUBRICANT PRODUCT GROUPS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
563 5.4.1 STRUCTURE/EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS 563 5.4.2 IMPORTANT LUBRICANT
PRODUCT GROUPS 563 5.4.2.1 FATTY ALCOHOLS AND THEIR DICARBOXYLIC ACID
ESTERS 564 5.4.2.2 FATTY ACID ESTERS OF SHORT-CHAIN ALCOHOLS 565 5.4.2.3
FATTY ACIDS 565 5.4.2.4 FATTY ACID AMIDES 565 5.4.2.5 METAL SOAPS 565
5.4.2.6 OLIGOMERIC FATTY ACID ESTERS (FATTY ACID COMPLEX ESTERS) 566
5.4.2.7 FATTY ACID ESTERS OF LONG-CHAIN ALCOHOLS 566 5.4.2.8 MONTAN
WAXES 566 5.4.2.9 POLAR PE WAXES 566 5.4.2.10 POLARPPWAXES 567 5.4.2.11
NON-POLAR PE WAXES 567 5.4.2.12 PPWAXES 568 5.4.2.13 NATURAL AND
SYNTHETIC PARAFFIN WAXES 568 5.4.2.14 FLUOROPOLYMERS 568 5.4.2.15 OTHER
GROUPS OF LUBRICANTS 568 5.4.2.16 BLENDS AND COMBINATIONS OF LUBRICANTS
569 5.4.2.17 TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 569 5.5 PRACTICAL
USE OF LUBRICANTS 570 5.5.1 LUBRICANTS FOR PVC 570 5.5.2 LUBRICANTS FOR
STYRENIC POLYMERS 573 5.5.3 LUBRICANTS FOR POLYOLEFINS 573 5.5.4
LUBRICANTS FOR ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS 574 5.6 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
AND OUTLOOK 576 5. CONTENT XIX 6.3 PROCESSING AID TECHNOLOGIES AND
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 584 6.3.1 ORIGINAL TECHNOLOGY 584 6.3.2
FLUOROPOLYMER-BASED ADDITIVES 585 6.3.3 SILICONE-BASED ADDITIVES 586 6.4
INCORPORATION OF PROCESSING AIDS 586 6.5 APPLICATIONS FOR PROCESSING
AIDS 587 6.5.1 MELT FRACTURE ELIMINATION 588 6.5.2 DIE BUILD-UP
REDUCTION 589 6.5.3 IMPROVED PRODUCTION CAPACITY 590 6.5.4 GEL REDUCTION
592 6.5.5 RECYCLED PLASTICS 592 6.6 EFFECTS AND ADVANTAGES IN DIFFERENT
PROCESSES 593 6.6.1 BLOWN AND CAST FILM 593 6.6.2 PIPE AND TUBING
EXTRUSION 594 6.6.3 FIBER AND SLIT TAPE EXTRUSION 594 6.6.4 BLOW MOLDING
594 6.6.5 INJECTION MOLDING 595 6.7 PROCESSING AID USE IN OTHER POLYMERS
595 6.7.1 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER (SEBS, SIS, EPDM, EPR) 595 6.7.2 NYLON
596 6.7.3 POLYESTER 596 6.8 HOW TO EVALUATE A PROCESSING AID 596 6.8.
6.8. 6.8. 6.8. 6.8. CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY 596 .1 PURGING THE RHEOMETER 596
.2 TESTING THE SAMPLES 597 .3 APPLICATION TESTING 599 1.4 EXTRUSION
(FILM) TRIAL SEQUENCE 599 6.9 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 599 6.9.1 COMBUSTION
ANALYSIS 600 6.9.2 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY (XRF) 600 6.9.3
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTTR) 602 6.9.4 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
SPECTROSCOPY (19F-NMR) 603 6.9.5 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 604 6.10 ADDITIVE
INTERACTIONS 605 6.10. XX CONTENT 7 ANTI-BLOCKING ADDITIVES DR. T.
