The law of occupation: continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Leiden [u.a.]
Martinus Nijhoff Publ.
2009
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| Schriftenreihe: | International law in Japanese perspective
11 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XL, 758 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789004162464 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The law of occupation |b continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law |c by Yutuka Arai-Takahashi |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden [u.a.] |b Martinus Nijhoff Publ. |c 2009 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a International law in Japanese perspective |v 11 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Menschenrecht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Military occupation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Humanitarian law | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human rights | |
| 650 | 4 | |a War (International law) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139188435550208 |
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| adam_text | THE LAW OF OCCUPATION CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OF INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW, AND ITS INTERACTION WITH INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
LAW BY YUTAKA ARAI-TAKAHASHI ARTS & HUMANITIES RESEARCH COUNCIL M A RT I
N U S NITHOFF P U B L I S H E R S LEIDEN * BOSTON 2009 CONTENTS PREFACE
XXVII THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXXI PROLEGOMENON XXXIX PARTI THE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION CHAPTER 1: THE SCOPE OF
APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION 3 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. THE MEANING
OF OCCUPATION AND THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION RATIONE MATERIAE OF THE LAW
OF OCCUPATION 5 2.1. OVERVIEW 5 2.2. EFFECTIVE CONTROL 6 2.3. CONTROL OF
A TERRITORY BEYOND THE TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES OF THE OCCUPYING POWER 8
2.4. IRRELEVANCE OF OFFICIAL PROCLAMATION BY DE FACTO OCCUPYING POWERS
10 3. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION RATIONE PERSONAE OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION
12 4. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION RATIONE TEMPORIS OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION
16 4.1. THE COMMENCEMENT OF OCCUPATION 16 4.2. THE TERMINATION OF
OCCUPATION 16 4.3. CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE END OF OCCUPATION:
EFFECTIVE HANDOVER AND ELECTIONS 19 5. THE RULES CONCERNING POSTLIMINIUM
24 6. DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF OCCUPATION 26 6.1. OVERVIEW 26 6.2.
POST-ARMISTICE OCCUPATION 27 6.3. THE MIXED OCCUPATION
(MISCBBESETZUNG) 28 6.4. POST-SURRENDER OCCUPATION 30 VI CONTENTS 6.5.
POST-DEBELLATIO OCCUPATION (OCCUPATION BASED ON DEBELLATIO) 37 6.6.
PACIFIC OCCUPATION {OCCUPATIO PACIFIED) 40 7. BASIC RULES ON THE LAW OF
BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION 42 7.1. THE TRANSITIONAL NATURE OF OCCUPATION 42
7.2. OATH OF OBEDIENCE, AND NOT OATH OF ALLEGIANCE 43 7.3. THE
INTERDICTION OF ANNEXATION 44 8. THE EXCLUSION OF APPLICABILITY OF THE
LAW OF OCCUPATION? 46 8.1. OVERVIEW 46 8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
LEGALITY IN JUS AD BELLUM AND THE APPLICABILITY OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION
46 8.3. A BRIEF EXAMINATION OF THE MISSING REVERSIONER THEORY ... 47
9. CONCLUSION 52 CHAPTER 2: SOURCES OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION 55 1.
INTRODUCTION 55 2. TREATY LAW 55 3. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW 57 4. THE FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION AS CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 59
5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 65 5.1. OVERVIEW 65 5.2. THE
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION 65 5.3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND THE MARTENS CLAUSE 68 6. SECURITY
COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED UNDER CHAPTER VII OF THE UN CHARTER 72 6.1.
OVERVIEW 72 6.2. DEROGABILITY OF SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS FROM THE
LAW OF OCCUPATION 72 6.3. CAN THE SECURITY COUNCIL ACTING UNDER CHAPTER
VII OF THE UN CHARTER OVERRIDE OBLIGATIONS UNDER IHL AND INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW? 79 6.4. SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS MUST ABIDE BY JUS
COGENS 82 6.5. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1483
AND THE LAW OF OCCUPATION 85 7. CONCLUSION 89 CHAPTER 3: THE LEGISLATIVE
COMPETENCE OF THE OCCUPYING POWER UNDER ARTICLE 43 OF THE 1907 HAGUE
REGULATIONS 91 1. THE SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWER UNDER ARTICLE 43 OF THE
1907 HAGUE REGULATIONS 91 CONTENTS VII 2. THE ORIGIN OF ARTICLE 43 OF
THE 1907 HAGUE REGULATIONS - ARTICLES 2 AND 3 OF THE BRUSSELS
DECLARATION OF 1874 93 3. THE MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION VIE PUBLIQUE
96 4. THE MEANING OF THE WORDS LES LOIS EN VIGUER 97 5. THE OBLIGATION
TO RESTORE AND ENSURE PUBLIC ORDER AND CIVIL LIFE 98 5.1. THE NATURE OF
OBLIGATIONS 98 5.2. THE OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC ORDER 98 5.3. THE
OBLIGATION TO ENSURE PUBLIC ORDER AND CIVIL LIFE 99 6. LAWS ENACTED BY
ABSENT SOVEREIGN 101 7. EXCEPTIONS TO ARTICLE 43 OF THE 1907 HAGUE
REGULATIONS 102 7.1. EMPECHEMENT ABSOLU 102 7.2. WELFARE OF THE
POPULATION 106 8. STATE PRACTICE IN RELATION TO ARTICLE 43 OF THE 1907
HAGUE REGULATIONS DURING THE TWO WORLD WARS 107 9. ABROGATION OF FASCIST
LAWS UNDER THE NECESSITY TEST 109 10. WAIVER OF ARTICLE 43 OF THE 1907
HAGUE REGULATIONS BY A SUBSEQUENT AGREEMENT? ILL 11. CONCLUSION 113
CHAPTER 4: THE LEGISLATIVE COMPETENCE OF THE OCCUPYING POWER UNDER THE
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION 115 1. INTRODUCTION 115 2. ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV
AND THE NECESSITY EXCEPTIONS 116 2.1. ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV 116 2.2.
