Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements: a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
The Hague
Asser Press
2009
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLVIII, 586 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9067042730 9789067042734 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements |b a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research |c editors Tullio Treves, Laura Pineschi, Attila Tanzi, Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni, Francesca Romanin Jacur ; [Contributors: Antonio Alì ...] |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IX TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF CONTENTS V CONTRIBUTORS AND EDITORS XXIX
ABBREVIATIONS XXXI JOURNALS XXXIII LIST OF TREATIES XXXVII LIST AND
WEBSITES OF NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS XLI SELECTED GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
XLV INTRODUCTION 1 TULLIO TREVES 1. NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS: THE RESEARCH METHOD ADOPTED 1 2. COMMON
FEATURES AND DIFFERENCES IN NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS OF MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 2 3. NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS: AN IMPERFECT
MEANS TO REACH CERTAIN ENDS 7 SECTION I NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES AND
MECHANISMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS UNIVERSAL TREATIES CHAPTER 1 -
THE NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE OF THE 1987 MONTREAL PROTOCOL TO THE 1985
VIENNA CONVENTION ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER 11
FRANCESCO ROMANIN JACUR 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
11 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 12 3. THE
TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 14 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE
MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 15 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 16 5.1 THE
SECRETARIAT 16 5.2 THE IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE 16 5.3 THE MEETING OF
THE PARTIES 18 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 19 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE
AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 21 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 23 9.1
INFORMATION FROM THE PARTIES 23 9.2 INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOURCES 23
10. DECISION-MAKING 24 11. OUTCOMES 26 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 27 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 29 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 30 15.
SURVEY OF PRACTICE 30 15.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW 30 75.2 THE CASE OF THE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION S NON-COMPLIANCE 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 CHAPTER 2 -
MECHANISM FOR PROMOTING IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE 1989
BASEL CONVENTION ON THE TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AND
THEIR DISPOSAL 33 ALESSANDRO FODELLA 1 . BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE BASEL
CONVENTION 33 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 34
3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 35 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 36 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 36 5.1 THE
COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 36 5.2 TH E SECRETARIAT AND THE COP 37 5.3
OBSERVERS 38 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 38 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 39 8.
THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS
40 S. L GENERAL PROCEDURAL ISSUES: SOURCES 40 8.2 PARTICIPATION AND
TRANSPARENCY 40 8.3 THE PROCEDURE FOR SPECIFIC SUBMISSIONS: THE
PRELIMINARY STAGE 41 8.4 THE ROLE OF THE PARTY UNDER CONSIDERATION 42
8.5 THE COMMITTEE 42 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 43 10. DECISION-MAKING 43
11. OUTCOMES 44 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND
OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 45 13. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 46 14. SURVEY
OF PRACTICE 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 15. CONCLUSIONS 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY 48
CHAPTER 3 - THE COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS OF THE 1996
PROTOCOL TO THE 1972 LONDON CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION OF MARINE
POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTER 49 SELINE TREVISANUT 1.
BRIEFLNTRODUCTION TO THE 1972 LONDON CONVENTION AND THE 1996 PROTOCOL
THERETO 49 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 51 3.
THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 52 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE
MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 53 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 53 5.7 THE
COMPLIANCE GROUP 53 5.2 THE LONDON PROTOCOL SCIENTIFIC GROUP 54 5.3 THE
MEETING OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE 1996 PROTOCOL (MCPP) 55 5.4
THE SECRETARIAT 55 5.5 THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) 55
6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPLIANCE GROUP 55 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 56 8. THE
PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE GROUP AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 56 8.1
PROCEDURE OF INITIATING SUBMISSIONS OF NON-COMPLIANCE 56 8.2
CONSIDERATION BY THE COMPLIANCE GROUP 57 8.3 MONITORING 57 8.4
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 57 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 58 10.
DECISION-MAKING 58 11. OUTCOMES 59 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 59 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 60 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 CHAPTER 4 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS RELATING TO
COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1997 KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE 1992 UNITED NATIONS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 63 SABRINA URBINATI 1. BRIEF
INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 63 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND
NEGOTIATING HISTORY 65 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 67 TABLE
OF CONTENTS 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE
67 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 68 5.7 THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 68 5.2 THE
COP/MOP 69 5.3 THE SECRETARIAT 70 5.4 THE EXPERT REVIEW TEAM 70 6.
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 71 6.1 THE PLENARY OF THE COMMITTEE 71 6.2
THE FACILITATIVE BRANCH 71 6.3 THE ENFORCEMENT BRANCH 72 7. TRIGGER
MECHANISM 72 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 73 8.1 THE PROCEDURE 73 8.2 THE PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS 76 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 77 10. DECISION-MAKING 78 1 1 .