KROMMINGA, DR. G. VAN ESCHE, GRACE DAVISON GMBH, WORMS, GERMANY 7.1
INTRODUCTION 613 7.2 BASIC MECHANISM OF ACTION 613 7.3 PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION OF ANTI-BLOCKING ADDITIVES 615 7.3.1 SYNTHETIC
SILICA GEL 615 7.3.2 NATURAL SILICA 616 7.3.3 TALE 616 7.3.4 ZEOLITES
616 7.3.5 LIMESTONE 617 7.3.6 ORGANIC ANTI-BLOCKING ADDITIVES 617 7.4
APPLICATIONS FOR ANTI-BLOCKING ADDITIVES 617 7.4.1 PE 617 7.4.1.1
NATURAL SILICA 618 7.4.1.2 MINERALS 618 7.4.1.3 MOLECULAR SIEVES 618
7.4.1.4 SYNTHETIC SILICA 618 7.4.1.5 WAXES AND AMIDES 618 7.4.2 PPFILMS
619 7.4.2.1 UNORIENTED FILMS 619 7.4.2.2 ORIENTED FILMS 619 7.4.3
POLYESTER FILMS 620 7.4.3.1 MINERALS 621 7.4.3.2 SYNTHETIC SILICA 621
7.4.4 FLEXIBLE PVC FILMS 621 7.4.4.1 NATURAL SILICA AND MINERALS 622
7.4.4.2 SYNTHETIC SILICA 622 7.4.4.3 ALUMOSILICATES 622 7.4.5 OTHER
FILMS 622 7.5 MEASUREMENT METHODS 622 7.6 INCORPORATION METHODS 624
7.6.1 MASTERBATCHES 625 7.6.2 FILM GRADES 625 7.6.3 POLYESTER FUMS 625
7.7 TOXICOLOGY OF ANTI-BLOCKING ADDITIVES 625 7.7.1 SILICA 626 7.7.2
TALE 626 7.7.3 ZEOLITES 626 7.7.4 LIMESTONE 626 7.8 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
626 7. CONTENT XXI 8 SLIP ADDITIVES F. WYLIN, UNIQEMA, EVERBERG, BELGIUM
8.1 INTRODUCTION 629 8.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ADDITIVE ACTION 629 8.3
DESCRIPTION OF SLIP ADDITIVES 630 8.4 STRUCTURES OF SLIP ADDITIVES 632
8.5 INCORPORATION OF SLIP ADDITIVES IN POLYMERS 632 8.6 TESTING OF SLIP
PERFORMANCE 632 8.7 EXAMPLES OF FORMULATIONS/PERFORMANCE OF ADDITIVES IN
VARIOUS POLYMERS . . 633 8.8 TRENDS 634 8.9 LIST OF TRADE NAMES AND
SUPPLIERS 634 8.10 REFERENCES 635 9 ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES F. WYLIN,
UNIQEMA, EVERBERG, BELGIUM 9.1 INTRODUCTION 637 9.1.1 FOOD PACKAGING
FILMS 638 9.1.2 AGRICULTURAL FILM 638 9.1.2.1 BLACK MULCHING FILM 638
9.1.2.2 SMALL TUNNELS 638 9.1.2.3 LARGE DOMES/LARGE GREENHOUSES 638
9.1.2.4 FIAT LAY, PERFORATED, TEMPORARY PROTECTION FILM 639 9.1.2.5 HEAT
RETENTION FILM FOR GLASS GREENHOUSES 639 9.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACTION
OF ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES 640 9.3 DESCRIPTION OF ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES
643 9.3.1 TYPES OF ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES 643 93.2 COMMERCIAL ANTIFOGGING
ADDITIVES 643 9.4 STRUCTURE OF ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES 644 9.5
INCORPORATION OF ANTIFOGGING ADDITIVES INTO POLYMERS 645 9.6 TESTING OF
ANTIFOGGING PERFORMANCE 646 9.6.1 EVALUATION TEST PROCEDURES 646 9.6.2
TESTS FOR FOOD PACKAGING FILMS 646 9.6.2.1 THE COLD FOG TEST 646 9.6.2.
XXII CONTENT 10 ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES F. WYLIN, UNIQEMA, EVERBERG,
BELGIUM 10.1 INTRODUCTION 655 10.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACTION OF
ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 656 10.2.1 EXTERNAL ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 656 10.2.2
INTERNAL ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 657 10.2.3 CONDUCTIVE FILLERS 658 10.3
DESCRIPTION OF ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 660 10.3.1 NON-IONIC ANTISTATIC
ADDITIVES 660 10.3.1.1 FATTY ACID ESTERS 660 10.3.1.2 ETHOXYLATED
ALKYLAMINES 662 103.1.3 DIETHANOLAMIDES 663 103.1.4 ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLS
663 10.3.2 ANIONIC ANTITSTATIC ADDITIVES 664 10.3.3 CATIONIC ANTITSTATIC
ADDITIVES 664 10.3.4 AMPHOTERIC ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 664 10.4 STRUCTURES
OF ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 664 10.5 INCORPORATION OF ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES
INTO POLYMERS 666 10.6 TESTING ANTISTATIC PERFORMANCE 666 10.6.1
QUALITATIVE TESTING 666 10.6.2 QUANTITATIVE TESTING 666 10.6.3
CONNECTION BETWEEN HALF-LIFE VALUE AND SURFACE RESISTIVITY [2] . . 667
10.7 EXAMPLES OF FORMULATIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES IN
VARIOUS POLYMERS 668 10.7.1 POLYOLEFINS 668 10.7.2 STYRENICS 669 10.7.3
PVC 669 10.7.4 ENGINEERING POLYMERS 672 10.8 TRENDS 672 10.9 LIST OF
TRADENAMES AND SUPPLIERS 672 10.10 REFERENCES 673 11 ANTIMICROBIALS D.
