Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Processes of cultural integration in the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the Grat Polish Lakeland |
| Beschreibung: | 199 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788389499530 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim |c Krzysztof Szamałek |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 199 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Processes of cultural integration in the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the Grat Polish Lakeland | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139227139538944 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
I.
Problematyka badawcza
....................................................................... 7
IL
Zarys regionalizacji fizjograficznej Pojezierza Wielkopolskiego
..... 24
1.
Zagadnienie odrębności i granic makroregionu
.............................. 24
2.
Podstawowe typy krajobrazu naturalnego a kwestia regionalizacji
.. 29
III. Symptomy rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego
............................... 35
1.
Dynamika osadnicza
........................................................................ 35
2.
Kierunki zmian w gospodarce żywnościowej
................................. 70
3.
Budownictwo
................................................................................... 81
4.
Garncarstwo
..................................................................................... 95
5.
Metalurgia
...................................................................................... 128
6.
Przemiany w obrzędowości pogrzebowej
..................................... 134
7.
Rola oddziaływań zewnętrznych
.................................................... 142
IV.
Etapy
integraci
i i dezintegracj a kulturowa makroregionu
............. 167
V.
Podsumowanie
................................................................................. 174
Bibliografia
.......................................................................................... 177
Tabele
........................................................................................................... 190
Summary
..................................................................................................... 195
Processes
of
cultural
integration in
the late Bronze Age
and the early Iron Age in the Great
Polish Lakeland
Summary
The aim of the paper was to make a tentative
reproduction of the processes which took place in
the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age
(1300-
400
B.C.) and led to the formation of the specific
cultural character of the Great Polish Lakeland. The
phenomenon of cultural
regionalisation
in general
has been a subject of a heated debate among the pre-
historians. Also in respect to the discussed macrore-
gion various opinions have been put forward.
The macroregion of the Great Polish Lakeland
is a physiographically separate unit with clearly
delimited borders, which are marked out by the
lowlands of the Vistula
—
Noteć
Rivers ancient val¬
ley from the east and north and the
Obra
Depression
and the
Warta
- Odra
and
Bzura
-
Ner
Rivers
ancient valleys from the west and south (Fig.
1).
In
the past the broad dune and marshy areas in the
ancient valleys formed long ecological barriers the
existence of which seems to be confirmed by the
poorly developed settlement network. The results of
the analysis of the sculpture of the land in the macro-
region with particular focus on the hypsometric
relations, hydrographical network, and soil cover
allow to distinguish three basic types of natural
landscape: hilly uplands, flat uplands and large val¬
ley depressions. In general, they stretch latitudmally
and the largest zone of hilly uplands is located in the
centre. To the north and south of these uplands
there are the lower flat uplands, separated from them
by upland ridges. The are closed up by large valley
depressions.
The picture of the settlement in Bronze Age II
(ВВІ, ВВ2,
ВС)
preceding the appearance of the
phenomenon called
Lusatian
culture, visible in the
formation of larger settlement concentrations, indi¬
cates that in its greater part the Great Polish Lake¬
land was a zone of scattered settlement. This lack of
clear traces of settlement is probably due to the cha¬
racter of the settlement manifested in the large
mobility of the then communities. It seems that little
attention was paid at that time to the suitability of
soils for growing plants. These observations led to
the belief that cattle growing was predominant,
which seems to be confirmed by the results of paly-
nological analyses conducted in several microre-
gions of the Great Polish Lakeland. The zone of
more intensive settlement is located especially along
the southern border of the macroregion. An impor¬
tant part was played by the suitability for transport
of the settlement
mesoregions
located there. In the
southern and south-eastern part of the Great Polish
Lakeland there is a clearly marked contact zone.