DRAFTING RECORDS OF ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV 117 3. THE SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE
POWER OF THE OCCUPANT UNDER ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV 120 3.1. THREE ELEMENTS
OF INCOHERENCE 120 3.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 43 OF THE 1907
HAGUE REGULATIONS AND ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV 120 4. THREE ELEMENTS OF
NECESSITY UNDER ARTICLE 64 OF GCIV 123 4.1. OVERVIEW 123 4.2. THE
NECESSITY TEST BASED ON SECURITY GROUNDS 124 4.3. THE NECESSITY OF
MAINTAINING PUBLIC ORDER AND CIVIL LIFE 128 4.4. THE NECESSITY OF
FULFILLING THE OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS 132 4.5. THE
NECESSITY OF FULFILLING OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
LAW? 135 5. CONCLUSION 136 VIII CONTENTS CHAPTER 5: THE ADMINISTRATIVE
AND JUDICIAL STRUCTURES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 137 1. INTRODUCTION 137 2.
THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 137 2.1. OVERVIEW
137 2.2. THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES 138 2.3. THE REMOULDING OF
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY: EXCEPTIONS TO THE THREE
BASIC RULES 140 2.4. INTRODUCTION OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE 142 2.5.
ALTERATIONS IN BOUNDARIES OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 142 2.6. THE
PROHIBITION OF COERCION OR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PUBLIC OFFICIALS OR
JUDGES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 143 2.7. REMOVAL OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND
THE NECESSITY TEST 144 2.8. LOCAL GOVERNMENT 144 3. JUDICIAL STRUCTURES
IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 145 3.1. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 145 3.2. THE
PERSONAL SCOPE OF JURISDICTION IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY .... 146 3.3.
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ULTRA VIRES ACTS OF THE OCCUPANT? 147 4. OCCUPATION
COURTS 157 4.1. OVERVIEW 157 4.2. OCCUPATION COURTS UNDER GCIV 162 4.3.
OCCUPATION COURTS AND WAR CRIMES 164 5. CONCLUSION 166 CHAPTER 6:
REGULATIONS OF THE ECONOMY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 167 1. INTRODUCTION:
THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF GOOD ADMINISTRATION OF THE ECONOMY 167 2.
INVESTMENTS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 169 3. PUBLIC FINANCE 171 3.1. TAXES
171 3.2. OTHER MONEY CONTRIBUTIONS 173 3.3. PERMISSIBILITY OF
INTRODUCING NEW TAXES 175 3.4. IMMUNITY OF OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES FROM
LOCAL TAX 181 4. CONCLUSION 182 CHAPTER 7: THE PROHIBITION OF THE
DESTRUCTION OF ENEMY PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 183 1. INTRODUCTION
183 2. A SCORCHED EARTH POLICY 184 3. DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY AND THE
MILITARY NECESSITY TEST 186 4. EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION AND APPROPRIATION
OF PROPERTY AS A GRAVE BREACH OF GCIV 191 5. CONCLUSION 192 CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER 8: THE PROHIBITION OF THE SEIZURE AND USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 195 1. INTRODUCTION: THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC PROPERTY 195 2. STATE PROPERTY 196 2.1. OVERVIEW 196 2.2.
IMMOVABLE STATE PROPERTY (LAND AND BUILDINGS) OF A CIVILIAN CHARACTER
196 2.3. IMMOVABLE STATE PROPERTY (LAND AND BUILDINGS) OF A MILITARY
NATURE 198 2.4. MOVABLE STATE PROPERTY 199 2.5. DEBT 201 3. SPECIAL
CATEGORIES OF PROPERTY 205 3.1. OVERVIEW 205 3.2. PROPERTY OF
MUNICIPALITIES 206 3.3. CIVILIAN HOSPITALS 206 3.4. PROPERTY OF CIVIL
DEFENCE 207 3.5. PROPERTY PERMANENTLY ASSIGNED TO CIVIL DEFENCE
ORGANISATIONS UNDER MILITARY COMMAND 208 4. EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES 209 4.1. GENERAL RULES 209 4.2. THE IMPACT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF
SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES UPON THE RULES ON EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 215 5. CONCLUSION 216 CHAPTER 9: PRIVATE
PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 217 1. INTRODUCTION 217 2. THE
PROHIBITION OF PILLAGE 218 3. TEMPORARY USE OF IMMOVABLE PRIVATE
PROPERTY 218 3.1. OVERVIEW 218 3.2. JUSTIFICATION FOR REQUISITIONING
PRIVATE IMMOVABLE PROPERTY FOR TEMPORARY USE: NEEDS OF THE ARMY OF
OCCUPATION OR IMPERATIVE MILITARY NECESSITY ? 222 4. MOVABLE PRIVATE
PROPERTY 226 4.1. FOUR CATEGORIES OF PRIVATE MOVABLE PROPERTY 226 4.2.
PRIVATE MOVABLES ESSENTIALLY OF A NON-MILITARY NATURE 226 4.3.
APPLIANCES OF COMMUNICATION OR TRANSPORTATION, DEPOTS OF ARMS AND
MUNITIONS DE GUERRE 230 4.4. SUBMARINE CABLES LINKING AN OCCUPIED
TERRITORY WITH A NEUTRAL TERRITORY 234 4.5. WORKS OF ART AND SCIENCE 234
X CONTENTS 5. EXPROPRIATION 236 6. CONCLUSION 238 CHAPTER 10: THE
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 239 1.
INTRODUCTION 239 2. THE OBLIGATION TO ASSIST, PRESERVE AND NOTIFY 243 3.
