Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | "A CRC title." Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 256 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439800942 |
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| 300 | |a XXIII, 256 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139113050275840 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of
Figures
........................................................................................................xv
List of Tables
.......................................................................................................xvii
Preface
...................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgements
............................................................................................xxi
The Author
.........................................................................................................xxiii
1.
ISO/IEC Guide
2
Standardization and Related
Activities
—
General Vocabulary
................................................................1
Introduction
......................................................................................................1
2.
ISO/IEC
17000
Conformity Assessment
—
Vocabulary and
General Principles
........................................................................................19
Introduction
....................................................................................................19
Bibliography
...................................................................................................35
References
.......................................................................................................37
3.
Standards
........................................................................................................39
The Economic Benefits of Standardization
................................................39
Anatomy of a Standard
.................................................................................39
Variations on a Theme
...................................................................................42
Modularity in Standards
...............................................................................42
Descriptive Provisions versus Performance Provisions in Standards
...43
Good Standards versus Bad Standards
......................................................46
Other Types of and Names for Standards Not Identified in
ISO/IEC Guide
2.................................................................................46
Codes and Other Pre-Regulation (Pre-Reg) Standards
............................47
Applications of Standards
............................................................................48
Abuses of Standards
......................................................................................48
The Life Cycle of a Standard
........................................................................49
References
.......................................................................................................50
4.
Standards Development
..............................................................................51
Introduction
....................................................................................................51
Classical Methods
..........................................................................................52
The Emergence of Due Process
.....................................................52
Simplified Organization of a Standards Body (SDO)
....................54
Development Process for Classical Methods (SDOs)
....................55
Classical Standards Development Issues Covered Elsewhere
.....59
Consortia
and Similar Methods of Standard Setting
................................59
VII
viii Contents
Internet Engineering
Task
Force
(IETF) Methods
.....................................61
Conclusions
.....................................................................................................62
References
.......................................................................................................63
5.
Accreditation of Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABs)
—
ISO/IEC
17011................................................................................................65
Introduction
....................................................................................................65
Example of an Accreditation System in the United States
.......................66
Outline of the Requirements of ISO/IEC
17011........................................66
Connections between Standards for Vocabulary, Conformity
Assessment, Accreditation, and Other Applicable Standards
and Documents
....................................................................................68
Summary
.........................................................................................................70
Reference
.........................................................................................................71
6.
International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and
Accreditation
.................................................................................................73
What is an International Standard?
.............................................................73
A Modest Proposal
..............................................................................74
Why International Standards?
.....................................................................75
International Standards Need to Be Globally Relevant
...........................76
Conformity Assessment in International Trade
........................................76
The Principal International Standards Organizations: ISO, IEC,
and ITU
.................................................................................................78
Overview of Standards, Conformity Assessment, and
Accreditation Bodies
...........................................................................79
Common Elements of the ISO and the IEC
................................................79
ISONET and the International Classification for Standards
(ICS)
..........81
The Standards Development Stage Codes
.................................................83
An Example of the Project Stage Codes
......................................................83
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
......................83
ISO Standards
......................................................................................86
ISO Standards Development Processes
...........................................88
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee
1
(JTC
1)................................88
The IAF/ILAC Partnership
...............................................................89
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
.............................89
The IECEE CB Scheme
.......................................................................91
IECQ-IEC Quality Assessment Systems for Electronic
Components
............................................................................92
The IECEx Scheme
..............................................................................93
CISPR (International Special Committee on Radio Interference)
94
IEC-EMC Standards
...........................................................................96
The International Telecommunications Union
(ГПЈ)
................................96
The Telecommunication Development Sector
(ГГО
-D)
.................
98
The
ГШ
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
(ГГО-Т)
......99
Contents ix
The
ITU Radiocommunication
Sector (ITU-R)
.............................100
References.....................................................................................................
102
7.
Regional Standards and Conformity Assessment
...............................105
Introduction
..................................................................................................105
European Union
(EU)..................................................................................105
The New Approach
...........................................................................106
Conformity Assessment: The Global Approach
...........................107
Anatomy of a Directive: The Low-Voltage Directive
...................109
CEN/CENELEC: The Joint European Standards Institutions
... 110
European Committee For Standardization
(CEN)
.......................112
The Vienna Agreement
........................................................114
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
(CENELEC)
...........................................................................114
The Dresden Agreement
.....................................................116
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI): The Convergence of Information and
Communication Technologies
............................................116
Conformity Assessment and Interoperability
.................117
ETSI and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
....................118
Regional Standards and Conformity Assessment in Other Areas
........118
Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT)
.................................................118
Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL)
........119
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)
and Pacific Area
Standards Congress
(PASC)
...............................................119
North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and
Council for Harmonization of Electrotechnical
Standards of the Nations of the Americas (CANENA)
.. 120
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and Pan American
Standards Commission (COPANT)
...................................121
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
......................121
Concluding Remarks
...................................................................................122
References
.....................................................................................................123
8.
National Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation
Bodies
............................................................................................................125
Introduction: Do Unique National Standards Have a Future?
.............125
Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation in the
United States
......................................................................................125
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
....................126
The United States Standards Strategy (USSS)
...............................129
The National Conformity Assessment Principles for the
United States
.........................................................................130
The National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program
(NVLAP)
...............................................................................131
Contents
Standards,
Conformity Assessment, and Trade
............................132
ANSI and ANAB Roles in Accreditation in the United States
... 133
U.S. Accreditation Activity of the Standards Council of
Canada (SCC)
.......................................................................133
American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)
.....134
Some Representative U.S. Bodies for Non-ICT Standards and
Conformity Assessment
...................................................................134
American Society of Mechanical Engineers-International
(ASME)
..................................................................................134
American Society for Testing and Materials International
(ASTMI)
.................................................................................135
Electronics Industries Alliance
(EIA)
.............................................135
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA)
............136
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
...............................136
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
.....................................................137
Some Representative U.S. Bodies for ICT Standards and
Conformity Assessment
...................................................................138
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS)
.....138
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
..............138
InterNational Committee for Information Technology
Standards (INCITS)
.............................................................139
Telecommunications Industry Association (TLA)
.........................140
Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation in Canada
.....140
Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
..............................................140
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
........................................141
Standards and Conformity Assessment in Japan
....................................142
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
(МЕТІ)
and the
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee QISC)
............142
Standards and Conformity Assessment in Germany
.............................143
Deutsches Institut
fur
Normung
(DIN)
.........................................143
References
.....................................................................................................145
9.
Provincial (State) and Local Standards and Conformity
Assessment
...................................................................................................147
Introduction
..................................................................................................147
The National Electrical Code (NEC)
.........................................................148
The City of Austin, Texas, Adoption of the National
Electrical Code (NEC)
.........................................................148
Model Building Codes Adopted by States
...............................................149
The New York State Experience
......................................................150
Texas Commission on Fire Protection Adoption of Certain
NFPA Standards
...................................................................150
State Highway Standards
...........................................................................151
The MTBE Fiasco: State Standards Leading Federal Standards
...........152
States Departments of Agriculture
...........................................................153
Contents xi
States
Have Options on ICT Standards
....................................................153
References
.....................................................................................................154
10.
Legal Issues in Standards and Conformity Assessment
....................157
Introduction
..................................................................................................157
Products Liability of Manufacturers and Others
....................................157
Design Defects
...................................................................................159
Manufacturing Defects
.....................................................................159
Failure to Warn
..................................................................................160
McDonnell and Miller, Inc. Caper, a.k.a.
ASME
v. Hydrolevel;
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (NPRM) on Standards and Certification
.................160
FTC Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Standards and
Certification
(43
FR
57269
of December
7,1978).............161
Indian Head, Inc. v. Allied Tube and Conduit Corporation and the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a.k.a. Allied
Tube and Conduit Corporation v. Indian Head,
Inc
....................163
National Cooperative Research Act (NCRA) of
1984
(P.L.
98-462).......165
Standards Development Organization Advancement Act
(SDOAA) of
2004
(P.L.
108-237)......................................................166
Civil Liability of Standards Developers
...................................................166
Standards and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)
.................................167
Patents and Standards
......................................................................168
The Patent Problem for Standards Developers
.............................168
Patent Ambush
..................................................................................169
FTC v. Dell Computer
..........................................................169
FTC v. Unocal
.......................................................................169
Technical Complexity and ICT Convergence Complicate
IPR/Standard Issues
............................................................170
The Rambus Story (Active Patent Ambush)
.................................170
Analysis of Reasonable and Nondiscriminatory Rates
(RAND) in Licensing
...........................................................172
Patents Clauses from The ANSI Essential Requirements: Due
Process Requirements for American National Standards
(January
31,2006)..............................................................................172
ANSI patent policy
—
Inclusion of Patents in American
National Standards
..............................................................172
Copyrights and Standards
...............................................................174
References
.....................................................................................................175
11.
Federal Roles in Standards, Conformity Assessment, and
Accreditation
...............................................................................................179
Background
...................................................................................................179
Overview of Federal Government Activities in Conformity
Assessment
.........................................................................................180
xii
Contents
Administrative
Procedures Act
(5
U.S.C.,
1976,
as Amended)
..............180
OMB Circular A-119 (First Take)
................................................................181
The Department of Defense (DOD)
...........................................................182
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
........................183
National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP)
and the National Voluntary Conformity Assessment System
Evaluation (NVCASE) Program
.....................................................183
Fastener Quality Act (P.L.
101-592,
as Amended Under P.L.
104-
113,
P.L.
105-234
and P.L.
106-34)....................................................185
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)
of
1995
(P.L.