OUTCOMES 78 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND
OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 81 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 81 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 82 15. SURVEY OF PRACTICE 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 84 CHAPTER 5 - DRAFT PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS ON
COMPLIANCE WITH THE 1998 ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE PRIOR INFORMED
CONSENT PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 85 STEFANO BRUGNATELLI 1 . BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE
ROTTERDAM CONVENTION 85 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING
HISTORY 88 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 89 4. THE PRINCIPLES
GOVERNING THE MECHANISM 89 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 90 5.7 THE
COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 90 5.2 THE SECRETARIAT 91 5. J THE CONFERENCE OF
THE PARTIES 91 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 92 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 92
7. 1 SELF TRIGGER 92 7.2 PARTY-TO-PARTY TRIGGER 93 7.3 SUBMISSION BY THE
SECRETARIAT 93 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 93 8. 1 SOURCES OF PROCEDURAL RULES AND GENERAL
REMARKS 93 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII 8.2 PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING CASES 94
8.3 CONSIDERATION BY THE COMMITTEE 94 8.4 DELIBERATION BY THE COMMITTEE
94 8.5 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 95 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 96 9.1
PROCEDURE RELATING TO COMPLIANCE BY AN INDIVIDUAL PARTY 96 9.2
CONSIDERATION OF SYSTEMIC ISSUES OF GENERAL COMPLIANCE 97 10.
DECISION-MAKING 97 11. OUTCOMES 97 11.1 FACILITATION MEASURES BY THE
COMMITTEE 97 77.2 POSSIBLE MEASURES TO ADDRESS COMPLIANCE ISSUES BY THE
COP 98 11.3 FOLLOW-UP 98 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 98 12.1 THE RELATIONSHIP
WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER THE CONVENTION 98 72.2 THE RELATIONSHIP
WITH OTHER COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES OR DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS 99 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 99 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 100
CHAPTER 6 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS ON COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 2000
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY TO THE 1992 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY 101 CHIARA RAGNI 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 101 2.
LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 103 3. THE TEXT
ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 104 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM
AND THE PROCEDURE 105 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 106 5.7 THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE 106 5.2 THE SECRETARIAT 107 5.3 THE COP/MOP 107 5.4 THE
BIOSAFETY CLEARING-HOUSE 107 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 108 7.
TRIGGER MECHANISM 110 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE
AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 110 8.1 THE PROCEDURE 110 8.2 PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS 111 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 112 10. DECISION-MAKING 113 11.
OUTCOMES 113 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND
OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 116 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 116 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS H7 15.
SURVEY OF PRACTICE H8 16. CONCLUSIONS 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 CHAPTER 7 -
DRAFT NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE UNDER THE 2001 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS 121 GIULIA BIGI 1 . BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO
THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION 121 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND
NEGOTIATING HISTORY 123 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 125 4.
THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 125 5.
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 126 5.1 THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 126 5.2 THE
SECRETARIAT 126 5J THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES 127 6. THE FUNCTIONS OF
THE COMMITTEE 127 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 127 7.1 SUBMISSION BY A PARTY 128
7.2 SUBMISSION BY THE SECRETARIAT AND INITIATION BY THE COMMITTEE
PROPRIO MOTU 128 7.3 FORM OF SUBMISSIONS 128 7.4 ADMISSIBILITY CRITERIA
128 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS 129 8.1 THE SOURCES OF PROCEDURAL RULES 129 8.2 PROCEDURE FOR
HANDLING CASES 129 8.3 CONSIDERATION BY THE COMMITTEE OF THE SUBMISSIONS
129 8.4 DELIBERATION BY THE COMMITTEE 130 8.5 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 130
9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 132 10. DECISION-MAKING 132 11. OUTCOMES 133
11.1 THE NOTION OF NON-COMPLIANCE 133 11.2 THE FACILITATION MEASURES 133
11.3 FOLLOW-UP 133 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES
AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 134 12.1 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER THE CONVENTION 134 12.2 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH
OTHER COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES OR DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS 134 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 134 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 135
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV CHAPTER 8 - DRAFT PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONAL
MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE COMPLIANCE AND TO ADDRESS ISSUES OF NON-COMPLIANCE
UNDER THE 2001 INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT AND GENETIC RESOURCES FOR
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 137 LUIGI CREMA 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE ITPGRF
A 13 7 1.1 NEGOTIATING HISTORY 138 7.2 THE TREATY 138 2. LEGAL BASIS OF
THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 141 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE
MECHANISM 143 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM AND THE
PROCEDURE 143 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 143 5. / THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE
143 5.2 THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNING BODY 145 5.3 THE SECRETARIAT 145 5.4
CIVIL SOCIETY AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 145 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
146 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 147 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 147 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 148
10. DECISION-MAKING 149 11. OUTCOMES 149 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 149 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 150 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 152
BIBLIOGRAPHY 152 REGIONAL TREATIES CHAPTER 9 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS
ON COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1976/1995 BARCELONA CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION
OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND ITS PROTOCOLS 155 IRINI PAPANICOLOPULU 1.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE BARCELONA CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOLS 155 2.
LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 156 3. THE TEXT
ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 158 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM
AND THE PROCEDURE 158 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 159 5.7 THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE 159 5.2 THE MEETING OF CONTRACTING PARTIES 160 5.3 THE
SECRETARIAT 160 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 161 XVI TABLE
OF CONTENTS 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 161 7.7 SUBMISSIONS BY A PARTY 161 7.2
REFERRALS BY THE SECRETARIAT 162 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 162 8.1 THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE 162 8.2 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 163 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
164 10. DECISION-MAKING 165 11. OUTCOMES 165 11.1 MEASURES BY THE
COMMITTEE 165 77.2 MEASURES BY THE MEETING OF PARTIES 166 12.
COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES 166 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 167 14.
FINANCIAL ASPECTS 167 15. CONCLUSIONS 167 CHAPTER 10 - PROCEDURES AND
MECHANISMS FOR REVIEW OF COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1979 LONG-RANGE
TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOLS 159 ENRICO
MILANO 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE 1979 LRTAP CONVENTION 169 2. LEGAL
BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 171 3. THE TEXT
ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISMS 172 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE
MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 172 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 173 6.
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 173 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 174 8. THE PROCEDURE
BEFORE THE IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 174 9.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION 175 10. DECISION-MAKING 176 H. OUTCOMES 176 12.
COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES 177 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 177 14.
FINANCIAL ASPECTS 17G 15. SURVEY OF PRACTICE 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY O TABLE OF
CONTENTS XVII CHAPTER 11 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS FOR REVIEW OF
COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1991 ESPOO CONVENTION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT AND ITS 2003 PROTOCOL ON STRATEGIC
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 181 ELENA FASOLI 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE
ESPOO CONVENTION 181 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING
HISTORY 184 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 186 4. THE PRINCIPLES
GOVERNING THE MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 187 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
187 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 190 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 192 8. THE
PROCEDURE BEFORE THE IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS
194 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 196 10. DECISION-MAKING 196 11. OUTCOMES
197 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 197 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 200 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 201 15. SURVEY OF PRACTICE 202
BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 CHAPTER 12 - THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISM OF THE 1991
CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE ALPS AND ITS PROTOCOLS 205 LAURA
PINESCHI 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPINE CONVENTION 205 2. LEGAL
BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 208 3. THE TEXT
ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 209 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM
AND THE PROCEDURE 209 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 209 5.1 THE REVIEWING
COMMITTEE 209 5.2 THE SECRETARIAT 211 5.3 THE STANDING COMMITTEE 211 5.4
THE ALPINE CONFERENCE 211 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 212 7. TRIGGER
MECHANISM 212 7.1 SUBMISSIONS BY PARTIES AND OBSERVERS 212 7.2
INITIATION MOTU PROPRIO 212 7.3 REFERRALS BY THE SECRETARIAT 212 7.4
COMMUNICATIONS BY TERRITORIAL ENTITIES AND THE PUBLIC 212 8. THE
PROCEDURE BEFORE THE REVIEWING COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 213
8.1 GENERAL PROCEDURAL ISSUES 213 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.2 PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS 213 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 214 10. DECISION-MAKING 214 11.
OUTCOMES 215 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND
OTHER COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 216 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 216 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 217 15. SURVEY OF PRACTICE 217 16.
CONCLUSIONS 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY 219 CHAPTER 13 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS
FOR REVIEW OF COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1998 AARHUS CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO
INFORMATION, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MATTERS 221 CESARE PITEA 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE AARHUS CONVENTION
221 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 223 3. THE
TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 224 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE
MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 224 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 225 5. / THE
COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 225 5.2 THE SECRETARIAT 226 5.3 THE MEETING OF THE
PARTIES 226 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 227 6. / GENERAL TASKS IN
RELATION TO COMPLIANCE ISSUES 227 6.2 INDIVIDUAL CASES OF NON-COMPLIANCE
227 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 228 7. / SUBMISSION BY A PARTY (PARTY-TO-PARTY
TRIGGER AND SELF-TRIGGER) 228 7.2 REFERRALS BY THE SECRETARIAT 228 7.3
COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE PUBLIC 228 7.4 INITIATION PROPRIO MOTU 230 8.
THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS
230 8.1 SOURCES OF PROCEDURAL RULES AND GENERAL REMARKS 230 8.2
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING CASES 231 8.3 CONSIDERATION BY THE COMMITTEE OF
SUBMISSIONS, REFERRALS AND COMMUNICATIONS 233 8.4 DELIBERATION BY THE
COMMITTEE 233 8.5 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 234 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
237 10. DECISION-MAKING 238 11. OUTCOMES 238 //./ THE NOTION OF
NON-COMPLIANCE 239 11.2 CONSIDERATION OF RESPONSE MEASURES BY THE MOP
240 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX 77.3 CONSIDERATION OF RESPONSE MEASURES BY THE
COMMITTEE 241 11.4 FOLLOW-UP 241 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 242 72.7 THE
RELATIONSHIP WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER THE CONVENTION 242 72.2 THE
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES OR DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
MECHANISMS 242 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 244 73.7 THE
PARTICIPATION TO, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF, THE CONVENTION BY THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 244 73.2 THE PARTICIPATION OF THE EC AND THE FUNCTIONING OF
THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISM 245 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 247 15. SURVEY OF
PRACTICE 248 16. CONCLUSIONS 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 CHAPTER 14 -
PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS FOR REVIEW OF COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 1999
PROTOCOL ON WATER AND HEALTH TO THE 1992 CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION
AND USE OF TRANSBOUNDARY WATERCOURSES AND INTERNATIONAL LAKES 251 CESARE
PITEA 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE PROTOCOL ON WATER AND HEALTH 251 2.
LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 253 3. THE TEXT
ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 253 4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM
AND THE PROCEDURE 254 5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 254 5.1 THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE 254 5.2 THE SECRETARIAT 255 5.3 THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES 256
6. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE 256 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 256 7.1
SUBMISSION BY A PARTY (PARTY-TO-PARTY TRIGGER AND SELF TRIGGER) 256 7.2
REFERRALS BY THE SECRETARIAT 257 7.3 COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE PUBLIC 257
7.4 INITIATION PROPRIO AFOTU 257 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE
COMMITTEE AND PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 257 8.1 SOURCES OF PROCEDURAL RULES
AND GENERAL REMARKS 257 8.2 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 258 9. SOURCES OF
INFORMATION 259 10. DECISION-MAKING 259 11. OUTCOMES 259 XX TABLE OF
CONTENTS 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 260 13. PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 261 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 262 15. SURVEY OF PRACTICE 262 16.
CONCLUSIONS 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262 CHAPTER 15 - PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS
FOR REVIEW OF COMPLIANCE UNDER THE 2003 PROTOCOL ON POLLUTANT RELEASE
AND TRANSFER REGISTERS TO THE 1998 AARHUS CONVENTION 26 3 CESARE PITEA
1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE PROTOCOL ON POLLUTANT RELEASE AND TRANSFER
REGISTERS TO THE AARHUS CONVENTION 263 2. LEGAL BASIS OF THE MECHANISM
AND NEGOTIATING HISTORY 265 3. THE TEXT ESTABLISHING THE MECHANISM 266
4. THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE MECHANISM AND THE PROCEDURE 266 5.
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 267 5. 1 THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 267 5.2 THE
SECRETARIAT 268 5.3 THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES 268 6. FUNCTIONS OF THE
COMMITTEE 268 7. TRIGGER MECHANISM 268 7.1 SUBMISSION BY A PARTY
(PARTY-TO-PARTY TRIGGER AND SELF-TRIGGER) 268 7.2 REFERRALS BY THE
SECRETARIAT 269 7.3 COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE PUBLIC 269 7.4 INITIATION
PROPRIO MOTU 269 8. THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE AND
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 269 8.1 SOURCES OF PROCEDURAL RULES AND GENERAL
REMARKS 269 8.2 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 270 9. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 271
10. DECISION-MAKING 271 11. OUTCOMES 272 12. COORDINATION WITH DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND OTHER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 272 13.
PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 273 14. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 274
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI SECTION II SELECTED STUDIES ON PRACTICE CHAPTER 16
- THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NEGOTIATION
HISTORIES AND THEIR OUTCOMES 277 VEIT KOESTER 1. INTRODUCTION 277 2. THE
AARHUS CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL AND THE LEGAL BASIS OF
THEIR COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 278 2.1 THE NATURE OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION
AND THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL 278 2.2 LEGAL BASIS OF THE COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL
278 3. SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE NEGOTIATION PROCESSES IN RESPECT
OF THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY 280 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISM OF
THE AARHUS CONVENTION 281 4.1 THE MEETING OF THE SIGNATORIES TO THE
CONVENTION AND THE MEETINGS OF THE TASK FORCE ON COMPLIANCE (1999 AND
2000) 281 4.2 THE FIRST MEETING OF THE WORKING GROUP FOR THE PREPARATION
OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE PARTIES AND THE MEETINGS OF THE WORKING
GROUP ON COMPLIANCE AND RULES OF PROCEDURE (2001 AND 2002) 285 4.3 THE
SECOND AND THE THIRD MEETING OF THE WORKING GROUP FOR THE PREPARATION OF
THE FIRST MEETING OF THE PARTIES (2002) 287 4.4 TH E FIRST MEETING OF
THE PARTIES (2002) 287 5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISM OF THE
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL 288 5.1 FIRST MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL
COMMITTEE FOR THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL (2000) 288 5.2 SECOND MEETING OF
THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE (2001) 289 5.3 THIRD MEETING OF THE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE (2002) 290 5.4 FIRST CONFERENCE OF THE
PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON BIODIVERSITY SERVING AS THE MEETING OF THE
PARTIES TO THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL (2004) 292 6. SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO NEGOTIATION PROCESSES 293 7. SUBJECT AND
SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE OUTCOMES OF THE TWO NEGOTIATION PROCESSES
293 8. A COMPARISON OF THE COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS OF THE AARHUS
CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY 294 8.1 PRINCIPLES
GOVERNING THE COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 294 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 295
XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPLIANCE BODIES 295 8.4
TRIGGER MECHANISMS 296 8.5 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS AND SOME OTHER
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS 297 8.6 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 299 8.7 NON-COMPLIANC
E RESPONSE MEASURES 300 9. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 301 CHAPTER 17 - THE
PRACTICE OF THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE(2006-2007) 303
RENE LEFEBER 1. INTRODUCTION 303 2. THE ORGANISATION OF WORK IN THE
COMMITTEE 304 2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMMITTEE 304 2.2 TRANSPARENCY IN
THE COMMITTEE 305 3. THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE 306 3.1 THE
PARTICIPATORY RIGHTS OF MEMBERS 306 3.2 THE PERSONAL CAPACITY OF MEMBERS
306 4. THE POWERS OF THE COMMITTEE 309 4.1 THE MANDATES OF THE ORGANS OF
THE COMMITTEE 309 4.2 THE APPLICATION OF POWERS BY THE ORGANS OF THE
COMMITTEE 314 5. CONCLUSIONS 316 CHAPTER 18 - PRACTICE AND RELEVANT
CASES THAT EMERGED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ESPOO CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION
COMMITTEE 319 JERZY JENDROSKA 1. INTRODUCTION 319 2. LEGAL BASIS 319 2.1
ORIGINS 319 2.2 TOWARDS A PROPER LEGAL BASIS 321 2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OR
COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE 322 3. MODUS OPERANDI 322 3.1 STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS ... 322 3.2 OPERATING RULES 323 3.3 WORKIN G LANGUAGE 324 4.
STRUCTURE 326 4.1 MEMBERSHIP 326 4.2 REQUIREMENTS 327 4.3 OFFICERS 32G
5. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND TRANSPARENCY 328 5.1 LEGAL BASIS AND APPROACH
328 5.2 OPENNESS AND PUBLIC ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS 329 5.3 PUBLIC TRIGGER
339 6. BYSTROE CANAL CASE - ROMANIA V. UKRAINE 331 TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXIII 6.1 THE CASE AND ITS PROCEDURAL HISTORY 331 6.2 FACTS AND LEGAL
BASIS 332 6.3 MAIN LEGAL ISSUES 333 7. CONCLUSIONS 335 CHAPTER 19 * IN
SEARCH OF NEW WAYS TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE COMPLIANCE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL
PROCEDURES AND POLICIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT WITH ITS INTERNAL RECOURSE MECHANISM 337
FRANCESCO SEATZU 1. INTRODUCTION 337 2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND
PROCEDURES AS THE APPLICABLE LAW TO EBDR LOAN DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 340
3. THE IRM S MANDATE AND ITS GENERAL FUNCTIONING 342 3.1 IRM
INDEPENDENCE AND MEMBERSHIP 342 3.2 SOME GENERAL REMARKS ON THE
FUNCTIONING OF THE IRM 344 4. THE IRM PROCEDURE 346 4.1 THE JURISDICTION
OF THE IRM 346 4.2 THE CONSEQUENCES OF IRM S INVESTIGATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 348 5. ASSESSMENT AND FINAL REMARKS 349 5.7 AN
ASSESSMENT OF THE IRM 349 5.2 SOME MODEST PROPOSALS FOR REFORM 350 6.
