Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Braşov
Pastel
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: At crossroads: the Bran Area and its history |
| Beschreibung: | 355 Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789738944336 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138936211079168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
1.
Prefaţă
.................................................................. 5
2.
Notă despre autori
................................................9
3.
Introducere
........................................................... 12
4.
Note
.......................................:.....................:........22
5.
Generalităţi despre zona
Bran
..............................23
6.
Note
......................................................................35
7.
Istoricul zonei şi Cetăţii
Bran
...............................36
8.
Note
........................... ...........................................174
9.
Domeniul Cetăţii
Bran
şi sarcinile specifice
evului mediu românesc
.........................................191
10.
Note
......................................................................253
11.
Rolul Vămii medievale
de la Bran
în cadrul
raporturilor comerciale ale Tării Româneşti
cu Braşovul
...........................................................262
12.
Note
......................................................................304
13.
Bibliografie generală
............................................311
14.
Izvoare şi instrumente de lucru
............................324
15.
Lucrări generale
................................................... 327
16.
Consideraţii metodice
.......................................... 333
17.
At Crossroads: The Bran Area and Its History
.... 343
At Crossroads:
The Bran Area and Its History
The present work attempts to synthesize the history
of the Bran region, centered on the legendary Bran Castle,
widely known today as
Dracula s
Castle. The legend
comes mainly from the Irish writer
Bram
Stoker
(1847-
1912),
and is much better known than the historic truth.
Stoker wrote
Dracula, a
short fiction story with Count
Dracula as
its protagonist, but he did not make any
connection between the Count and the Romanian ruler,
Vlad
Tepes.
The
Dracula
Myth has been spread by
Radu
Florescu, an American born in Romania, who published,
In Search of
Dracula: A
True History and Vampire
Legends together with Raymond McNally1. The two
authors pretend to have discovered the historic truth about
Dracula,
the so-called Carpathian vampire, saying that he
is actually Vlad
Tepes,
who ruled Walachia between
1456
and
1462,
and that his castle was the Bran Castle. They
base their findings on the way
Tepes
was described in
German tales and on the portrait of the ruler in
Ambras,
in
Austria. We think that their methods do not follow
elementary rules of historic research, and thus their
findings equating the Romanian ruler with the character of
Bram
Stoker s fiction are invalid.
McNally, Raymond, Florescu
Radu.
In Search ofDraada: A True
History and Vampire Legends Houghton Mifflin.
1994
ISBN
0-395-
65783-0.
Originally published in
1972.
343
This problem is of secondary importance for the
present work. What we strive for is to offer a summary of
Bran history between the thirteenth and sixteenth
centuries, valuable for large audiences, regardless of age
or historic background. Since we are looking at the early
period of the Bran Castle, which is not fully uncovered.
Although documents mentioning Bran Castle were written
in Latin, German, Hungarian, or old Paleo-slavic, and are
widespread in European and Romanian archives, they are
not enough to render an indisputably complete image of
the period. We have thus looked at documents which were
previously interpreted to issue various hypotheses, and we
have analyzed these hypotheses trying neither to
exaggerate nor minimize them.
The current work is not an eclectic summary of the
points made by other scholars, whose systematic research
with regard to Bran area history cannot be overlooked.
Rather we attempt to look at facts through a different lens,
in a different context, stemming out of analysis,
comparisons, and direct knowledge of the studied facts.
We have looked at three major issues: the local history of
the Bran area, the royal Bran domain, together with the
peasant duties in the area, and the medieval customs office
in Bran. The customs office is significant, not just for the
Bran area, but also for the Romanian medieval states, as a
stepping stone on the trade roads between Transylvania
and Walachia, going further to the Danube and the Near
East. The book has another chapter which targets history
professors, especially those teaching in the Bran-Brasov
area, suggesting ways to use the present work in class. Of
these, this paper summarizes only the first issue the book
looks at.
344
The first chapter opens with a geographic
description of the Bran area. We have given more weight
to the history of the medieval Bran Castle, because the
history of the area gravitates around the castle. Bran is in
the middle of Romania, between the Bucegi and the
Piatra
Craiului
mountains, linking the city of
Braşov
with the
cities of Walachia, on the oldest commercial route
between Central Europe and the Danube River, the Black
Sea, and the Near East. Today, the area is famous for its
specific limestone scenery and for the uniqueness of the
wildlife, which is protected in the
Piatra Craiului
National Reservation.
Braşov,
and implicitly Bran, is so important that it
can be said that there is no major event in Romanian
history which was not influenced by it.
The Bran area has been populated since the
Paleolithic, as shown by recent archaeological sites in
Pestera
village. The artifacts from this site date back to the
same period as those from
Cioclovina
(Romania) and
Predmost (Czech Republic), leading us to conclude that
the Bran area was part of the area of formation of the
primitive European man. Albeit this, the
Pestera
findings
were not included in the recent work History of
Transylvania, published recently by researchers from the
Cluj-Napoca university in Romania
.