OCHS, CIBA INC., GRENZACH-WYLEN, GERMANY 11.1 INTRODUCTION 675 11.
CONTENT XXIII 11.3 MODE OF ACTION 685 11.4 TEST METHODS 686 11.4.1 AGAR
PLATE TESTS 686 11.4.2 DIRECT CONTAMINATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN 689
11.4.3 IN-USE TESTS 690 11.4.4 OTHER USEFUL TEST METHODS 690 11.4.4.1
STANDARD METHODS 692 11.5 REGULATIONS RELATED TO ANTIMICROBIALS 693
11.5.1 USA 693 11.5.2 EUROPE 694 11.6 FUTURE TRENDS 694 11.7 LISTOF
PRODUCTS, TRADENAMES, AND SUPPLIERS 695 11.8 REFERENCES 698 12 FLAME
RETARDANTS PAUL F. RANKEN, ALBEMARLE CORPORATION, BATON ROUGE,
LOUISIANA, USA 12.1 INTRODUCTION 701 12.2 FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISMS 702
12.3 ORGANIC FLAME RETARDANT STRUCTURES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND
TYPICAL USES . 705 12.4 TYPICAL FLAME RETARDANT FORMULATIONS 708 12.5
EVALUATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS 710 12.6 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS 712 12.7
LIST OF TRADE NAMES, MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS 715 12.8 REFERENCES 717 13
CHEMICAL BLOWING AGENTS H. HURNIK, LANXESS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, DORMAGEN,
GERMANY 13.1 INTRODUCTION 719 13.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTION OF
BLOWING AGENTS 719 13.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND CHOICES 720 13.2.2
MAIN PROPERTIES 720 13.3 PRODUCT CLASSES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION 721
133.1 AZOCOMPOUNDS 722 133.1.1 AZODICARBONAMIDE (ADC) 722 133.1.2
MECHANISM OF DECOMPOSITION 722 13.3.1 XXIV CONTENT 133.4.1
5-PHENYLTETRAZOLE (5-PT) 731 13.3.5 NITROSO COMPOUNDS 732 133.5.1
N,N -DINITROSO-PENTAMETHYLENETETRAMINE(DNPT) 732 13.3.6 CARBONATES 733
13.3.6.1 SODIUM BICARBONATE (NAHCO 3 ) 733 13.3.6.2 MECHANISM OFNAHCO 3
DECOMPOSITION 733 13.4 BLOWING AGENT PREPARATIONS 734 13.5 TESTING
CHEMICAL BLOWING AGENTS 735 13.6 INCORPORATION OF CHEMICAL BLOWING
AGENTS INTO POLYMERS 736 13.6.1 COMMERCIAL FORMS 736 13.6.2 APPLICATIONS
736 13.6.3 THE POLYMERS 737 13.6.4 COMMERCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 738 13.7
PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS 739 13.8 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS AND OUTLOOK
741 13.9 LIST OF TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS OF CHEMICAL BLOWING
AGENTS 742 13.10 REFERENCES 743 14 CROSSLINKING AND CONTROLLED
DEGRADATION OF POLYOLEFINS DR. DAN MUNTEANU, BASF CATALYSTS, TIMISOARA,
ROMANIA 14.1 INTRODUCTION 745 14.2 PRINCIPLES OF POLYOLEFIN CROSSLINKING
AND CONTROLLED DEGRADATION 747 14.2.1 GENERATION AND FATE OF
MACRORADICALS IN POLYOLEFINS 747 14.2.1.1 FREE RADICAL SYSTEMS IN
POLYOLEFINS 747 14.2.1.2 CHAIN-SCISSION VERSUS BRANCHING AND
CROSSLINKING 749 14.2.1.3 GRAFTING FUNCTIONAL MONOMERS 751 14.2.2
IRRADIATION CROSSLINKING 752 14.23 PEROXIDE CROSSLINKING 754 14.2.4
SILANE CROSSLINKING 755 14.2.4.1 SILANE-FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLEFINS 755
14.2.4. CONTENT XXV 14.5.2 SPRAYING LIQUID ADDITIVES 779 14.5.3 DIRECT
INJECTION OF LIQUID ADDITIVES 779 14.5.4 ADDITIONAL DOSING CONCERNS 779
14.6 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PEROXIDE CROSSLINKING 780 14.6.1 SELECTIONOF
PEROXIDES 781 14.6.2 PROCESS PARAMETERS 782 14.6.2.1 PROCESSING AND
CROSSLINKING TEMPERATURE 782 14.6.2.2 PEROXIDE CONCENTRATION 783 14.6.23
POLYOLEFIN STRUCTURE 783 14.6.2.4 CROSSLINKING COAGENTS 785 14.6.2.5
STABILIZATION PACKAGES 786 14.6.2.6 FILLERS AND OTHER AUXILIARIES 787
14.6.3 CROSSLINKING TECHNIQUES 787 14.63.1 WIRE AND CABLE INSULATION 787
14.6.3.2 PIPES 789 14.6.33 INJECTION MOLDING AND ROTOMOLDING 789 14.6.4