FINAL REMARKS 351 SECTION III INSTITUTIONAL AND PROCEDURAL ASPECTS
CHAPTER 20 * STRUCTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF NON-COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS 355 ALESSANDRO FODELLA 1. INTRODUCTION 355 2. THE LEGAL BASIS
FOR THE CREATION OF NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS: STRUCTURES BUILT ON
UNSTABLE FOUNDATIONS ? 356 3. THE NATURE AND ROLE OF COMPLIANCE
BODIES 359 3.1 INDEPENDENCE VS. POLITICAL CONTROL? 359 3.2 OTHER ISSUES
OF EFFICIENT INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN 362 4. EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS AND PARTICIPATION BY OTHER ACTORS IN THE SYSTEM 365 4.1
PARTICIPATION BY TREATY BODIES 365 4.2 PARTICIPATION BY STATES PARTIES
366 4.3 PARTICIPATION BY CIVIL SOCIETY 368 5. INTER-INSTITUTIONAL
COORDINATION 370 6. CONCLUSIONS 372 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 21 -
TRIGGERING NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 373 FRANCESCA ROMANIN JACUR 1.
INTRODUCTION 373 2. SUBJECTS ENTITLED TO SET IN MOTION NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES 374 2.1 SELF TRIGGER 374 2.2 PARTY-TO-PARTY TRIGGER 375 2.3
TRIGGER BY ORGANS OF THE MEA 377 2.4 TRIGGER BY NON-STATE ACTORS 380 3.
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE TRIGGERING PHASE 381 4. ADMISSIBILITY
CRITERIA 383 4.1 FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 384 4.2 SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS
385 5. CONCLUSION 386 CHAPTER 22 - PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES IN
NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 389 MASSIMILIANO MONTINI 1. INTRODUCTION 389
2. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE 390 3. THE PROCEDURAL
GUARANTEES 392 3.1 PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES UNDER ME AS 392 3.2 DUE PROCESS
394 3.3 THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE: COMPOSITION, IMPARTIALITY AND
EQUITABLE GEOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION 400 4. THE OUTCOMES OF THE
PROCEDURES 402 5. CONCLUSION 404 CHAPTER 23 - THE OUTCOMES OF THE
PROCEDURE AND THEIR LEGAL EFFECTS 407 ENRICO MILANO 1 . INTRODUCTION 407
2. DECISION-MAKING AND TYPES OF MEASURES 408 3. OUTCOMES AND LEGAL
EFFECTS 411 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 417 CHAPTER 24 - CONTROLLING AND
ASSISTING COMPLIANCE: FINANCIAL ASPECTS 4 1 9 FRANCESCA ROMANIN JACUR 1.
INTRODUCTION 419 2. FINANCING NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 420 2.1 THE
GENERAL BUDGET AS THE SOURCE OF FINANCING FOR COMPLIANCE COMMITTEES
UNDER ME AS 421 2.2 RESPONSES TO THE LACK OF ADEQUATE FUNDING 425 3.
FINANCIAL MEANS TO ASSIST COUNTRIES IN COMPLYING WITH THEIR OBLIGATIONS
427 3.1 FUNDS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 427 3.2 FLEXIBILITY MECHANISMS
FOR INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES 433 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV 4. THE CONTROL
EXERCISED BY NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS ON FINANCIAL MATTERS 434 5.
CONCLUSIONS 436 CHAPTER 25 - MULTIPLICATION AND OVERLAP OF
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS: TOWARDS BETTER COORDINATION?
439 CESARE PITEA 1. OVERLAP OF MULTIPLE NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES:
EXAMPLES, REASONS AND RISKS 439 2. A SINGLE NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISM? AN
UNREALISTIC AND UNSUITABLE PERSPECTIVE 441 3. INFORMATION-SHARING
CLAUSES IN EXISTING AND PERSPECTIVE NON- COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 442 4.
