Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland: (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Windhoek
Gamsberg Macmillan
2006
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | 302 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9991607463 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV035505019 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090608 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 090525s2006 ab|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9991607463 |9 99916-0-746-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)70839873 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)GBV515769606 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-703 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a DT1595.E75 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 968.8102 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a LB 27800 |0 (DE-625)90523: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Rudner, Ione |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland |b (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters |c by Ione & Jalmar Rudner |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Windhoek |b Gamsberg Macmillan |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 302 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 600 | 1 | 0 | |a Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 |
| 600 | 1 | 0 | |a Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence |
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> |
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> |x Travel |z Namibia |
| 650 | 0 | |a Businessmen / Namibia / Biography | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Swedes / Namibia / Biography | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Namibia / History / To 1884 | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Namibia / History / 1884-1915 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Namibia |x Description and travel | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Namibia |x History |y 1884-1915 | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4006804-3 |a Biografie |2 gnd-content | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rudner, Jalmar |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017561178 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804139125710782464 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
..........................................................................
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
...................................................................................ix
INTRODUCTORY NOTES
.X
CHAPTER
1 -
SWEDISH BEGINNINGS
..............................................19
Old Sweden. Eriksson s early years. Llewellan Lloyd. Charles John Anders-
son.
CHAPTER
2 -
DAMARALAND OF OLD
..................................................23
Indigenous peoples. Traders. Missionaries.
CHAPTER
3 -
THE AFRICAN CONNECTION
.......................................27
Andersson
in Damaraland. A new assistant.
CHAPTER
4 -
ERIKSSON ON AFRICAN SOIL
.......................................29
In Cape Town. To Knysna.
Een
arrives. To Damaraland.
CHAPTER
5 -
AT OTJIMBINGWE
..............................................................35
The settlement. Hunting excursions. Svante s death. Andersson s loss. A leopard
attack.
Hahn
and
Andersson.
The robber Samuel.
CHAPTER
6 -
TO OVAMBOLAND
..............................................................41
Een
and Eriksson set off. In Ovamboland.
Andersson
sets off. Illness in On-
donga.
Een
departs. Planning a journey.
CHAPTER
7 -
TO THE KUNENE RIVER
.................................................45
Misfortunes. Two accounts of the journey. Andersson s death and burial. A later
version of the burial. Eriksson on his own.
Een
at Otjimbingwe.
CHAPTER
8
-UNREST AND A BATTLE
..................................................55
Shikongo and Samuel conspire. The battle of Otjimbingwe. Eriksson returns.
Een
to Cape Town. Eriksson in Damaraland.
CHAPTER
9-А
BUSINESS VENTURE AT OMARURU
......................59
Een
negotiates a contract. Omaruru. Eriksson in Ovamboland. In Cape Town
1869.
Een
back at sea.
Een
returns. Eriksson to Ovamboland. Unrest and
a pe¬
tition. Treaty of Okahandja
1870.
To Cape Town
1871.
Back to Ovamboland.
Franco-German war
1870-71.
A marriage.
Een
departs for Europe.
CHAPTER
10 -
THE GOOD YEARS AT OMARURU
.............................67
Swedes at Omaruru. Brother Albert arrives.
De Vylder
arrives. A Bushman
child. The Boers are coming!
Christmas
1874.
Chapman and the Stewardsons.
First visit to Sweden
1875.
Collections of birds. Brother Carl arrives.
Walvis
Bay and trade.
CHAPTER
11 -
PALGRAVFS FIRST COMMISSION
(1876-77) .........75
Palgrave in Damaraland. Death of Frederick Green. Eriksson at meetings.
Altercation with a Herero. Traders robbed. Death of Zeraua.
CHAPTER
12 -
FAMILY MATTERS
............................................................79
The children. Drop in prices. Hunting expeditions. Tragedy.
CHAPTER
13 -
SECOND COMMISSION
(1877-79) ..............................85
Bad times. Taxes, licences, and regulations. Annexation of
Walvis
Bay.
CHAPTER
14
-ERIKSSON AND THE TREK BOERS
..........................89
Gathering of the Boers. Antagonism and privations. Eriksson meets the
Trekkers.
Help for the
Trekkers.
Third Commission
1879.
Conflicting informa¬
tion. Brother
Reinhold
arrives. Letter from Albert.
CHAPTER
15 -
CHANGING TIMES
..........................................................97
Business is bad. Death of Ned Hart.
Een
returns. Elephant slaughter. Drought,
famine, and unrest. Chief Cetshwayo. A compassionate man. Fourth Commis¬
sion
1880.