THE PRINCIPLE THAT ALL SEIZURE OR DESTRUCTION OF, OR WILFUL DAMAGE DONE
TO, INSTITUTIONS DEDICATED TO RELIGION, CHARITY, EDUCATION, THE ARTS AND
SCIENCES, HISTORIC MONUMENTS AND WORKS OF ART AND SCIENCE IS PROHIBITED
245 4. THE OBLIGATION TO PROHIBIT, PREVENT AND STOP ANY FORM OF THEFT,
PILLAGE OR MISAPPROPRIATION OF, AND ANY ACTS OF VANDALISM DIRECTED
AGAINST, CULTURAL PROPERTY OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
OF EVERY PEOPLE 246 5. THE PROHIBITION ON REQUISITIONING CULTURAL
PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 247 6. THE OBLIGATION TO PROHIBIT AND
PREVENT ILLICIT EXPORT OF CULTURAL PROPERTY FROM OCCUPIED TERRITORY 248
7. THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN CULTURAL PROPERTY EXPORTED FROM OCCUPIED
TERRITORY 249 8. THE OBLIGATION TO PROHIBIT OR PREVENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EXCAVATIONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 251 9. THE OBLIGATIONS TO PROHIBIT OR
PREVENT THE ALTERATIONS TO (OR THE CHANGE OF USE OF) CULTURAL PROPERTY
IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 253 10. THE PROHIBITION OF REPRISAL AGAINST
CULTURAL PROPERTY 253 11. THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY AND WAR CRIMES 254 11.1. OVERVIEW 254 11.2. GENERAL
REMARKS ON THE WAR CRIMES BASED ON SEIZURE OF, DESTRUCTION OF, OR WILFUL
DAMAGE DONE TO, CULTURAL PROPERTY IN GENERAL 255 11.3. WAR CRIMES OF
SEIZURE OF CULTURAL PROPERTY 255 11.4. WAR CRIMES BASED ON EXTENSIVE
DESTRUCTION AND APPROPRIATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY
256 11.5. CRIMINALISATION UNDER THE 1999 SECOND HAGUE PROTOCOL 256 12.
CONCLUSION 257 CONTENTS XI PART II IHL-BASED RULES CONCERNING
FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES FOR INDIVIDUAL PERSONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
CHAPTER 11: GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 261 1. INTRODUCTION 261 2.
CONFERRAL OF RIGHTS UPON INDIVIDUAL PERSONS UNDER IHL TREATY-BASED RULES
262 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF IHL RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS OF
INDIVIDUAL PERSONS 264 3.1. HORIZONTAL EFFECTS * POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS
264 3.2. STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATIONS OF RIGHTS OF CIVILIANS IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 265 3.3. THE RIGHT OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONS TO CLAIM
REPARATIONS 265 4. THE FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION AND THE PROTECTION OF
RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONS 268 4.1. OVERVIEW 268 4.2. THE RIGHTS
GUARANTEED UNDER PART III OF GCIV 269 5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS 270 5.1. THREE MINIMUM CORE GUARANTEES RECOGNISED UNDER ARTICLE
27 OF GCIV 270 5.2. THE RESPECT FOR LIVES, HONOUR, FAMILY RIGHTS,
RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS AND PRACTICES, AND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS 271 5.3.
THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY AND TO NON-DISCRIMINATION 272 5.4. THE
INVIOLABILITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES OF PROTECTED PERSONS IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 273 5.5. MEASURES OF CONTROL AND SECURITY 275 6.
DEROGATION UNDER ARTICLE 5 OF GCIV 275 6.1. OVERVIEW 275 6.2. DEROGATION
FROM RIGHTS OF PROTECTED PERSONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 276 6.3. TWO
NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS EXPRESSLY MENTIONED IN ARTICLE 5 OF GCIV 277 7. THE
SPECIFIC ELABORATIONS OF THE RIGHTS OF HUMANE TREATMENT .... 278 7.1.
GENERAL REMARKS 278 7.2. THE PROHIBITION OF PHYSICAL AND MORAL COERCION
279 7.3. THE PROHIBITION OF MEASURES CAUSING PHYSICAL SUFFERING OR
EXTERMINATION 280 7.3.1. OVERVIEW 280 XII CONTENTS 7.3.2. DRAFTING
RECORDS 280 7.3.3. RAMIFICATIONS 283 7.4. THE PROHIBITION OF MEASURES
OF INTIMIDATION OR OF TERRORISM 284 7.5. THE PROHIBITION OF BELLIGERENT
REPRISALS 285 7.5.1. THE PROHIBITION OF BELLIGERENT REPRISALS AGAINST
PROTECTED PERSONS WHO FALL IN THE HANDS OF THE ADVERSARY 285 7.5.2.
BELLIGERENT REPRISALS AGAINST CIVILIANS OF AN ADVERSE PARTY DURING THE
CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES 285 7.6. THE PROHIBITION ON TAKING INDIVIDUAL
PERSONS AS HOSTAGES 289 7.6.1. OVERVIEW 289 7.6.2. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
OF THE PROHIBITION ON TAKING HOSTAGES 291 7.6.3. CRIMINALISATION OF
HOSTAGE-TAKING SINCE 1945 293 7.6.4. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION RATIONE
PERSONAE OF THE VICTIMS OF HOSTAGE-TAKING 295 8. CONCLUSION 296 CHAPTER
12: HOSTILITIES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY, PROTECTED PERSONS, AND
PARTICIPANTS IN HOSTILITIES 297 1. THE THRESHOLD FOR DETERMINING
HOSTILITIES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 297 1.1. THE RESUMPTION OF HOSTILITIES
OR THE OUTBREAK OF NEW HOSTILITIES 297 1.2. THE RESUMPTION OF
HOSTILITIES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 299 1.3. OUTBREAK OF NON-INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICT IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 300 1.4. HOSTILITIES BETWEEN THE
OCCUPYING POWER AND THE ARMED GROUPS WHO ARE NOT RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS
WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 4A(2) OFGCIII 300 1.5. CROSS-BORDER
HOSTILITIES BETWEEN A STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS AS NON-INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICTS 301 2. THE DEFINITION OF PROTECTED PERSONS AND CIVILIANS
304 2.1. PROTECTED PERSONS UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF GCIV 304 2.2. DEPRIVATION
OF PROTECTED PERSONS STATUS? 307 2.3. THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIANS UNDER API
307 3. COMBATANTS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 308 3.1. MEMBERS OF LAWFUL
COMBATANTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 308
CONTENTS XIII 3.2. PARTICIPANTS IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 309 3.2.1. THREE CATEGORIES OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONS
AFFECTED BY NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 309
3.2.2. REBELS AND THE REVOLVING DOOR SCENARIO 310 3.2.3. THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CURRENT AND FORMER MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES OF THE
OCCUPIED STATE 311 3.2.4. CLASSIFICATION OF FOREIGN INFILTRATORS AS
UNPRIVILEGED BELLIGERENTS 312 4. UNPRIVILEGED BELLIGERENTS IN OCCUPIED
TERRITORY 313 4.1. OVERVIEW 313 4.2. THREE STRANDS OF ARGUMENT ON THE
SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF GCIV IN RELATION TO UNPRIVILEGED BELLIGERENTS 314
5. THE CONCEPT OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES 319 5.1. OVERVIEW
319 5.2. THE TEMPORAL ELEMENT FOR SUCH TIME 320 5.3. DIRECT
PARTICIPATION OR INDIRECT PARTICIPATION? 321 6. CONCLUSION 325 CHAPTER
13: SPECIFICALLY PROHIBITED ACTS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 327 1.