PEROXIDE-RELATED CROSSLINKING TECHNIQUES 790 14.6.4.1 UHF CROSSLINKING
790 14.6.4.2 CROSSLINKING WITH HIGHLY STABLE INITIATORS 790 14.7
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SILANE CROSSLINKING 791 14.7.1 SILANE GRAFTED
POLYOLEFINS 791 14.7.1.1 TWO-STEP PROCESSES 791 14.7.1.2 ONE-STEP
PROCESSES 792 14.7.13 DRY SILANE PROCESSES 793 14.7.2 ETHYLENE-SILANE
RANDOM COPOLYMERS 793 14.7.3 MOISTURE-CROSSLINKING OF SILANE-MODIFIED
POLYOLEFINS 795 14.7.3.1 INFIUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS 795 14.7.3.2
CROSSLINKING TECHNIQUES 796 14.8 STRUCTURES AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
CROSSLINKED POLYOLEFINS 797 14.8.1 STRUCTURES 797 14.8.2 ANALYTICAL
METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING POLYOLEFIN CROSSLINKING . . . 798 14.8.3
GENERAL PROPERTIES 800 14. XXVI CONTENT 14.10.2 AFFECTSOF PROCESS
PARAMETERS 813 14.10.2.1 PEROXIDE CONCENTRATION 813 14.10.2.2 PROCESSING
TEMPERATURE 813 14.10.23 PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 813 14.10.2.4
STABILIZATION PACKAGES 814 14.10.3 PROPERTIES OFCR-PP 815 14.11
TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS AND OUTLOOK 816 14.12 LIST OF SUPPLIERS, TRADENAMES
AND PRODUCERS 818 14.13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 819 14.14
REFERENCES 821 15 COLORANTS R. SCHERRER, CIBA INC., BASEL, SWITZERLAND
R. L. SYKES, CIBA INC., BASEL, SWITZERLAND 15.1 COLOR 831 15.1.1
INTRODUCTION 831 15.1.2 DEFINITION OF COLOR 831 15.1.2.1 THE LIGHT
SOURCE 831 15.1.2.2 ABSORPTION BY THE COLORANT 832 15.1.2.3 OBSERVATION
833 15.1.3 METAMERISM 834 15.1.4 TRANSPARENCY AND OPACITY 834 15.1.5
DICHROISM - OPTICAL ANISOTROPY 834 15.1.6 DEFINITION OF PIGMENTS AND
DYES 834 15.1.6.1 PIGMENTS 835 15.1.6.2 DYES 836 15.1.7 PROPERTIES, TEST
METHODS AND ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE 836 15.1.7.1 HEAT RESISTANCE 836
15.1.7.2 LIGHT FASTNESS 837 15.1.7.3 WEATHER FASTNESS 838 15.1.7.4
MIGRATION 838 15.1.7.5 ABRASION 839 15.1.7.6 PLATE-OUT 839 15.1.7.7
CHALKING 839 15.1.7.8 EFFECT ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 839 15.1.7.9
WARPING 839 15.2 COLORANTS 840 15.2.1 INTRODUCTION 84 CONTENT XXVII
15.2.4 BLACK COLORANTS 841 15.2.4.1 CARBON BLACK 841 15.2.4.2 IRON OXIDE
841 15.2.43 MIXED METAL OXIDES 841 15.2.4.4 ORGANIC BLACK COLORANTS 841
15.2.5 COLORED INORGANIC PIGMENTS 841 15.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 841 15.2.5.2
YELLOW PIGMENTS 842 15.2.53 ORANGE PIGMENTS 842 15.2.5.4 BROWN PIGMENTS
842 15.2.5.5 RED PIGMENTS 843 15.2.5.6 VIOLET PIGMENTS 843 15.2.5.7 BLUE
PIGMENTS 843 15.2.5.8 GREEN PIGMENTS 843 15.2.6 ORGANIC COLORANTS 844
15.2.6.1 ANTHRAQUINONE, ANTHANTHRONE 844 15.2.6.2 AZO, MONOAZO,
ARYLAMIDE 845 15.2.63 BENZIMIDAZOLONE 846 15.2.6.4 BONALAKES 846
15.2.6.5 DIKETOPYRROLO-PYRROLE 847 15.2.6.6 DIOXAZINE 847 15.2.6.7
DISAZO CONDENSATION 847 15.2.6.8 DISAZO, DIARYLIDE 848 15.2.6.9
FLAVANTHRONE, INDANTHRONE 849 15.2.6.10 ISOINDOLINONE AND ISOINDOLINE
849 15.2.6.11 METAL COMPLEXES 850 15.2.6.12 MONOAZO SALTS (LAKED
PIGMENTS) 850 15.2.6.13 NAPHTHOLS, SS-NAPHTHOLS 850 15.2.6.14 NAPHTHOLAS
851 15.2.6.15 NAPHTHOL LAKES 851 15.2.6.16 PERYLENE, PERINONE 851
15.2.6.17 PHTHALOCYANINE 852 15.2.6.18 PYRANTHRONE 853 15.2.6.19
QUINACRIDONES 853 15.2.6.20 QUINOPHTHALONE 853 15.2.7 EFFECT PIGMENTS
853 15.2.7.1 POWDERED METAL PIGMENTS 853 15.2.7.2 PERLESCENT PIGMENTS
853 15.2.73 FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS 854 15.2. XXVIII CONTENT 15.3.1.2
AGGLOMERATE BREAK DOWN 870 153.1.3 COMPACTION 871 15.3.1.4 WETTING 871
153.2 DISTRIBUTION AND HOMOGENIZATION 871 153.3 DISPERSION TECHNOLOGIES
871 15.4 COLORANT SELECTION CRITERIA 871 15.5 DISPERSION-RELATED