Archaeological sites
in the area show that the region was permanently
Ioan-Aurel Pop, Thomas Nagler, Magyari
Andras
Autori:
Susana
Andea, Ionut
Costea,
Anton
Domer,
Calin Felezeu, Ovidiu
Ghitta,
Kovács
Andras, Magyari Andras, Ioan-Aurel Pop,
Doru Radosav,
Rusz
Fogarasi
Епіко;
„Istoria
Transilvaniei ; Institutul Cultural
Roman-CST,
2005.
ISBN:
973-7784-06-5
345
populated through the Bronze Age, and through the two
periods of the Iron Age,
Hallstatt
and
La Tene.
The
research of the Romanian historian
A.D.
Xenopol shows
that the Bran area was important during the
101-106
Daco-Roman wars3.
The Rasnov-Cumidava archaeological findings
prove that Bran was once inhabited by the Roman
colonists after the Daco-Roman wars, thus finding its
place in the formation of the Romanian people. The most
important of the findings is a stone slab with Latin writing
on it as it was part of the base of a statue of Iulia Mamea,
the mother of emperor Severus Alexander
(222-235).
Referring to this slab, we can say that in
2005
we
celebrated
1775
years from the earliest written account of
the population continuity in the Bran area. Analyzing the
recent findings in the Bran pass we conclude that there
was a secondary defensive line, some
20-100
kilometers
east of the alutan defense line (which stretched between
Izlaz,
in today s
Teleorman
county, to
Boita,
in today s
Sibiu
county). Most probably the construction of this
secondary line started during the reign of Septimius
Severus
(193-211)
starting from the Danube, then
continued on the line
Flamanda
-
Roşiorii
de Vede
-
Piteşti
-
Câmpulung Muscel
-
Cumidava
-
Rasnov.
Also, according to the Tabula Peuteringiana
(Peuteringian Map), a map of the ancient world from the
fourth century, we see a Roman road starting from the
Danube, going towards the Eastern part of today s
Xenopol,
A.D.
Istoria românilor/
The History of the Romanian
People, vol. I., IV Edition,
Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică,
Bucureşti,
1985,
p.
433;
346
Walachia, which went further to the middle of
Dacia
through the Bran mountain pass.
The Romanization process continued in the region
even after the Roman retreat from
Dacia
(271-275),
while
the spread of Christianity, in the fourth and fifth centuries
can be seen as a favorable factor in this sense. Although
nomadic peoples invaded
Dacia
after the Roman retreat,
they did not directly interfere with the Bran area. This can
be proven by the existence of ceramic artifacts and coins
from the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries in
archaeological sites throughout the region. Villages of the
eighth, ninth and tenth century prove that the area
continued to be inhabited at this time. The ceramic
artifacts found in these archaeological sites are worked
either by hand or on the slow pottery wheel and are
adorned with wavy lines, horizontal slots, or comb-made
models. Both the way of production and the decorations of
these artifacts are to be considered traditional for the early
Romanian people.
After the formation of the Romanian people and of
the Romanian language, we witness an evolution towards
feudalism. The first feudal Romanian states in
Transylvania were those of
Gelu, Glad,
Menumorut and
Ahtum. The first Romanian counties appeared
concomitantly with the state formations. The most
important of these are Barsa (in the Bran area),
Fagaras,
Amias,
Hateg,
Oas and
Maramureş.
Starting from the second half of the eleventh century
the
peceneg
domination over Transylvania is replaced by
the Hungarian one. But the old local state form, the
voievodat,
remained in place and enjoyed a degree of
autonomy from the Hungarian king. One of the Romanian
347
forms of organization, Barsa, in the Bran area, is given to
the Teutonic knights in the thirteenth century by the
Hungarian king Andrew the Second
(1205-1235).
The medieval history of Transylvania is closely
intertwined with the first three major cities of the region:
Bistriţa, Sibiu,
and
Braşov.
Another important role in the
medieval Transylvanian history is held by the Szekler and
Transylvanian Germans, both people the Hungarians
settled as colonists to strengthen their rule in the region.
The. Transylvanian Germans came to the south of
Transylvania at the middle of the twelfth century, during
the reign of Hungarian king Geza the Second and they
found a Romanian population living there. The rights of
the Transylvanian German colonists are documented in the
Andreanum, a bill of privileges given by Andrew the
,
Second, which also gave them rights over the forests of
the pecenegs and the Romanians. 4 This again proves the
existence of a Romanian population in southern
Transylvania at the middle of the thirteenth century.
Weary of the Transylvanian autonomy wishes and
of the danger of a Turkish attack, the Hungarian king
Ludovic
Anjou
the First relied on the important
Transylvanian cities of
Bistriţa, Sibiu
and
Braşov.
Thus,
he allows these towns to erect castles to protect
themselves: Talmaciu in
1370
and Bran in
1377.