INTRODUCTION 327 2. DEPORTATION OR FORCIBLE TRANSFER OF PROTECTED
PERSONS 327 2.1. OVERVIEW 327 2.2. THE GENERAL SCOPE OF APPLICATION
RATIONE PERSONAE OF ARTICLE 49(1) OF GCIV 330 2.3. DEPORTATION OF
INFILTRATORS OF FOREIGN NATIONALITY 332 2.4. CONTROVERSY OVER THE
CUSTOMARY LAW STATUS OF ARTICLE 49(1) OF GCIV 333 2.5. THE COLLECTIVE OR
INDIVIDUAL DEPORTATION? 337 2.6. FORCIBLE TRANSFER OF CIVILIANS WITHIN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 339 2.7. THE QUESTION OF NATIONALITY AND THE INTERNAL
OR EXTERNAL NATURE OF DEPORTATION/TRANSFER 340 2.8. UNLAWFUL DEPORTATION
OR TRANSFER OF PROTECTED PERSONS AS A GRAVE BREACH FORM OF WAR CRIMES
340 3. EVACUATION 342 3.1. OVERVIEW 342 3.2. DEROGATION FROM ARTICLE
49(1) OF GCIV? 343 3.3. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING EVACUATION
UNDER API 344 4. FREE MOVEMENT OF PROTECTED PERSONS 345 XIV CONTENTS 5.
DEPORTATION OR TRANSFER BY THE OCCUPYING POWER OF PART OF ITS OWN
POPULATION INTO THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY 346 5.1. OVERVIEW 346 5.2. IS
COERCION AN ELEMENT OF TRANSFER OF THE CIVILIANS OF THE OCCUPANT INTO
OCCUPIED TERRITORY? 347 5.3. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRANSFER PURSUANT
TO A POLICY AND VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENT? 347 5.4. INDIRECT MEASURE OF
TRANSFER? 349 5.5. TRANSFER BY THE OCCUPYING POWER OF ITS OWN POPULATION
INTO OCCUPIED TERRITORY AS A WAR CRIME 350 6. PROHIBITION OF FORCED
LABOUR 350 7. CONCLUSION 353 CHAPTER 14: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
RIGHTS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 355 1. INTRODUCTION 355 2. THE RIGHT TO
ADEQUATE WORKING CONDITIONS AND THE PROHIBITION ON CAUSING UNEMPLOYMENT
356 3. RIGHTS TO FOOD AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES, AND OTHER HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF SUPPLIES 356 3.1. OBLIGATIONS TO FURNISH HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
SUPPLIES 356 3.2. FREE PASSAGE OF CONSIGNMENTS 357 3.3. DUTIES ON
TRANSIT STATES TO ALLOW FREE PASSAGE OF RELIEF CONSIGNMENTS 359 4. THE
REQUIREMENT OF RESPECTING AND PROTECTING HUMANITARIAN RELIEF PERSONNEL,
CIVIL DEFENCE ORGANISATIONS, MEDICAL PERSONNEL, CIVILIAN HOSPITALS AND
MEDICAL UNITS 360 4.1. OVERVIEW 360 4.2. THE REQUIREMENT OF RESPECTING
AND PROTECTING HUMANITARIAN RELIEF PERSONNEL 360 4.3. THE DUTY TO
RESPECT AND PROTECT CIVIL DEFENCE ORGANISATIONS 362 4.4. THE REQUIREMENT
OF RESPECTING AND PROTECTING MEDICAL PERSONNEL 363 4.5. THE REQUIREMENT
OF RESPECTING AND PROTECTING CIVILIAN HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL UNITS 364 5.
THE PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE 365 6. THE PROHIBITION ON
REQUISITIONING RELIEF SUPPLIES, AND IMMOVABLE PROPERTY BELONGING TO
RELIEF SOCIETIES ETC 365 6.1. THE PROHIBITION ON REQUISITIONING RELIEF
SUPPLIES 365 6.2. DIVERSION OF RELIEF CONSIGNMENTS? 366 6.3. REQUISITION
OF CIVILIAN HOSPITALS 367 CONTENTS XV 6 A. REQUISITION OF SHELTERS 367
6.5. THE PROHIBITION ON REQUISITIONING, OR DIVERGING FROM THEIR PROPER
USE, BUILDING OR MATERIEL BELONGING TO, OR USED BY, CIVIL DEFENCE
ORGANISATIONS 368 7. RATIONALES FOR APPLYING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
LAW OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NATURE IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES ....
369 8. DEROGATION FROM ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 371 9.
CONCLUSION 373 CHAPTER 15: IHL-BASED RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 375 1. INTRODUCTION 375 2. IHL TREATY-BASED RIGHTS
OF WOMEN IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 375 2.1. OVERVIEW 375 2.2. GENERAL
SAFEGUARDS OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN UNDER IHL 376 2.3. THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
DERIVED FROM THE OBLIGATIONS TO RESPECT AND PROTECT 377 2.4. THE RIGHT
OF WOMEN DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY TO BE HELD IN QUARTERS SEPARATE FROM MEN
378 2.5. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL ARMY FOR SEX
SLAVERY (SO-CALLED COMFORT WOMEN ) BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR II 379
2.6. FRAGILITY AND INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE GENDERED RUBRICS OF IHL 383 3.
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 384 3.1. OVERVIEW 384 3.2.