PROBLEMS 873 15.6 FORMS OF SUPPLY 874 15.6.1 SINGLE PIGMENTS 874 15.6.2
LOW DUST, FREE-FLOWING PIGMENTS 874 15.6.3 PIGMENT MIXTURES 874 15.6.4
SOLID COLOR CONCENTRATES 875 15.6.5 LIQUID COLOR CONCENTRATES 876 15.7
COLORATION OF PVC 877 15.7.1 PIGMENTS AND PIGMENT FORMS 879 15.7.2
INTERACTIONS WITH COMPOUND INGREDIENTS 879 15.7.3 PROCESSING 880 15.73.1
PREMIXING/COMPOUNDING 880 15.73.2 CALENDERING 880 15.73.3 COATING,
CASTING AND ROTATIONAL MOLDING OF PVC PLASTISOLS AND ORGANOSOLS 881
15.73.4 EXTRUSION AND INJECTION MOLDING 881 15.7.3.5 APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS AND TESTING CONDITIONS 882 15.7.3.6 WEATHERABILITY 882
15.73.7 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE 883 15.8 COLORATION OF POLYOLEFINS 883
15.8.1 PIGMENTS AND PIGMENT FORMS 884 15.8.2 INTERACTIONS WITH POLYMERS
AND POLYMER ADDITIVES 885 15.8.3 PROCESSING 886 15.8.3.1 INJECTION
MOLDING 886 15.83.2 FIBER AND FILM EXTRUSION 886 15.8.33 ROTATIONAL
MOLDING 887 15.8.4 APPLICATIONS AND TESTING 888 15.8.4.1
WEATHER-RESISTANT COLORATION OF POLYOLEFINS 888 15.8.4.2 FOODSTUFF
PACKAGING, CONSUMER GOODS AND TOYS 889 15. CONTENT XXIX 15.14 TRENDS AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS 894 15.15 LIST OF COLORANT SUPPLIERS 895 15.16
REFERENCES 898 16 FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS ALFRED G. OERTLI, CIBA
INC., BASEL, SWITZERLAND 16.1 INTRODUCTION 901 16.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
WHITENING MECHANISMS 901 163 SELECTION AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS 903 16.4 STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS 905 16.5
INCORPORATION OF OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS INTO POLYMERS 905 16.6 TESTING OF
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS IN POLYMERS 906 16.6.1 MIGRATION AND EXUDATION 906
16.6.2 WHITENING EFFECT 906 16.6.3 LIGHT-FASTNESS 907 16.7 PERFORMANCE
DATA OF OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS IN VARIOUS SUBSTRATES 908 16.7.1
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE 908 16.7.2 POLYSTYRENE AND STYRENE COPOLYMERS 909
16.7.3 POLYCARBONATE 911 16.7.4 POLYURETHANE 912 16.7.5 POLYOLEFINS 913
16.7.6 POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE) 913 16.7.7 UNSATURATED POLYESTERS 914
16.7.8 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS (PET) 915 16.7.9 POLYAMIDE
FIBERS 915 16.8 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS 916 16.9 INDEX OF TRADE NAMES,
MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS 917 16.10 REFERENCES 917 17 FILLERS AND
REINFORCEMENTS/COUPLING AGENTS WALTER HOHENBERGER, VILLACH, AUSTRIA 17.1
INTRODUCTION 919 17.1.1 DEFINITION 919 17.1.2 ECONOMICS 920 17.2
PRINCIPLE MECHANISMS IN POLYMERS 920 17.2. XXX CONTENT 17.2.3.4 THERMAL
PROPERTIES 922 17.2.3.5 TRIBOLOGICAL AND SURFACE PROPERTIES 923 17.2.3.6
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 923 17.2.3.7 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 923 17.2.3.8
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES 924 17.2.3.9 STABILITY 925 17.23.10 VISCOSITY 925
17.2.3.11 ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES 925 17.2.3.12 PERMEABILITY 926
17.23.13 FLAMMABILITY 926 17.3 PROPERTIES OF FILLERS AND GUIDING
SELECTION 926 17.3.1 INTRODUCTION 926 17.3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FILLERS
927 17.3.3 DENSITY 927 17.3.4 PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE 927 17.3.5
SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA 928 17.3.6 MAXIMUM PACKING FRACTION 928 17.3.7
PARTICLE GEOMETRY 929 17.3.8 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 930 17.3.9 HARDNESS AND