104-113),
and The OMB Circular No. A-119
(Revised February
10,1998)
(Take
2)..............................................187
Conformity Assessment under the NTTAA
.............................................189
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
.........................................190
Development of the High-Definition Television (HDTV)
Standards
...............................................................................190
FCC Measurement Standard for Computer Emissions
(47
CFR
15.31,1993).............................................................191
FCC Adopts Technically Superior
АПЅ
Standard
........................191
References
.....................................................................................................192
12.
Management Aspects of Standards, Conformity Assessment,
and Accreditation
.......................................................................................195
Two Cultures
................................................................................................195
Economics (Benefits and Costs) of Standardization
...............................196
Microeconomics of Standardization
..........................................................196
Variety Reduction (Simplification) Remains an Important Principle...
197
Relationship of Standards and Conformity Assessment to
Innovative and Competitive Strategies
.........................................198
Strategic Standardization Management (SSM)™
....................................199
Quality and Environmental Management Standards: ISO
9000
and
ISO
14000............................................................................................200
Company Use of External Standards
....................................................200
Why a Company Should Participate in Standards Development
........201
Managing Complexity in Conformity Assessment
.................................201
Macroeconomics of Standards
...................................................................202
Access to Standards and Standards Developers
.....................................203
Search Resources
...............................................................................204
Many Sources, Many Options for Delivery
...................................204
Access to SDOs and
Consortia
........................................................205
Management Aspects of Accreditation
.....................................................205
Standards Education: A Management Imperative
..................................206
References
.....................................................................................................207
Contents xiii
Appendix 1:
Alphabetical
Index
for Chapter
1 (Guide 2).............................211
Appendix 2:
Alphabetical
Index
for Chapter
2 (ISO/IEC 17000).................215
Appendix 3:
Abbreviations and Acronyms for Standards, Conformity
Assessment, and Accreditation
.................................................217
Appendix
4:
URLs for Standards, Conformity Assessment, and
Accreditation
................................................................................227
Appendix
5:
List of NIST Guides on Selected European Union
Directives
......................................................................................231
Appendix
6:
Lists of International Standards Organizations
........................233
Appendix
7:
List of Regional Standards Organizations
...............................237
Appendix
8:
List of National Standards Bodies
.............................................241
Index
.....................................................................................................................243
Standards,
conformity assessment,
and accreditation for engineers
ROBERT D. HUNTER
Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation
fer
Engineers
discusses conformity assessment and accreditation as denned in a new set of
standards by the International Organization for Standardization/International
Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC). Written by a licensed professional
engineer with more
dian
25
years of experience, the book brings together
material specific to international, regional, national, state, and company levels.
The author begins with the terms and definitions of ISO
ЛЕС
Guide
2
and
ISO/IEC
17000,
along with commentary from a US perspective. He reviews
the development of standards, the differences between accreditation and
certification, and the main international standards organizations. He also
presents regional standards, such as those of the European Union; national
standards and conformity assessment in the United States, Canada, Japan,
and Germany; and the provincial standards and conformity assessment
mechanisms of states and provinces. The book provides an engineering
perspective on legal issues, such as
ASME
v. Hydrolevel
Corp.; examines the
role of government in standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation;
and explores standardization at the company level.
Providing the tools to easily understand and comply with new standards, this
accessible resource not only addresses the technical areas of standardization,
but also the legal, economic, management, and education aspects. It covers
required vocabulary and gathers references from the substantial yet scattered
literature on standards.
Feature·
•
Presents an up-to-date treatment of important terminologies in
standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation
•
Covers economic, trade, legal, government, and management aspects
•
Discusses standards at the international, regional, national, state, and
company levels
•
Includes some little known historical background on several selected
Contains Web site and literature references on organizations and their
|
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| discipline | Technik |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:38:55Z |
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| spelling | Hunter, Robert D. Verfasser aut Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers Robert D. Hunter Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2009 XXIII, 256 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "A CRC title." Includes bibliographical references and index Engenharia (certificação) larpcal Engenheiros (certificação) larpcal Ingenieurwissenschaften Engineers Certification Standards Engineering Standards Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017552602&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017552602&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hunter, Robert D. Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers Engenharia (certificação) larpcal Engenheiros (certificação) larpcal Ingenieurwissenschaften Engineers Certification Standards Engineering Standards |
| title | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers |
| title_auth | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers |
| title_exact_search | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers |
| title_full | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers Robert D. Hunter |
| title_fullStr | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers Robert D. Hunter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers Robert D. Hunter |
| title_short | Standards, conformity assessment, and accreditation for engineers |
| title_sort | standards conformity assessment and accreditation for engineers |
| topic | Engenharia (certificação) larpcal Engenheiros (certificação) larpcal Ingenieurwissenschaften Engineers Certification Standards Engineering Standards |
| topic_facet | Engenharia (certificação) Engenheiros (certificação) Ingenieurwissenschaften Engineers Certification Standards Engineering Standards |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017552602&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017552602&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hunterrobertd standardsconformityassessmentandaccreditationforengineers |