CHILDREN S RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 385 3.3. THE RIGHT
OF CHILDREN WHO ARE DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY TO BE HELD IN QUARTERS
SEPARATE FROM ADULTS 386 3.4. THE PROHIBITION ON RECRUITING CHILDREN IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 387 3.5. RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN AS A WAR CRIME 389
4. CONCLUSION 391 CHAPTER 16: OTHER SPECIFIC IHL-BASED RIGHTS OF
INDIVIDUAL PERSONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 393 1. INTRODUCTION 393 2.
RESPECT FOR THE CONVICTIONS AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF CIVILIANS 393 3.
THE RIGHT TO APPLY TO PROTECTING POWERS AND TO THE RED CROSS OR TO OTHER
HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS 395 4. CONCLUSION 397 XVI CONTENTS PART III
CONVERGENCE AND INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW CHAPTER 17: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORIES ... 401 1. THE APPLICABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS DURING
ARMED CONFLICT 401 2. FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND IHL 407 3. THE COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
IHL AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 408 4. THE THRESHOLD OF
DEROGATION CLAUSES UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND THE
APPLICABILITY OF COMMON ARTICLE 3 411 5. ADVANTAGE OF RELYING ON IHL
RULES IN ASSESSING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 411 6. IHL AS LEX
SPECIALIS 41 4 6.1. OVERVIEW 414 6.2. BRIEF EXAMINATIONS OF THE LEX
SPECIALIS RULE 415 6.3. TWO REQUIREMENTS OF THE LEX SPECIALIS RULE 416
6.4. TWO CONTEXTS IN WHICH THE APPLICATION OF THE LEX SPECIALIS RULE IS
CONTEMPLATED 417 6.5. LIMIT OF THE LEX SPECIALIS RULE 418 6.6. THE LEX
SPECIALIS RULE AND THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN IHL AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 419 6.7. CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH THE LEX SPECIALIS RULE SHOULD
BE EXCLUDED TO ALLOW THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
422 7. THE METHODOLOGY OF APPLYING IHL RULES BY HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY
BODIES 425 7.1. OVERVIEW 425 7.2. DIRECT APPLICATION OF IHL BY HUMAN
RIGHTS TREATY BODIES 425 7.3. INDIRECT APPLICATION OF IHL BY HUMAN
RIGHTS TREATY BODIES 429 8. THE METHODOLOGY OF EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF
APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN SITUATIONS OF
OCCUPATION AND ARMED CONFLICT 429 9. KRETZMER S MIXED MODEL 430 10.
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE UNDERLYING RATIONALES OF IHL AND
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVISITED 433 11. CONCLUSION 435 CONTENTS
XVII CHAPTER 18: THE EFFECTIVE CONVERGENCE BETWEEN IHL AND INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN GUARANTEEING THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN SITUATIONS OF
VOLATILE OCCUPATION 439 1. INTRODUCTION 439 2. GUIDELINES DERIVED FROM
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON THE USE OF FORCE AND FIREARMS BY LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICIALS 441 3. CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING
IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 442 4. PROPORTIONALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE RIGHT TO
LIFE IN SITUATIONS OF HOSTILITIES 443 4.1. MODALITIES OF PROPORTIONALITY
IN ASSESSING THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 443 4.2. THE APPROACH OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AS PART OF PROPORTIONALITY 444 5. THE
METHODOLOGY OF INCORPORATING SUB TESTS OF PROPORTIONALITY DEVELOPED IN
THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW INTO THE APPRAISAL OF
CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES 446 5.1. OVERVIEW 446 5.2. THE LESS RESTRICTIVE
ALTERNATIVE (LRA) DOCTRINE 446 5.3. THE APPLICABILITY OR NOT OF THE LRA
SUBTEST TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES 447 5.4.
PROPORTIONALITY STRICT SENSU 448 6. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TARGETED
KILLINGS 450 6.1. OVERVIEW 450 6.2. EX ANTE PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 450
6.3. POST FACTUM PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 451 6.4. THE DUTY OF EFFECTIVE
INQUIRIES INTO CIRCUMSTANCES OF KILLING 452 6.5. THE DUTY TO PROSECUTE
AND PUNISH RESPONSIBLE SOLDIERS AND THEIR SUPERIORS 453 7. CONCLUSION
455 CHAPTER 19: THE EXPANDING CATALOGUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF NON-DEROGABLE
NATURE 459 1. INTRODUCTION 459 2. ARTICLE 4 OF THE ICCPR 460 2.1.
OVERVIEW 460 2.2. THE REQUIREMENT OF A PROCLAMATION OF A STATE OF
EMERGENCY 461 2.3. THE REQUIREMENT OF IMMEDIATE NOTIFICATION 461 2.4.
EXISTENCE OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY 462 2.5. CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER
OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 463 XVIII CONTENTS 2.6. THE
PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION 464 2.7. THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
465 2.8. THE LIST OF NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED UNDER
ARTICLE 4 OF THE ICCPR 466 3. GENERAL COMMENT NO. 29 OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS
COMMITTEE 466 3.1. OVERVIEW 466 3.2. THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE HUMAN
RIGHTS COMMITTEE TO ISSUE GENERAL COMMENT NO. 29 467 3.3. NORMATIVE
STATUS OF GENERAL COMMENT NO. 29 468 4. THE EXPANDED CATALOGUE OF
NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS UNDER GENERAL COMMENT NO. 29 468 4.1. GENERAL
REMARKS 468 4.2. THE RIGHT TO HUMANE TREATMENT 471 4.3. THE PROHIBITION
ON TAKING HOSTAGES, ABDUCTIONS OR UNACKNOWLEDGED DETENTION 473 4.3.1.