ABRASIVENESS 930 17.3.10 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 931 17.3.11
ACID SOLUBILITY 931 17.3.12 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 931 17.3.13 LOSS ON
IGNITION 932 17.3.14 PH 932 17.3.15 MOISTURE CONTENT 932 17.4
CHARACTERIZATION OF FILLERS 932 17.4.1 CUBIC AND SPHEROIDAL FILLERS 933
17.4.1.1 NATURAL CALCIUM CARBONATE 933 17.4.1.2 PRECIPITATED CALCIUM
CARBONATE (PCC) 934 17.4.1.3 DOLOMITE 935 17.4.1.4 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
935 17.4.1.5 CALCIUM SULFATE 936 17.4.1.6 BARIUM SULFATE 937 17.4.1.7
GLASS BEADS AND CERAMIC BEADS 937 .8 SYNTHETIC SILICA 939 .9 NATURAL
SILICA 940 .10 FELDSPAR AND NEPHELINE-SYENITE 940 . CONTENT XXXI
17.4.2.2 MICA 946 17.4.2.3 KAOLIN AND CLAY 947 17.4.2.4 GRAPHITE 948
17.43 ACICULAR AND FIBROUS FILLERS 948 17.43.1 WOLLASTONITE 948 17.43.2
WHISKERS 949 17.43.3 GLASS FIBERS (CHOPPED STRAND) 949 17.43.4 ARAMID
FIBERS 950 17.4.3.5 CARBON FIBERS 951 17.43.6 OTHER FILLERS 952 17.43.7
CONDUCTIVE FILLERS 952 17.4.3.8 LUBRICANT FILLERS 952 17.4.3.9 ORGANIC
FILLERS 952 17.43.10 NANOFILLERS 953 17.5 PROCESSING 953 17.5.1
PRINCIPLES 953 17.5.2 MIXING AND COMPOUNDING: DISPERSION 953 17.6
PERFORMANCE IN THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS 954 17.6.1 VINYL POLYMERS 954
17.6.2 POLYOLEFINS 954 17.63 ENGINEERING PLASTICS 955 17.6.4
POLYSTYRENES 955 17.7 COUPLING AGENTS 957 17.7.1 PRINCIPLES 957 17.7.2
SIZING 958 17.7.3 FATTY ACIDS 958 17.7.4 SILANES 958 17.7.5 TITANATES
AND ZIRCONATES 959 17.7.6 ANHYDRIDES AND UNSATURATED POLYMERIC ACIDS 960
17.8 TRENDS 960 17.9 INDEX OF TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 961 17.10
REFERENCES 966 18 NUCLEATING AGENTS FOR SEMI-CRYSTAILINE POLYMERS JENCI
KURJA, MILLIKEN CHEMICAL, DIVISION OFMILLIKEN EUROPE N.V., BELGIUM DR.
NATHAN A. MEHL, MILLIKEN CHEMICAL, DIVISION OFMILLIKEN & COMPANY, USA
18.1 INTRODUCTION 967 18.2 CRYSTALIIZATION AND NUCLEATION OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 967 18.2. XXXII CONTENT 18.2.4 CRYSTALLIZATION
RATE OF SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 973 18.2.5 THE USE OF NUCLEATING
AGENTS IN THE MELT-PROCESSING OF SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 974 18.2.5.1
NUCLEATING AGENTS 974 18.2.5.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEATING AGENT
EFFICIENCY 975 18.2.5.3 EFFECT OF NUCLEATING AGENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF
SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 976 18.3 NUCLEATION OF POLYOLEFINS 978 18.3.1
POLYETHYLENE (PE) 978 18.3.2 POLYPROPYLENE (PP) 978 18.4 NUCLEATION OF
ENGINEERING PLASTICS 983 18.4.1 THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTERS 983 18.4.2
POLYAMIDES 984 18.5 NUCLEATION OF OTHER SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 984
18.6 FUTURE TRENDS 986 18.7 LIST OF CHEMICAL DESIGNATIONS, TRADE NAMES
AND SUPPLIERS 986 18.8 REFERENCES 988 19 ADDITIVES FOR MECHANICAL
RECYCLING OF PLASTICS RUDOLF PFAENDNER, CIBA INC., LAMPERTHEIM, GERMANY
19.1 INTRODUCTION 991 19.1.1 THE POTENTIAL FOR MECHANICAL RECYCLING OF
PLASTICS 991 19.1.2 RECYCLING TARGETS SET BY LEGISLATION 992 19.1.3 USE
OF RECYCLATES IN FOOD CONTACT APPLICATIONS 993 19.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
VIRGIN MATERIALS AND RECYCLATES 993 19.2.1 STRUCTURAL INHOMOGENEITIES
AND IMPURITIES IN RECYCLATES 993 19.2.2 INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVE CONTENT ON
THE QUALITY OF RECYCLATES . . . . 996 19.3 UPGRADING RECYCLED PLASTICS
997 19.4 RESTABILIZATION 999 19.4. CONTENT XXX11I 19.4.4 POLYOLEFIN
BLENDS 1010 19.4.4.1 HDPE/PP BOTTLES 1010 19.4.4.2 HDPE/LDPE FOR PIPES