This is the route along which the ideas connected
with cremation rites may have been brought by the
wandering metallurgists to the macroregion. Even
for these early times symptoms of a certain cultural
distinctness of the investigated area can be noticed,
which is reflected by the lack of barrow burials in
the Great Polish Lakeland, noticeable also later on
in the periods of the development of the
Lusatian
culture. An overlapping of features specific for the
cultural picture of the investigated area, which come
from the Trzciniec culture circle, on the one hand,
and from the Tumulus cultures circle, on the other
one, has been observed. It is visible in the overlap¬
ping distributions of certain stylistic features of the
pottery: vessels with
appliqué
banded decoration
associated with the Trzciniec culture and vessels
with textile and pseudo-textile impressions asso¬
ciated with the Silesian-Greater Polish Tumulus
culture. The influence of the Tumulus cultures are
also noticeable in the presence of characteristic
bronze objects. The various possibilities of interpre¬
ting the meaning of the criteria of
regionalisation
are not sufficient for the current source base, to set¬
tle the debate about the cultural affiliation of the
investigated macroregion.
The cultural situation at the Great Polish Lake¬
land changed in Bronze Age III, which is equivalent
to central European BD and
Hallstatt
Al.
The finds
which can be dated to that period are mainly stray
finds of bronze artefacts and the few hoards of these
objects (Fig.
17, 69).
They have been discovered
mainly in the south-eastern and western part of the
macroregion. The bronze hoards discovered in its
south eastern part reveal a genetic bond with the
products of the Koszider type and make up a relati¬
vely uniform group at the area represented by the
materials of the
Łódź
phase, linking it with the influ-
195
enees
coming from the area to the south of the Car¬
pathian Mountains as a manifestation of the impact
of the Middle-Danube Circle. The pottery from that
phase, registered in the south-eastern part of the
macroregion and in its south-eastern borderland,
reveals signs of continuation of the Trzciniec cul¬
ture pottery tradition, as it is similar to it in techno¬
logy, forms and ornaments. In the south-eastern part
of the Great Polish Lakeland borderland and in
Kuiavia the earliest settlements and cremation
cemeteries of the
Lusatian
culture can be found (Fig.
26).
In the western part of the Great Polish Lake¬
land the outset of the changes in the cultural picture
is connected with the appearance of cremation
cemeteries with burials containing knobbed pottery
(Fig.
50).
It took place during Bronze Age III and
the main part in the process of the cultural change of
the macroregion was played by the area of the
Obra
Depression, belonging to the Lubusz Lakeland,
which had a large concentration of early
Lusatian
sites. This is the route along which the cultural
impulses carried by groups of settlers occupying the
so far sparsely populated areas were brought from
Silesia to the western part of the Great Polish Lake¬
land. The distribution of the cemeteries dated to
Bronze Age IV
(Hallstatt
A2,
Hallstatt BI)
indicates
that the population of the
Lusatian
culture settled
also in the northern, central and southern part of the
Great Polish Lakeland (Fig.
27).
This is the time
framework of the first stage of cultural integration
of the investigated macroregion connected with the
development of the
Lusatian
culture. The changes
in the rites were reflected by a quite sudden and
complete adoption of cremation which, with only a
few exceptions, was commonly used during the
whole existence of the
Lusatian
culture at the whole
area of the Great Polish Lakeland. This is one of the
differences between the investigated macroregion
and the areas of south-eastern Great Poland and
central Poland, where traditions of inhumation from
Bronze Age II were partly preserved and where also
in the later phases of the
Lusatian
culture the biritual
burial customs were retained. Similarly, the frequ¬
ent in central Poland custom of covering burials
with common pavements, referring to the tradition
of making barrows, has its northernmost reaches in
the Kuiavian Upland. The appearance in the Great
Polish Lakeland of permanent settlements with a
more substantial number of service and habitation
buildings, often built quite close one to another or
overlapping, indicates that they were used for a long
time and the settlement became gradually more and
more stable. This stability is also suggested by the
long-term usage of cemeteries located in many
microregions in the centres of settlement concentra¬
tions. This is the third important factor after the tra¬
dition serving as a cultural basis and the changes in
the system of beliefs which shaped the macroregion
and indicating the transformations taking place in
it.