OVERVIEW 473 4.3.2. ABDUCTION 473 4.4. THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING
TO MINORITIES 474 4.5. THE PROHIBITION OF DEPORTATION OR FORCIBLE
TRANSFER OF POPULATIONS 476 4.6. THE PROHIBITION OF PROPAGANDA FOR WAR
AND OF ADVOCACY OF NATIONAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS HATRED THAT WOULD
CONSTITUTE INCITEMENT TO DISCRIMINATION, HOSTILITY OR VIOLENCE 476 5.
OTHER NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS IDENTIFIED BY THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 478
5.1. THE RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY UNDER ARTICLE 2(3)(A) OF THE ICCPR
478 5.2. JUDICIAL GUARANTEES IN RELATION TO NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS ....
479 5.3. CORE ELEMENTS OF FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES 480 6. CONCLUSION 481
CHAPTER 20: PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS AND FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES IN OCCUPIED
TERRITORY 483 1. INTRODUCTION 483 2. ASSIGNED RESIDENCE AND
INTERNMENT/ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION .... 483 2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS FOR
DEPRIVING PERSONS OF LIBERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 483 2.2. THE LEGAL
BASIS FOR PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 485 2.3. THE LIMITED SCOPE OF THE PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS FOR INTERNEES/ADMINISTRATIVE DETAINEES 486 CONTENTS XIX 2.4.
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS FOR PERSONS OTHER THAN PROTECTED PERSONS IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 487 2.5. THE ANALOGOUS APPLICATION OF PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS TO PERSONS CAPTURED IN THE UN-ADMINISTERED TERRITORY 488 3.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING INTERNMENT/ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION OF
INDIVIDUAL PERSONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 489 3.1. THE PRINCIPLE THAT
INTERNMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY 489 3.2. THE PRINCIPLE THAT INTERNMENT OR
ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION IS AN EXCEPTIONAL MEASURE 491 3.3. THE
PRINCIPLE THAT INTERNMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION MUST NOT BE AN
ALTERNATIVE TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 492 4. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS THAT
ARE EXPRESSLY RECOGNISED IN IHL TREATIES 494 4.1. OVERVIEW 494 4.2. THE
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS THAT ARE LARGELY INFLUENCED BY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 494 4.2.1. THE RIGHT OF INTERNED OR ADMINISTRATIVELY DETAINED
PERSONS TO BE INFORMED PROMPTLY, IN A LANGUAGE THEY UNDERSTAND, OF THE
REASONS FOR SUCH DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 494 4.2.2. THE RIGHT TO CONTEST
MEASURES OF INTERNMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION 495 4.2.3. THE RIGHT
TO PERIODIC REVIEW 498 4.2.4. THE APPLICATION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 500 4.2.5. THE RIGHT TO RELEASE WITH THE MINIMUM
DELAY POSSIBLE 501 4.2.6. THE PROHIBITION ON ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION OF
INDEFINITE NATURE 502 4.3. THE PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS THAT ARE SPECIFIC
TO IHL 504 4.3.1. IMMUNITY FROM ARREST, PROSECUTION AND CONVICTION FOR
ACTS COMMITTED, OR FOR OPINIONS EXPRESSED, BEFORE THE OCCUPATION 504
4.3.2. THE REQUIREMENT THAT PERSONS INTERNED OR ADMINISTRATIVELY
DETAINED MUST BE REGISTERED AND HELD IN A RECOGNISED PLACE OF INTERNMENT
OR ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION 504 5. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS THAT NEED TO BE
SUPPLEMENTED BY THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 505 5.1.
THE RIGHT TO LEGAL ASSISTANCE 505 5.2. THE RIGHT TO ATTEND AT THE
PROCESS OF REVIEW 506 XX CONTENTS 6. FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES OF ACCUSED
PERSONS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY - THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN IHL AND
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW DISAGGREGATED 506 6.1. OVERVIEW 506 6.2.
THE LEGAL BASIS FOR FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES UNDER IHL AND INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 507 7. THE NORMATIVE STATUS, AND THE WEIGHT OF
EVIDENCE, OF THE DOCUMENTS AND CASE-LAW OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
LAW IN ASCERTAINING CUSTOMARY NORMS CONCERNING FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES 510
7.1. THE STRUCTURE OF ANALYSIS 510 7.2. THE FIRST STEP: THE
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CUSTOMARY LAW STATUS OF FAIR TRIAL GUARANTEES
CONTAINED IN IHL TREATY PROVISIONS 510 7.2.1. OVERVIEW 510 7.2.2. THE
CUSTOMARY LAW STATUS OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED THAT
ARE SAFEGUARDED IN ARTICLE 75(4) API 511 7.2.3. ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS OF
THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED, WHICH CAN BE DERIVED FROM ARTICLE 75(4) API,
AND THE ASCERTAINMENT OF CORRESPONDING CUSTOMARY RULES 512 7.3. THE
SECOND STEP: ASCERTAINING THE NON-DEROGABILITY OF CORRESPONDING RULES
EMBODIED UNDER HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 514 7.4. THE THIRD STEP: THE
METHODOLOGY OF RECRUITING SPECIFIC ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES FROM
DOCUMENTS AND THE CASE-LAW OF THE MONITORING BODIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
TREATIES 516 7.4.1. OVERVIEW 516 7.4.2. THE NORMATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE CASE-LAW OF THE MONITORING BODIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES IN
ASCERTAINING CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 517 7.4.3. THE NORMATIVE
SIGNIFICANCE OF DOCUMENTS OF THE MONITORING BODIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
TREATIES IN ASCERTAINING CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 519 7.4.4. IS IT
POSSIBLE TO READ ADDITIONAL NON-DEROGABLE ELEMENTS OF FAIR TRIAL
GUARANTEES IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE S GENERAL COMMENT NO. 25 ? 520
8. THE ELEMENTS OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED, WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY
CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 75(4) API 520 8.1. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
CRIMINAL LAW 520 8.2. THE RIGHT TO BE PRESUMED INNOCENT 521 CONTENTS XXI
8.3. THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE AND THE CAUSE OF ACCUSATION
522 8.4. THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY AN INDEPENDENT, IMPARTIAL AND REGULARLY
CONSTITUTED COURT 523 8.4.1. OVERVIEW 523 8.4.2. NON-DEROGABILITY UNDER
THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 524 8.4.3. THE ROLE OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN COMPLEMENTING PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES OF
OCCUPATION COURTS 525 8.4.4. THE TRIAL OF CIVILIANS BY MILITARY COURTS
526 8.4.5. THE TRIAL OF UNPRIVILEGED BELLIGERENTS IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY
527 8.5. THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED TO BE PRESENT AT THE TRIAL 529 8.6.