1012 19.4.43 HDPE/LDPE/PP FOR PALLETS 1012 19.4.5 POLYSTYRENES 1014
19.4.5.1 IPS 1014 19.4.5.2 EPS 1014 19.4.53 ABS 1015 19.4.6 PVC 1015
19.4.6.1 RIGID PVC (WINDOW PROFILES) 1016 19.4.6.2 RIGID PVC (PIPES)
1016 19.4.63 PLASTICIZED PVC (ROOFING SHEETS, CABLE) 1016 19.4.6.4
PVDC-CONTAINING PO 1017 19.4.7 POLYAMIDES 1017 19.4.8
POLYESTERS/POLYCARBONATES 1017 19.4.8.1 PETBOTTLES 1017 19.4.8.2
POLYCARBONATE 1018 19.4.83 PBT/PC BUMPERS 1018 19.4.8.4 OTHER
ENGINEERING PLASTICS 1019 19.4.9 MIXED PLASTICS 1019 19.5
COMPATIBILIZATION 1020 19.5.1 EXAMPLES OF COMPATIBILIZATION 1020 19.5.2
POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS ARISING FROM COMPATIBILIZATION OF RECYCLATES
1022 19.6 OTHER ADDITIVES 1023 19.6.1 REPAIROFPREDEGRADATION 1023 19.6.2
RHEOLOGY MODIFICATION 1023 19.6.3 OTHER CONDITIONS 1024 19.7
TROUBLESHOOTING POST CONSUMER RECYCLATES 1025 19.8 CONCLUSIONS 1027 19.9
ABBREVIATIONS OF PRODUCTS 1027 19.10 TEST PROCEDURES MENTIONED IN
CHAPTER 19 1028 19.11 REFERENCES 1028 20 THE PHYSKAL BEHA VIOR OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES N C BILLINGHAM, SCHOOL QFCHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY XXXRV CONTENT 20.3.2 EFFECTS OF POLYMER
MORPHOLOGY 1046 20.3.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 1047 20.3.4 EFFECT OF
POLYMER TYPE 1047 20.3.5 EFFECTS OF DIFFUSANT MOLECULAR WEIGHT 1050 20.4
PHYSICAL STATE OF ADDITIVES IN POLYMERS 1051 20.5 ADDITIVE LOSS FROM
POLYMERS 1054 20.5.1 EVAPORATIVE LOSS INTO AIR 1054 20.5.2 SOLVENT
LEACHING OF ADDITIVES 1057 20.5.3 BLOOMING OF ADDITIVES 1059 20.6
ADDITIVE DESIGN FOR PERMANENCE 1059 20.7 PHYSICAL EFFECTS IN AGING TESTS
1060 20.8 CONCLUSIONS 1061 20.9 REFERENCES 1062 21 ANALYTICAL PIERRE
BATAILLARD, LEONARD EVANGELISTA, CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS INC.,
ADDITIVES DIVISION, BASEL, SWITZERLAND MARK THOMAS, CIBA COR., ADDITIVES
DIVISION, TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK, USA 21.1 INTRODUCTION 1065 21.2
CHROMATOGRAPHY 1065 21.2.1 THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 1066 21.2.1.1
APPLICATION OVERVIEW 1066 21.2.1.2 TLC TEST CONDITIONS 1067 21.2.2
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 1070 21.2.2.1 APPLICATION OVERVIEW 1070 21.2.2.2
TYPICAL LC CONDITIONS 1070 21.2.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1075 21.2.3.1
APPLICATION OVERVIEW 1075 21.2.3.2 TYPICAL GC CONDITIONS 1076 21.2.33
PYROLYSISGC 1077 21.2.4 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 1078 21.2.4.1
APPLICATION OVERVIEW 1078 21.2.4.2 TYPICAL SFC CONDITIONS 1078 21.3
SPECTROSCOPY 1080 213.1 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY 1080 21.3. CONTENT XXXV
21.5.1.2 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION 1087 21.5.13 MICROWAVE
EXTRACTION 1088 21.5.1.4 HIGH PRESSURE SOLVENT EXTRACTION 1088 21.5.2
EXTRACTION DIFFICULTIES 1088 21.5.2.1 INCOMPLETE EXTRACTION 1089
21.5.2.2 TRANSFORMATION OF THE STABILIZER 1090 21.6 ANALYTICAL
CHALLENGES 1091 21.6.1 COLOR BODY ANALYSIS 1092 21.6.2 EXPOSED SAMPLES
1092 21.6.3 RECYCLED SAMPLES 1095 21.7 MIGRATION STUDIES FOR INDIRECT
FOOD CONTACT 1095 21.8 VALIDATION 1097 21.9 ABBREVIATION OF PRODUCTS
1097 21.10 REFERENCES 1099 22 ASPECTS OF PLASTIC ADDITIVES RELATED TO
HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT DR. H. J. WEIDELI, CIBA INC., ADDITIVES
DIVISION, BASEL, SWITZERLAND DR. U. SCHOENHAUSEN, CIBA INC., ADDITIVES
DIVISION, BASEL, SWITZERLAND N. MADY, CIBA CORP., ADDITIVES DIVISION,
TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK, USA DR. M. HUBIS, CIBA INC., ADDITIVES DIVISION,
BASEL, SWITZERLAND 22.1 PRODUCT SAFETY ASPECTS 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22.