Further discord. Expedition northward.
CHAPTER
16 -
WAR
......................................................................................105
Outbreak of war. Select Committee for Damaraland Affairs. Losses in trade.
Trade through Mossamedes. A matter of ammunition. Exodus of whites. The
brothers visit Sweden
1881.
Donations to museums. A trading-post in On-
donga.
CHAPTER
17 -
THE FAMILY BREAKS UP
............................................109
An affectionate father. A separation. A child Jacob.
CHAPTER
18
-A HUNTER ONLY
............................................................113
Expedition to Angola. Letter from Mossamedes. Bird collecting. A punitive
expedition. In Cape Town. Albert returns. Eriksson back to Angola. A comet.
Letters from Albert.
CHAPTER
19 -
SECOND VISIT TO SWEDEN
(1883) .......................119
To Sweden with the children
1883.
A bullfight. The voyage back. At Een s
grave. The return. Young Swedes in Southern Africa.
CHAPTER
20 -
CROSS-COUNTRY TREKS
...........................................125
Hunting in Angola. Letter from Albert. An expedition is robbed. Bird collecting.
Visits to Cape Town. Trade is bad. Natural-history donations.
CHAPTER
21 -
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
....................................131
German annexation. Fifth Commission. More unrest. Republic of Upingtonia.
Trouble in Ovamboland. Expeditions and rare birds. The gold fields. Southern
Angola. Collections and donations. More turmoil.
CHAPTER
22 -
IN
TLIE
TRANSVAAL
......................................................141
Thirstland treks. Marauding Swartboois. Gold cities. Marseille farm. Letters
home. Longing for Sweden. Expeditions. Trading and mineral rights. Albert and
Chapman partners. The collections. Dangerous mission. Elephants. Later Boer
Trekkers.
A punitive expedition. Albert and
Reinhold in
Sweden
1892.
Locusts.
Old friends meet. A flood. Swindled in business. A strange country .
CHAPTER
23 -
THIRD VISIT TO SWEDEN
(1894) .............................163
Lectures and discussions in
Vänersborg
1894.
Voyage back via London and
Lisbon.
CHAPTER
24 -
EXPEDITIONS AND ADVENTURES
.........................181
Expedition with
Rosenblad.
Albert dies. Encounter with robbers. Drought in
Ovamboland. To
Walvis
Bay.
Hartman
expedition.
CHAPTER
25 -
EXPEDITION WITH
MÖLLER
....................................191
Möller
meets Eriksson. Crossing the Kunene. Through Ovamboland.
Möller
treks to
Walvis
Bay.
CHAPTER
26 -
RINDERPEST
....................................................................197
Back at Aukas.
Rosenblad
returns.
Rosenblad
loses his clothes. A sad birth¬
day. Rinderpest in the Transvaal. Heavy losses at Marseille. Problems with
the children. A German visitor. Rinderpest strikes. Plans about the children.
More losses. Inocculations. Starvation and disease. Plague. Helping others to
inocculate. A railway. Trouble at Marseille. The children arrive at
Walvis
Bay.
Rosenblad
departs for Sweden. Back to Grootfontcin. Starvation.
CHAPTER
27 -
LAST YEARS AT AUKAS
...............................................223
Birds at Aukas. Letter to George
Robb.
The children at
Walvis
Bay. Illness. To
Ovamboland
with sons Axel and Jakob. Steenbokfontein. Influenza. Sara returns
to Sweden. Money matters. Future plans. Again rinderpest. The last journey.
CHAPTER
28 -
THE AFTERMATH
..........................................................235
The will. A gravestone. The family afterwards. Settling the estate.
CHAPTER
29 -
VOICES FROM THE PAST
...........................................253
FOOTNOTES
.....................................................................................................259
REFERENCES
...................................................................................................287
INDEX
.................................................................................................................293
Jalmar Rudner
(1917 - 2003),
Swedish architect and town
planner was with the Cape Town City Council for
30
years,
and on retiring, with the National Monuments Council as
archaeologist for
10
years, lone was at the South African
Museum for
29
years, the last
9
as editor of publications.
Also known as professional amateurs in archaeology, their
joint hobby, they undertook numerous expeditions in Southern
Africa and published their resea rch work in papers, articles
and several books. An interest in Swedes in Southern Africa
led to the translation and publication of several books by
early Swedish travellers, four of which deal with South West
Africa, now Namibia.