THE RIGHT TO EXAMINE WITNESSES OR THE RIGHT TO HAVE WITNESSES EXAMINED
530 8.7. THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED NOT TO BE COMPELLED TO TESTIFY AGAINST
HIM/HERSELF AND THE PROTECTION AGAINST COERCED CONFESSIONS 531 8.8. THE
RIGHT OF THE CONVICTED PERSONS TO BE INFORMED OF AVAILABLE REMEDIES AND
OF THEIR TIME-LIMITS 532 8.9. NON BIS IN IDEM (FREEDOM FROM DOUBLE
JEOPARDY) 532 8.10. THE RIGHT TO PUBLIC PROCEEDINGS 534 9. THE ELEMENTS
OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED, WHICH ARE IMPLIED FROM THE GENERAL TERMS
UNDER ARTICLE 75(4) API 535 9.1. THE RIGHTS RELATING TO MEANS OF DEFENCE
535 9.1.1. OVERVIEW 535 9.1.2. THE RIGHT TO DEFEND ONESELF OR TO BE
ASSISTED BY A LAWYER OF ONE S OWN CHOICE 537 9.1.3. THE RIGHT TO FREE
LEGAL ASSISTANCE 538 9.1.4. THE RIGHT TO SUFFICIENT TIME AND FACILITIES
TO PREPARE THE DEFENCE 539 9.1.5. THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED TO
COMMUNICATE FREELY WITH COUNSEL 540 9.1.6. THE RIGHT TO THE ASSISTANCE
OF AN INTERPRETER OR TRANSLATOR 540 9.2. THE RIGHT TO TRIAL WITHOUT
UNDUE DELAY 541 9.3. THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT 543 9.4. THE RIGHT OF
CONVICTED PERSONS TO APPEAL 543 10. CONCLUSION 545 XXII CONTENTS PART IV
EVOLVING ISSUES OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION CHAPTER 21: THE
EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN
OCCUPIED TERRITORY 551 1. INTRODUCTION: EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY
OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY 551 2. THE
MEANING OF THE TERM WITHIN ITS TERRITORY AND SUBJECT TO ITS
JURISDICTION UNDER ARTICLE 2(1) ICCPR 553 2.1. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES OF
ARTICLE 2(1) ICCPR 553 2.2. THE APPROACH OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE
557 2.3. THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE AND THE SUBSEQUENT PRACTICE OF
STATES PARTIES 559 3. THE MEANING OF THE TERM WITHIN THEIR
JURISDICTION UNDER ARTICLE 1 ECHR 559 3.1. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES OF THE
ECHR 559 3.2. THE APPROACH OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN
RELATION TO THE MEANING OF JURISDICTION UNDER ARTICLE 1 ECHR 560 4.
DOCTRINAL DISCOURSE ON THE MEANING OF THE WORDS WITHIN ITS TERRITORY
AND SUBJECT TO ITS JURISDICTION 562 5. THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH THE
EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW CAN BE
ENVISAGED 564 5.1. OVERVIEW 564 5.2. CASES WHERE A STATE EXERCISES
CONTROL OVER A TERRITORY OF ANOTHER STATE 565 5.3. BANKOVIC AND THE
ESPACE JURIDIQUE DOCTRINE 569 5.4. CASES WHERE A STATE EXERCISES
CONTROL, POWER OR AUTHORITY OVER INDIVIDUAL PERSONS 572 5.5. CASES WHERE
A STATE EXERCISES CONTROL OVER THE INFLICTION OF THE ALLEGED VIOLATION
579 6. CONCLUSION 581 CHAPTER 22: THE APPLICABILITY OF THE LAW OF
OCCUPATION TO UN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS AND UN POST-CONFLICT
ADMINISTRATION 583 1. INTRODUCTION 583 2. THE APPLICABILITY OF CUSTOMARY
IHL TO THE UN PEACEKEEPING FORCES 585 3. CAN THE UN BECOME PARTIES TO
IHL TREATIES? 587 4. THE PRACTICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE UN
SECRETARY- GENERAL S BULLETIN ON OBSERVANCE BY UNITED NATIONS FORCES OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 589 CONTENTS XXIII 5. OTHER INDICES FOR
THE APPLICABILITY OF IHL RULES TO UN FORCES 593 6. THE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN ENFORCEMENT ACTION AND NON-ENFORCEMENT ACTION IN ASSESSING THE
APPLICABILITY OF IHL 594 7. CONSENT AS A DETERMINING FACTOR? 597 8. THE
CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL
599 9. THE THRESHOLD FOR DETERMINING WHETHER THE UN FORCES HAVE BECOME
PARTIES TO AN ARMED CONFLICT 602 10. THE UN POST-CONFLICT ADMINISTRATION
AND THE LAW OF OCCUPATION 602 10.1. THE UN PRACTICE RELATING TO
POST-CONFLICT ADMINISTRATION 602 10.2. THE APPRAISAL OF THE
APPLICABILITY OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION TO THE UN ADMINISTRATION 604 11.
CONCLUSION 605 PARTV THEORETICAL APPRAISAL CHAPTER 23: THE NATURE OF
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW REVISITED 611 1. INTRODUCTION
611 2. INQUIRIES INTO THE FORMATION OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW IN
GENERAL 612 2.1. TWO CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS: STATE PRACTICE AND OPINIO
JURIS 612 2.2. SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO STATE PRACTICE 613 2.3. CAN
VERBAL ACTS CONSTITUTE PRACTICE FREE OF A SPECIFIC NORMATIVE BELIEF? 613
2.4. SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO OPINIO JURIS 615 2.5. SUBJECTIVE ELEMENTS
OF STATE PRACTICE, WHICH ARE INDICATIVE OF OPINIO JURIS 618 3.