.1 INTRODUCTION .2 TOXICOLOGY .2.1 ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS .2.2 SKIN AND
EYE IRRITATION .2.3 SKIN SENSITIZATION .2.4 REPEATED-DOSE TOXICITY
22.1.2.5 MUTAGENICITY TESTING 22.1.2.6 CHRONIC TOXICITY/CARCINOGENICITY
STUDIES 22.1.2.7 TESTS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE , 22.1.2.8
ADSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION 22.1. XXXVI CONTENT
22.1.5.1 RISK ASSESSMENT 1111 22.1.5.2 RESPONSIBLE CARE 1112 22.1.5.3
PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP 1113 22.1.6 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) 1114 22.1.7
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE FOR CHAPTER 22.1 1114 22.2 REGULATORY ASPECTS
1115 22.2.1 CHEMICAL CONTROL SCHEMES 1115 22.2.2 THE REGULATION OF THE
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF ADDITIVES AS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 1115
22.2.2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL CONTROL LEGISLATION 1115
22.2.2.2 NOTIFICATIONOFNEW CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 1116 22.2.23 SAFETY DATA
REQUIREMENTS FOR EXISTING SUBSTANCES 1120 22.2.3 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
ADDITIVES INTENDED FOR USE IN FOOD CONTACT APPLICATIONS 1122 22.23.1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1122 22.23.2 EU REQUIREMENTS 1122 22.2.33 FOOD
ADDITIVES REGULATION IN THE USA: THE FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT 1126
22.23.4 REGULATIONS ON FOOD CONTACT ADDITIVES IN OTHER COUNTRIES . . . .
1128 22.2.4 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 22.2 1129 22.3 HANDLING OF SOLID
ADDITIVES 1130 22.3.1 INTRODUCTION 1130 22.3.2 ADDITIVE HANDLING METHODS
1130 223.2.1 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS 1130 223.2.2 COMMON ADDITIVE
HANDLING METHODS 1131 22.3.3 SOURCESOFHAZARDS 1135 22.33.1 WORKER
EXPOSURE 1135 223.3.2 FIRE AND EXPLOSION 1135 22.3.33 ELECTROSTATIC
DISCHARGE 1135 223.4 PRACTICAL COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST FIRE AND
EXPLOSIONS 1137 223.4.1 PREVENTION: SOLVENT-FREE SYSTEMS 1137 22.3.4.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Zweifel, Hans |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | h z hz |
| author_facet | Zweifel, Hans |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035576445 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9000 ZM 5230 |
| classification_tum | CIT 719f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)423775370 (DE-599)DNB994168713 |
| dewey-full | 668.411 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.411 |
| dewey-search | 668.411 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.411 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 6. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035576445 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783446408012 9781569904305 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017631931 |
| oclc_num | 423775370 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-29T DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-92 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 DE-1051 DE-20 DE-Er8 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-29T DE-12 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-92 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 DE-1051 DE-20 DE-Er8 |
| physical | XXXVI, 1222 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hanser |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plastics additives handbook Hans Zweifel ... With contrib. by: S. E. Amos ... 6. ed. Munich [u.a.] Hanser 2009 XXXVI, 1222 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 s DE-604 Zweifel, Hans edt Amos, Stephen E. Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017631931&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plastics additives handbook Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166053-5 |
| title | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_auth | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_exact_search | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_full | Plastics additives handbook Hans Zweifel ... With contrib. by: S. E. Amos ... |
| title_fullStr | Plastics additives handbook Hans Zweifel ... With contrib. by: S. E. Amos ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics additives handbook Hans Zweifel ... With contrib. by: S. E. Amos ... |
| title_short | Plastics additives handbook |
| title_sort | plastics additives handbook |
| topic | Kunststoffadditiv (DE-588)4166053-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kunststoffadditiv |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017631931&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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