THE PRACTICE OF SYNERGY ENHANCEMENT 444 4.1 INSTITUTIONAL SYNERGIES: THE
ROLE OF SECRETARIATS 444 4.2 PROCEDURAL SYNERGIES: TAKING INTO ACCOUNT
PROCEDURES UNDER OTHER COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS AND ENSURING HARMONIOUS
JURISPRUDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 445 5. THE WAY FORWARD 449 SECTION IV
NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 26 -
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES AND THE LAW OF TREATIES 453 MALGOSIA
FITZMAURICE 1. INTRODUCTION 453 1.1 THE SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER 453 1.2 NEW
TREATY STRUCTURES AND TREATY REGIMES 454 1.3 THE SETTING UP OF
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 455 1.4 NOVELTY, INNOVATION AND THE LAW OF
TREATIES 455 2. THE ISSUE IN RELATION TO MODIFICATION OF TREATY
OBLIGATIONS 455 2.1 INTRODUCTION 455 2.2 AMENDMENT OR ADJUSTMENT
PROCEDURES 456 2.3 ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE ADJUSTMENT
PROCEDURE 460 2.4 ENABLING CLAUSES 462 2.5 THEORIES AS TO THE LEGAL
CHARACTER OF COP/MOP DECISIONS 463 2.6 INTERIM CONCLUSIONS 467 3. THE
RELATIONSHIP OF THE ACTIONS UNDER NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES IN RESPONSE
TO NON-COMPLIANCE WITH PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 60 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION
467 3.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 467 3.2 PROVISIONS AS TO SUSPENSION OF
TREATY RIGHTS UNDER NON- COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 468 3.3 RELATIONSHIP WITH
ARTICLE 60 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION 469 XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.4 SOME
GENERAL COMMENTS 470 4. THE ISSUE OF SUSPENSION OF RIGHTS (OR IMPOSITION
OF TRADE RESTRICTIONS) BY THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE
IN RELATION TO THE NON-COMPLIANCE OF CERTAIN FORMER SOVIET BLOCK STATES
472 4.1 HOW THE ISSUE AROSE 472 4.2 SUBSEQUENT POSITION OF THE PARTIES
473 4.3 CONCLUSIONS 473 5. THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE KYOTO
PROTOCOL 474 5.1 INTRODUCTION 474 5.2 THE LEGAL CHARACTER OF THE COP/MOP
DECISIONS UNDER THE KYOTO ENABLING CLAUSES 475 5J THE LEGAL CHARACTER OF
THE CONSEQUENCES APPLICABLE UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURE 476 6. CONCLUSIONS 480 CHAPTER 27 - NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES
AND THE LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY 483 LAURA PINESCHI 1. INTRODUCTION
483 2. THE NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES: SPECIAL REGIMES OF STATE
RESPONSIBILITY? 486 3. COORDINATION WITH GENERAL RULES ON STATE
RESPONSIBILITY 491 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 497 CHAPTER 28 - THE SETTLEMENT
OF DISPUTES AND NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES 499 TULLIO TREVES 1.
INTRODUCTION 499 2. DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT PROVISIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS PROVIDING FOR NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 499 2. / THE MODEL
FOLLOWED AND THE VARIANTS SET OUT IN THE DIFFERENT AGREEMENTS 499 2.2
NEGOTIATION AND OTHER PEACEFUL MEANS OF THE PARTIES CHOICE 500 2.3
OPTIONAL COMPULSORY ADJUDICATION: ICJ AND ARBITRATION 501 2.4 COMPULSORY
CONCILIATION 503 3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT AND NON-
COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 505 3.1 THE
WITHOUT PREJUDICE CLAUSES 505 3.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT AND NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW
OF THE DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT BODIES 507 3.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT AND THE NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES FROM THE POINT OF
VIEW OF THE NON-COMPLIANCE BODIES 509 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVTI 3.4
DIPLOMATIC AND BINDING DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES AND NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES 511 4. DISPUTES UNDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 512 4.1
THE RELEVANCE OF THE NOTION OF DISPUTE 512 4.2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF
OBLIGATIONS AND POSSIBLE DISPUTES 513 4.3 THE LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF
DISPUTE-SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 516 5.
CONCLUDING REMARKS 517 SECTION V NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS AND EUROPEAN
UNION LAW CHAPTER 29 - NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES IN MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
EUROPEAN UNION LAW 521 ANTONINO ALI 1. INTRODUCTION: MULTILATERAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AS MIXED AGREEMENTS 521 2. THE REASONS FOR
CONCLUDING MIXED AGREEMENTS 522 3. COMPETENCES AND RESPONSIBILITY 523 4.
THE PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY IN MEAS: THE DECLARATIONS OF
COMPETENCES 525 5. MEAS AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF THE
AARHUS CONVENTION 527 6. THE PRACTICE AND THE RELEVANT CASES CONCERNING
THE EC THAT HAVE EMERGED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISM
IN MEAS 530 7. ON THE INTERACTION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE
NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISM IN MEAS 533 CHAPTER 30 - THE POLICY AND
PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS UNDER
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 535 NICOLA NOTARO 1. INTRODUCTION
535 2. THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT
POLICY 535 3. SHARED COMPETENCE IN MEAS 537 4. EU POSITION ON
COMPLIANCE: WHERE IS IT AND WHAT IS IN IT? 538 4.1 ENABLING CLAUSES 538
4.2 OBJECTIVES-SIZE AND COMPOSITION-FUNCTIONS 539 4.3 TRIGGERIN G 540
4.4 TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS 541 4.5 PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 541 4.6
COMPLIANCE MEASURES AND DECISION-MAKING 541 4.7 CAPACITY BUILDING AND
FINANCIAL MECHANISMS 542 XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.8 COMPLIANCE V.
