An introduction to historical linguistics:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 376 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780195365542 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: An introduction to historical linguistics
Autor: Crowley, Terry
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of Tables xxi
List of Figures xxiii
List of Maps xxv
How to Use This Book xxvii
1 Introduction 3
1.1 The Nature of Linguistic Relationships 3
1.2 How and Why Do Languages Change? 11
1.2.1 Anatomy and Ethnic Character 12
1.2.2 Climate and Geography 13
1.2.3 Substratum 13
1.2.4 Local Identification 14
1.2.5 Functional Need 15
1.2.6 Simplification 16
1.2.7 Structural Pressure 17
1.3 Attitudes to Language Change 18
2 Types of Sound Change 23
2.1 Lenition and Fortition 24
2.2 Sound Loss 26
2.2.1 Apheresis 27
2.2.2 Apocope 27
CONTENTS
2.2.3 Syncope 28
2.2.4 Cluster Reduction 28
2.2.5 Haplology 29
2.3 Sound Addition 29
2.3.1 Excrescence 30
2.3.2 Epenthesis or Anaptyxis 31
2.3.3 Prothesis 32
2.4 Metathesis 32
2.5 Fusion, Fission, and Breaking 33
2.5.1 Fusion 33
2.5.2 Unpacking or Fission 35
2.5.3 Vowel Breaking 36
2.6 Assimilation 36
2.7 Dissimilation 43
2.8 Tone Changes 45
2.9 Unusual Sound Changes 46
3 Expressing Sound Changes 55
3.1 Writing Rules 55
3.2 Ordering of Changes 58
4 Phonetic and Phonemic Change 65
4.1 Phonetic Change without Phonemic Change 66
4.2 Phonetic Change with Phonemic Change 67
4.2.1 Phonemic Loss 67
4.2.2 Phonemic Addition 68
4.2.3 Rephonemicization 69
4.3 Phonemic Change without Phonetic Change 73
5 The Comparative Method (1): Procedures 78
5.1 Sound Correspondences and Reconstruction 78
5.2 An Example of Reconstruction: Proto-Polynesian 79
5.2.1 Setting Out the Data 79
5.2.2 Finding the Cognates 81
5.2.3 Sound Correspondences 82
5.2.4 Reconstruction Principles 85
5.2.5 Residual Issues 93
5.3 Reconstruction of Conditioned Sound
Changes 94
5.4 The Reality of Protolanguages 102
6 Determining Relatedness 108
6.1 Finding Families 108
6.2 Subgrouping 110
6.3 Shared Innovation and Shared Retention 111
6.4 Long-Distance Relationships 115
CONTENTS XVÜ
7 Internal Reconstruction 121
7.1 Using Synchronie Alternations 122
7.2 Internal Reconstruction and Indo-European
Laryngeals 125
7.3 Limitations of Internal Reconstruction 127
7.4 Summary: Procedures for Internal Reconstruction 130
8 Computational and Statistical Methods 136
8.1 Distance-Based versus Innovation-Based Methods 136
8.2 Lexicostatistics 137
8.2.1 Basic Vocabulary 137
8.2.2 Subgrouping Levels 139
8.2.3 Applying the Method 139
8.3 Criticisms of Lexicostatistics and Glottochronology 149
8.4 Subgrouping Computational Methods from Biology 151
8.4.1 Inferring Correspondence Sets 151
8.4.2 Inferring Subgrouping 152
8.4.3 Some Definitions 153
8.4.4 Selecting Data and Coding Characters 155
8.4.5 Methods for Inferring Phylogenies 157
9 The Comparative Method (2): History and
Challenges 162
9.1 Background: The Neogrammarians 163
9.2 Convergent Lexical Development 170
9.3 Nonphonetic Conditioning 171
9.4 The Wave Model and Lexical Diffusion 173
9.5 Dialect Chains and Nondiscrete Subgroups 179
10 Morphological Change 184
10.1 Changes in Morphological Structure 185
10.1.1 Allomorphic Change 185
10.1.2 Changes in Conditioning 186
10.1.3 Boundary Shifts 186
10.1.4 Doubling and Reinforcement 187
10.1.5 Change in Order of Morphemes 188
10.2 Analogy 189
10.2.1 Analogical Change by Meaning 190
10.2.2 Analogical Change by Form 191
10.2.3 Analogical Extension and Leveling 192
10.3 Doing Morphological Reconstruction 193
11 Semantic and Lexical Change 199
11.1 Basic Meaning Changes 200
11.1.1 Amelioration and Pejoration 200
11.1.2 Broadening 200
CONTENTS
11.1.3 Narrowing 200
11.1.4 Bifurcation 201
11.1.5 Shift 201
11.2 Influences in Direction of Change 201
11.2.1 Metaphor 202
11.2.2 Euphemism 202
11.2.3 Hyperbole 202
11.2.4 Interference 203
11.2.5 Folk Etymology 203
11.2.6 Hypercorrection 204
11.3 Lexical 1 Change 205
11.3.1 Borrowing 205
11.3.2 Internal Lexical Innovation 210
11.3.3 Shortening Words 210
11.4 Consequences of Borrowing and Irregular Lexical
Change 212