Their story of the life of A.W. Eriksson, renowned Swedish
trader, philanthropist, and ornithologist in nineteenth-century
south-west Africa, relatively few preserved letters, and other
documents, most of which required translation. Other sources
¡were the narratives of Swedish travellers who had known him,
travelled with him, and enjoyed his legendary hospitality.
Eriksson travelled with Charles John
Andersson,
his country-
S man, to the Kunene River on an ill-fated journey and buried
fAndersson in southern Angola. He spent the rest of his life in
| Southern Africa. His extensive ornithological collections rival
t
those of
Andersson
and are housed in various institutions in
Sweden (the main collection is in
Vänersborg
Museum in his
| home town), England, the United States, and South Africa.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rudner, Ione Rudner, Jalmar |
| author_facet | Rudner, Ione Rudner, Jalmar |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Rudner, Ione |
| author_variant | i r ir j r jr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035505019 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DT1595 |
| callnumber-raw | DT1595.E75 |
| callnumber-search | DT1595.E75 |
| callnumber-sort | DT 41595 E75 |
| callnumber-subject | DT - Africa |
| classification_rvk | LB 27800 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)70839873 (DE-599)GBV515769606 |
| dewey-full | 968.8102 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 968 - South Africa & southern Africa |
| dewey-raw | 968.8102 |
| dewey-search | 968.8102 |
| dewey-sort | 3968.8102 |
| dewey-tens | 960 - History of Africa |
| discipline | Geschichte Sozial-/Kulturanthropologie / Empirische Kulturwissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02041nam a2200493 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035505019</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090608 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">090525s2006 ab|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9991607463</subfield><subfield code="9">99916-0-746-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)70839873</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV515769606</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DT1595.E75</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">968.8102</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">LB 27800</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)90523:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rudner, Ione</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland</subfield><subfield code="b">(1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters</subfield><subfield code="c">by Ione & Jalmar Rudner</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Windhoek</subfield><subfield code="b">Gamsberg Macmillan</subfield><subfield code="c">2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">302 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901></subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901></subfield><subfield code="x">Travel</subfield><subfield code="z">Namibia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Businessmen / Namibia / Biography</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Swedes / Namibia / Biography</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Namibia / History / To 1884</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Namibia / History / 1884-1915</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Namibia</subfield><subfield code="x">Description and travel</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Namibia</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">1884-1915</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006804-3</subfield><subfield code="a">Biografie</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rudner, Jalmar</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Klappentext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017561178</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography Namibia / History / To 1884 Namibia / History / 1884-1915 Namibia Description and travel Namibia History 1884-1915 |
| geographic_facet | Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography Namibia / History / To 1884 Namibia / History / 1884-1915 Namibia Description and travel Namibia History 1884-1915 |
| id | DE-604.BV035505019 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:39:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9991607463 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017561178 |
| oclc_num | 70839873 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | 302 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Gamsberg Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rudner, Ione Verfasser aut Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters by Ione & Jalmar Rudner 1. publ. Windhoek Gamsberg Macmillan 2006 302 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Travel Namibia Businessmen / Namibia / Biography Swedes / Namibia / Biography Geschichte Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography Namibia / History / To 1884 Namibia / History / 1884-1915 Namibia Description and travel Namibia History 1884-1915 (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Rudner, Jalmar Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Rudner, Ione Rudner, Jalmar Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Travel Namibia Businessmen / Namibia / Biography Swedes / Namibia / Biography Geschichte |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters |
| title_auth | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters |
| title_exact_search | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters |
| title_full | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters by Ione & Jalmar Rudner |
| title_fullStr | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters by Ione & Jalmar Rudner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters by Ione & Jalmar Rudner |
| title_short | Axel Wilhelm Eriksson of Hereroland |
| title_sort | axel wilhelm eriksson of hereroland 1846 1901 his life and letters |
| title_sub | (1846 - 1901) ; his life and letters |
| topic | Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Travel Namibia Businessmen / Namibia / Biography Swedes / Namibia / Biography Geschichte |
| topic_facet | Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 Eriksson, Axel / 1846-1901 / Correspondence Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Eriksson, Axel <1846-1901> Travel Namibia Businessmen / Namibia / Biography Swedes / Namibia / Biography Geschichte Hereroland (Namibia) / Biography Namibia / History / To 1884 Namibia / History / 1884-1915 Namibia Description and travel Namibia History 1884-1915 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017561178&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rudnerione axelwilhelmerikssonofhereroland18461901hislifeandletters AT rudnerjalmar axelwilhelmerikssonofhereroland18461901hislifeandletters |