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT - REVIEW CLAUSES 542 5. EU POSITION ON COMPLIANCE AND
THIRD PARTIES 543 6 NON-COMPLIANCE OF MEMBER STATES AND CONSEQUENCES FOR
THE EC 544 CHAPTER 31 - OBLIGATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND ITS
MEMBER STATES UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 545 LEONARDO MASSAI 1.
INTRODUCTION 545 2. THE PARTICIPATION OF THE EC AND ITS MEMBER STATES IN
THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME 546 2.1 ARTICLE 4 OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
549 2.2 EU BURDEN SHARING AGREEMENT 551 2.3 EU ENLARGEMENT 552 3. EC AND
MEMBER STATES COMPLIANCE WITH THE KYOTO PROTOCOL OBLIGATIONS 554 3.1
METHODOLOGICAL AND REPORTING OBLIGATIONS 554 3.2 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
AND FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS 557 3.3 REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS 558 4.
CONSEQUENCES FOR NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE KYOTO PROTOCOL OBLIGATIONS 559
5. EC AND MEMBER STATES COMPLIANCE WITH THE KYOTO PROTOCOL OBLIGATIONS
560 6. CONCLUSIONS 562 SECTION VI CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 32 -
NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS: LESSONS LEARNED AND THE WAY FORWARD 569
ATTILA TANZI AND CESARE PITEA 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 569 2. THE PURPOSE
OF NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS AND THE FACTORS ENHANCING THEIR EFFECTIVE
FUNCTIONING 571 2.1 A MEANS TO ENHANCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 571 2.2 MANDATE. BETWEEN THE POLITICAL
AND LEGAL DIMENSIONS 572 2.3 COMPOSITION AND THE ISSUE OF INDEPENDENCE
573 2.4 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPLIANCE BODIES AND COP/MOPS 575 2.5
TRANSPARENCY AND THE ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS 576 3. BEYOND CLAIMS OF
STATE RESPONSIBILITY THROUGH INTER-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE LEGAL
NATURE OF NON-COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 577 INDEX 581
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV035560661 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9067042730 9789067042734 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017616410 |
| oclc_num | 299717282 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | XLVIII, 586 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Asser Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research editors Tullio Treves, Laura Pineschi, Attila Tanzi, Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni, Francesca Romanin Jacur ; [Contributors: Antonio Alì ...] The Hague Asser Press 2009 XLVIII, 586 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltpolitik Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law, International Environmental policy International cooperation Zuwiderhandlung (DE-588)4191182-9 gnd rswk-swf Maßnahme (DE-588)4200802-5 gnd rswk-swf Vertragsschluss (DE-588)4219220-1 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 s Vertragsschluss (DE-588)4219220-1 s Zuwiderhandlung (DE-588)4191182-9 s Maßnahme (DE-588)4200802-5 s DE-604 Treves, Tullio 1942- (DE-588)143082841 edt Alì, Antonino (DE-588)143082698 ctb SWBplus Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017616410&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research Umweltpolitik Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law, International Environmental policy International cooperation Zuwiderhandlung (DE-588)4191182-9 gnd Maßnahme (DE-588)4200802-5 gnd Vertragsschluss (DE-588)4219220-1 gnd Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4191182-9 (DE-588)4200802-5 (DE-588)4219220-1 (DE-588)4120503-0 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research |
| title_auth | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research |
| title_exact_search | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research |
| title_full | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research editors Tullio Treves, Laura Pineschi, Attila Tanzi, Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni, Francesca Romanin Jacur ; [Contributors: Antonio Alì ...] |
| title_fullStr | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research editors Tullio Treves, Laura Pineschi, Attila Tanzi, Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni, Francesca Romanin Jacur ; [Contributors: Antonio Alì ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research editors Tullio Treves, Laura Pineschi, Attila Tanzi, Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni, Francesca Romanin Jacur ; [Contributors: Antonio Alì ...] |
| title_short | Non-compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements |
| title_sort | non compliance procedures and mechanisms and the effectiveness of international environmental agreements a project of the universities of milan bologna and parma co financed by the italian ministry of university and research |
| title_sub | a project of the universities of Milan, Bologna and Parma co-financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research |
| topic | Umweltpolitik Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law, International Environmental policy International cooperation Zuwiderhandlung (DE-588)4191182-9 gnd Maßnahme (DE-588)4200802-5 gnd Vertragsschluss (DE-588)4219220-1 gnd Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltpolitik Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law, International Environmental policy International cooperation Zuwiderhandlung Maßnahme Vertragsschluss Internationale Kooperation Umweltschutz Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017616410&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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