The end of the Bronze Age, which is equivalent
to
Hallstatt
B2,
Hallstatt
ВЗ
and
Hallstatt C
in Cen¬
tral Europe, was in the Great Polish Lakeland a
period of new changes, especially in the settlement
patterns and economy. The further stabilisation of
settlement reflected in the increased number of set¬
tlement points in microregions and in settling so far
unoccupied oikumena indicates the beginning of the
second stage of cultural integration of the Great
Polish Lakeland. The change of the settlement
model for a more stable one was connected with the
transformations in food production. The increased
importance of growing plants as a source of food
can be seen in the growing interest in the soil cover
and is visible in the palynological diagrams. An
equally important part in satisfying the demand for
food was played by growing domestic animals with
a clear predominance of cattle reflected in the bone
materials from the settlements. Already in Bronze
Age V and
Hallstatt C
there appeared a settlement
model with settlements functioning as settlement
centres in microregions. These settlements were
established in places having particular landscape
features, and particular attention was paid to the
defensive value of the area. In these settlements tra¬
ces of more specialised production activeness con¬
nected with pottery-making and bronze-casting
were found. Also large-scale exchange of objects
produced locally or of foreign origin took place
there. Although the macroregion of the Great Polish
Lakeland is surrounded from various sides with
dune and marshy zones, which formed barriers for
settlement, it had a number of links with the neigh¬
bouring regions and the distribution of the imports
presented on the map of the macroregion indicates
the directions of the main routes of exchange (Fig.
74).
The main influence on the cultural development
of the Great Polish Lakeland was exerted by the
east-Alpine region. The intensification of contacts
196
resulted in the knowledge of new ideas, techniques
and technologies. As the population increased and
settlement network became more dense, the sense
of territoriality became more and more important in
the contacts of the communities inhabiting various
microregions, the size of which was from
25
to
60
km2. The fact that better organised groups had strong
bonds with their territories is suggested by their
building fortified settlements embedded in the net of
open settlements connected with them.
The appearance of fortified settlements in some
of the microregions was for them the beginning of
the third phase of cultural integration of the Great
Polish Lakeland. The earliest fortified settlements
may be dated to the early central European
Hallstatt
С,
the later ones were built within that period, and
the latest, in
Hallstatt Dl.
The fortified settlements,
which were recorded for various parts of the macro-
region, appeared in physiographically privileged
microregions located near the routes along which
inter-regional cultural contacts were maintained.
Investigations conducted in several microregions
located in various parts of the Great Polish Lake¬
land have proved that fortified settlements appeared
there at a certain stage of development of the local
population which was the peak of cultural achieve¬
ments and their origination is associated with the
period of the greatest socio-economic prosperity of
the macroregion. However, the idea of building for¬
tified settlements and some spatial arrangements
may have been also partly brought by ethnically
alien communities, which may have been present in
the fortified settlement at Komorowo and the asso¬
ciated with it cemetery at Gorszewice. At that time
a breakthrough in various spheres of economy took
place. It can be noticed especially in building and
was reflected by creating fortified settlements, inc¬
luding the compact and well-ordered ones of the
Biskupin
type. The local pottery production and
metallurgy began to develop as well as a long¬
distance trade exchange
,
i.a., in amber. The Great
Polish Lakeland as a cultural macroregion began to
exert its influence over other areas, not only the
adjacent ones.
The decline of population and culture in
Hall¬
statt
D2 was caused by a combination of various
unfavourable factors, the main of which were the
changes in the geographical environment. It began a
stage of cultural disintegration of the Great Polish
Lakeland. This was expressed by the disappearance
of large cemeteries used for long periods, perma¬
nent open settlements existing for several phases
and the decline of fortified settlements. This co-
occurred with the process of a gradual cultural
transformation perceived in the archaeological sour¬
ces as the change from the
Lusatian
culture into
Pomeranian culture. The processes of the cultural
transformation which initially concerned the nor¬
thern part of the macroregion are mainly visible in
the appearance of the features of burial rite typical
for the Pomeranian culture. However, there also
occurred profound changes in the settlement system
and economy. The large local communities were
broken into smaller ones as a result of the changes
in the geographical environment. These smaller
communities in many cases changed their habita¬
tion place and used short-term settlements and small
burial grounds. In the phase equivalent to Central
European
La Tene A
both cultures existed at the
Great Polish Lakeland side by side. This was the
horizon of
Lusatian
post-fortified settlements and
other obscure settlement points for which the term
Lusatian-Pomeranian phase is used. It was of a tem¬
porary character, similarly to the earlier
Łódź
phase
which separated the Trzciniec and
Lusatian
cultures.