11.4.1 Semantic Change 212
11.4.2 Borrowing and Copying 213
12 Syntactic Change 217
12.1 Studying Syntactic Change 217
12.2 Typology and Grammatical Change 218
12.2.1 Morphological Type 219
12.2.2 Accusative and Ergative Languages 226
12.2.3 Basic Constituent Order 229
12.2.4 Verb Chains and Serialization 232
12.3 Grammaticalization 233
12.3.1 Direction of Grammaticalization 237
12.3.2 Grammaticalization and Reconstruction 238
12.4 Mechanisms of Grammatical Change 239
12.4.1 Reanalysis 239
12.4.2 Analogy and Extension 240
12.4.3 Diffusion or Borrowing 241
13 Observing Language Change 246
13.1 Early Views 246
13.2 Indeterminacy 248
13.3 Variability 252
13.3.1 Class-Based Variation 254
13.3.2 Variation in Small Communities 257
13.4 The Spread of Change and Lexical
Diffusion 258
14 Language Contact 264
14.1 Convergence 265
CONTENTS X¡
14.2 Language Genesis: Pidgins and Creoles 273
14.2.1 Some Definitions 273
14.2.2 Case Study 1 : Tok Pisin 274
14.2.3 Case Study 2 : Motu 277
14.2.4 Research on Pidgins and Creoles 279
14.3 Mixed Languages 285
14.4 Esoterogeny and Exoterogeny 287
14.5 Language Death and Language Shift 288
14.5.1 Causes of Language Death 289
14.5.2 Young People s Varieties: Structure Change
during Language Shift 290
14.5.3 Speed of Language Death 293
15 Cultural Reconstruction 299
15.1 Archaeology 299
15.2 Oral History 300
15.3 Comparative Culture 303
15.4 Historical Linguistics 305
15.4.1 Relative Sequence of Population Splits 306
15.4.2 The Nature of Cultural Contact 307
15.4.3 Sequences of Cultural Contact with Respect to
Population Splits 309
15.4.4 The Content of a Culture 310
15.4.5 The Homeland of a People 312
15.5 Paleolinguistics and Language Origins 316
15.6 The Reliability of Cultural Reconstruction 321
Dataseis 327
1 Palauan (Micronesia) 327
2 Nganyaywana (New South Wales, Australia) 328
3 Mbabaram (North Queensland, Australia) 328
4 Yimas and Karawari (East Sepik, Papua
New Guinea) 329
5 Lakalai (West New Britain, Papua New Guinea) 329
6 Suena and Zia (Morobe Province, Papua
New Guinea) 330
7 Korafe, Notu, and Binandere (Oro Province, Papua New
Guinea) 331
8 Paamese (Vanuatu) 331
9 Motu (Central Province, Papua New Guinea) 332
10 Sepa, Manam, Kairiru, and Sera (Coastal Sepik, Papua
New Guinea) 333
11 Burduna (Western Australia) 334
12 Quebec French (Canada) 335
13 Tiene (Democratic Republic of Congo) 336
CONTENTS
14 Cypriot Arabic 337
15 Nyulnyulan (Western Australia) 339
16 Aroma, Hula, and Sinaugoro (Central Province, Papua
New Cuinea) 340
17 Proto-Gazelle Peninsula and Daughter Languages
(New Britain, Papua New Guinea) 342
Notes 345
Language References 355
References 359
Index 369
|
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| spelling | Crowley, Terry 1953-2005 Verfasser (DE-588)120229374 aut An introduction to historical linguistics Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern 4. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2010 XXXII, 376 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Historical linguistics Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 s DE-604 Bowern, Claire Louise 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)141738138 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017586336&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4127276-6 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | An introduction to historical linguistics |
| title_auth | An introduction to historical linguistics |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to historical linguistics |
| title_full | An introduction to historical linguistics Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to historical linguistics Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to historical linguistics Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern |
| title_short | An introduction to historical linguistics |
| title_sort | an introduction to historical linguistics |
| topic | Historical linguistics Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Historical linguistics Historische Sprachwissenschaft Einführung |
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