METHODOLOGY OF ASCERTAINING CUSTOMARY IHL 620 3.1. INDUCTIVE APPROACH
620 3.2. DEDUCTIVE APPROACH 621 4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
TREATY-BASED NORM AND CUSTOMARY LAW 622 4.1. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE
NORTH SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF CASES REVISITED 622 XXIV CONTENTS 4.2. THE
REQUIREMENT OF A VERY WIDESPREAD AND REPRESENTATIVE PARTICIPATION IN
THE CONVENTION 624 4.3. CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
TREATY-BASED NORMS AND CUSTOMARY LAW 625 5. MODERN VS. TRADITIONAL
UNDERSTANDING OF THE FORMATION OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 628 5.1.
OVERVIEW 628 5.2. TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS 629 5.3. MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF
CUSTOMS 630 5.4. FIDLER S THREE PERSPECTIVES OF EVALUATING MODERN
CUSTOMS 631 5.5. DESCRIPTIVE ACCURACY AND NORMATIVE APPEAL REVISITED 635
5.6. MODERN CUSTOMS BASED ON DEDUCTION FROM MORAL SUBSTANCE 638 6.
APOLOGY AND UTOPIA: DEALING WITH KOSKENNIEMI S CRITIQUE OF LEGAL
ARGUMENTATIONS 641 6.1. OVERVIEW 641 6.2. TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS AND
APOLOGY 643 6.3. MODERN CUSTOMS AND UTOPIA 644 7. EVALUATIONS OF
KOSKENNIEMI S ARGUMENTATION 645 7.1. OVERVIEW 645 7.2. BECKETT S
PROPOSAL FOR A VIRTUAL SOVEREIGN AND THE REFLEXIVE PROCESS OF CUSTOM
FORMATION 645 8. DWORKIN S INTERPRETATIVE THEORY 647 9. THE SLIDING
SCALE CONCEPTUALISATION OF CUSTOM 649 10. ANTHEA ROBERTS PROPOSAL TO
BALANCE FIT AND SUBSTANCE IN RAWLS REFLECTIVE METHODOLOGY 653 11.
CONCLUSION 655 CHAPTER 24: IDENTIFYING CUSTOMARY IHL IN OCCUPIED
TERRITORIES ON THE BASIS OF ITS INTERPLAY WITH CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 657 1. INTRODUCTION 657 2. THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF
CUSTOMARY IHL RELATING TO FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
657 3. THE PROCESS OF ASCERTAINING CUSTOMARY IHL IN THE INTERACTION WITH
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 659 4. DISTINCT VARIABLES IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE LAW OF OCCUPATION 661 4.1. OVERVIEW 661 4.2. THE
UNDERLYING CONCEPT OF MILITARY NECESSITY 661 CONTENTS XXV 4.3. SHIFTING
NATURE OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: DO AREAS REMAIN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
SUBJECT TO LAW ENFORCEMENT, OR BECOME SUBJECT TO RULES OF CONDUCT OF
WARFARE? 662 4.4. IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 663
5. CONCLUSION 666 TABLE OF CASE-LAW 669 TABLE OF TREATIES AND OTHER
MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 703 BIBLIOGRAPHY 709 INDEX 741
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Arai, Yutaka |
| author_facet | Arai, Yutaka |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Arai, Yutaka |
| author_variant | y a ya |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035546105 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KZ6429 |
| callnumber-raw | KZ6429 |
| callnumber-search | KZ6429 |
| callnumber-sort | KZ 46429 |
| callnumber-subject | KZ - Law of Nations |
| classification_rvk | PR 2213 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)289070832 (DE-599)BVBBV035546105 |
| dewey-full | 341.6/6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 341 - Law of nations |
| dewey-raw | 341.6/6 |
| dewey-search | 341.6/6 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.6 16 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035546105 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:40:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004162464 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008054721 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017602083 |
| oclc_num | 289070832 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-703 |
| physical | XL, 758 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Martinus Nijhoff Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International law in Japanese perspective |
| series2 | International law in Japanese perspective |
| spelling | Arai, Yutaka Verfasser aut The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law by Yutuka Arai-Takahashi Leiden [u.a.] Martinus Nijhoff Publ. 2009 XL, 758 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International law in Japanese perspective 11 Includes bibliographical references and index Menschenrecht Military occupation Humanitarian law Human rights War (International law) Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsrecht Völkerrecht (DE-588)4165706-8 gnd rswk-swf Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd rswk-swf Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 s Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Kriegsrecht Völkerrecht (DE-588)4165706-8 s DE-604 International law in Japanese perspective 11 (DE-604)BV009559287 11 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017602083&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Arai, Yutaka The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law International law in Japanese perspective Menschenrecht Military occupation Humanitarian law Human rights War (International law) Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Kriegsrecht Völkerrecht (DE-588)4165706-8 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006020-2 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4165706-8 (DE-588)4160781-8 |
| title | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law |
| title_auth | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law |
| title_exact_search | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law |
| title_full | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law by Yutuka Arai-Takahashi |
| title_fullStr | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law by Yutuka Arai-Takahashi |
| title_full_unstemmed | The law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law by Yutuka Arai-Takahashi |
| title_short | The law of occupation |
| title_sort | the law of occupation continuity and change of international humanitarian law and its interaction with international human rights law |
| title_sub | continuity and change of international humanitarian law, and its interaction with international human rights law |
| topic | Menschenrecht Military occupation Humanitarian law Human rights War (International law) Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Kriegsrecht Völkerrecht (DE-588)4165706-8 gnd Humanitäres Völkerrecht (DE-588)4160781-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenrecht Military occupation Humanitarian law Human rights War (International law) Besetzung Kriegsrecht Völkerrecht Humanitäres Völkerrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017602083&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV009559287 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT araiyutaka thelawofoccupationcontinuityandchangeofinternationalhumanitarianlawanditsinteractionwithinternationalhumanrightslaw |