In the period equivalent to Central European La
Тепе В,
with which the later phase of the Pomera¬
nian culture the processes of the cultural transfor¬
mation in the macroregion changed it to such an
extent that a new quality was formed, perceptible
for all the basic criteria of cultural differentiation.
The cultural regionalization was the outcome of
differences in development of respective regions
and was reflected in the pace of the changes. The
Great Polish Lakeland being not only a physiogra¬
phic but also cultural macroregion also had its of
unique character. It is noticeable in the settlement
patterns resulting from a certain system of economy,
different rites connected with specific beliefs, recor¬
ded traces of structures and making unique products.
Relations between these factors shaped the differen¬
ces manifested in the archaeological sources by a
considerable unification of patterns of behaviour
and products of culture. The specific cultural cha¬
racter of the respective parts of the macroregion is
not indicated by the individual features of rare pro¬
ducts and the few examples of different behaviour
in the sphere of material and symbolic culture. The
presence of certain groups of products of foreign
provenience in the Great Polish Lakeland indicates
197
only the extent and directions of external influences.
However, it does not provide a sufficient basis for
determining the internal cultural divisions just like
the presence of rarely represented stylistic features
in pottery. Cultural integration was the result of
close connections between the respective micro-
and
mesoregions.
These close relations were caused,
i.a., by the progressing stabilisation of the settle¬
ment combined with the increased density of popu¬
lation. The collapse of this stabilisation and decre¬
ase of the density of the population were the main
reasons of the cultural disintegration of the macro-
region. The notion of
regionalisation
is closely con¬
nected with the area and cultural phenomena always
occur in a concrete geographical environment. This
obvious relationship is not always sufficiently taken
into account. Depending on the investigated area we
consider: for the micro-,
meso-,
or macroregion the
degrees of cultural integration may vary. With
respect to macroregion such as the Great Polish
Lakeland only the symptoms of its unique character
may be indicated at the background of the comple¬
xity of the cultural image. The cultural diversifica¬
tion of regions perceived in such a way does not,
however, provide a sufficient basis to assign to it
any socio-ethnical content, and thus to identify them
with the areas occupied by the then tribes or tribal
unions.
Translated by
Sylwia Twardo
198 ( Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
і
München
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| geographic | Polen Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Antiquities Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Civilization Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Antiquities Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Civilization Großpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV035572823 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788389499530 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017628374 |
| oclc_num | 430224346 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M157 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M157 DE-188 |
| physical | 199 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Szamałek, Krzysztof Verfasser aut Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim Krzysztof Szamałek Poznań Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk 2009 199 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Processes of cultural integration in the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the Grat Polish Lakeland Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Funde Bronze age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Great Polish Lakeland Iron age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Seengebiet (DE-588)4404578-5 gnd rswk-swf Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Polen Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Antiquities Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Civilization Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 g Seengebiet (DE-588)4404578-5 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017628374&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017628374&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Szamałek, Krzysztof Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim Funde Bronze age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Great Polish Lakeland Iron age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Seengebiet (DE-588)4404578-5 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4404578-5 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4223407-4 |
| title | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim |
| title_auth | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim |
| title_exact_search | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim |
| title_full | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim Krzysztof Szamałek |
| title_fullStr | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim Krzysztof Szamałek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim Krzysztof Szamałek |
| title_short | Procesy integracji kulturowej w młodszej epoce brązu i początkach epoki żelaza na Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim |
| title_sort | procesy integracji kulturowej w mlodszej epoce brazu i poczatkach epoki zelaza na pojezierzu wielkopolskim |
| topic | Funde Bronze age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Great Polish Lakeland Iron age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Seengebiet (DE-588)4404578-5 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Bronze age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Excavations (Archaeology) Poland Great Polish Lakeland Iron age Poland Great Polish Lakeland Eisenzeit Seengebiet Bronzezeit Polen Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Antiquities Great Polish Lakeland (Poland) Civilization Großpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017628374&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017628374&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT szamałekkrzysztof procesyintegracjikulturowejwmłodszejepocebrazuipoczatkachepokizelazanapojezierzuwielkopolskim |