The
Bran name is first mentioned in
1367,
under the
Hungarian version
Törcsvárg,
or the German one,
Törsburg;
and the order to build the castle was given on
November
19, 1377.
Through the building of the Bran
4 Nägler,
Thomas,
Aşezarea saşilor în Transilvania/
The Settlement of
the Transylvanian Germans;
Studii, în româneşte
de Anamaria
Haldner/
Translated in Romanian by
Anamaria Haldner, Kriterion
Publishing
House/
Editura
Kriterion,
Bucureşti,
1981,
page
156
348
castle, the Hungarian king also wanted to exert more
pressure on Walachia5, with the ultimate goal of
conquering it. It makes perfect sense therefore that the
castle had a strong defensive garrison from the very
beginning.
The building of Bran favored both the Hungarian
king and the city of
Braşov.
In the attempt to curtail the
influence of the feudal landlords of Transylvania, the king
gave more privileges to the major cities, which were
directly under his control. Through the building of Bran,
the
Braşov
city effectively gained supremacy over all
other Transylvanian cities, as it controlled the major trade
road with Walachia.
The future importance of the castle was understood
by the
Braşov
citizens. This can be seen both by the
specific architecture, which made the castle virtually
unconquerable; and by the very fast pace of the
construction itself. There is no historical document
informing us about the exact time when the construction
had been finished. But, according to the medieval
chronicles written by loan
de Târnava,
the castle had been
built by the end of
Ludovic
Anjou
the First s reign, which
ended in
1382.
Most probably the building of the castle
started in the spring of
1378,
so we can conclude that the
Bran castle was built in roughly four years. But when we
look at how long the construction of the castle took, we
have to keep in mind that the Hungarians had already
fought the Turks in
1366.
5
Iorga, Nicolae, Studii asupra evului mediu românesc/
Studies on the
Romanian Middle Ages,
Ediţie îngrijită de Şerban Papacostea, Editura
Ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică, Bucureşti,
1984,
pg.
136-137
349
In
1395, 1398
and
1406
the Bran fortress, and the
surrounding territory, is documented to be under the
control of the Hungarian king
Sigismund
of Luxembourg.
Moreover, the acknowledged Ottoman threat at the end of
the fourteenth century with regard to the people living
north of the Danube constitutes the favorable premises of
a potential alliance between Walachia and the Hungarian
vassal principality of Transylvania. More specifically, the
Ottomans first attacked Transylvania through a hit and run
expedition against Barsa county.6 The official anti-
Ottoman alliance between Mircea the Elder ruler of
Walachia
(1386-1418)
and
Sigismund
of Luxembourg was
signed on March
7, 1395,
following a meeting they had at
Braşov.
The treaty also attests other important economic
and political clauses. From here on, the Bran area will play
an ever increasing role in the economic, political and
military life of the Romanian principalities. A close
relation of the principalities with
Braşov,
and implicitly
Bran, was important for all the rulers after the death of
Mircea the Elder, all the way through the reign of Michael
the Brave
(1593-1601).
The Brasov/Bran area held a special position in the
context of the reign of Vlad
Tepes
in Walachia.
Tepes
s
life and reign is controversial, as it is not fully and
accurately known, even today. He had very strong ties
with the city of
Braşov,
and the controversies around his
authoritarian figure extend, logically we may say, to his
relation with the Transylvanian city. We believe that the
scholarly debate around
Tepes
is a very fruitful one, for
the more heated the debate, the more accurate the historic
analysis of
Tepes
will get. This is why we have spent a
6
The Bran area is part of the Barsa county of Transylvania
350
reasonable amount of time looking at the influence he had
on
Braşov
and Bran, but without claiming that we hold the
absolute interpretation of the historic context. As
mentioned before,
Tepes
has nothing to do with the
protagonist of
Bram
Stoker s fiction novel. In this sense,
we restate that one of the characters is a historical figure,
and it has nothing to do with the Vampire of the
Carpathians who is part of a purely commercial legend.
What history attests about Vlad
Tepes
and for good
reasons is that he was an authoritarian type of ruler in both
internal and external politics. One such example would be
the conflicts with
Braşov
and other Transylvanian cities,
meant to limit the privileges of the Transylvanian German
merchant elite. He fully understood that Walachia needed
to trade with
Braşov
through the Bran pass, but couldn t
accept privileges only on one side and he imposed specific
rules in this sense. He ultimately had to resort to violence
against
Braşov
and
Sibiu
merchants, antagonizing them. In
these circumstances, the merchants tried to overthrow him
and more disagreements were to come.
On the other hand, recent research tries to shed a
different light on the way that Tepes s relations with
Braşov
should be looked at. On August
24 2005,
the local
newspaper,
Expres,
published an extensive interview with
Diana Krausser, a historian who claims to have discovered
Tepes s hand-written testament and part of a book written
by the ruler himself7. These documents were not released
to the public for the time being because, Ms. Krausser
sustains, that she first has to make sure nobody will take
advantage of what she found in the
Braşov
Black Church
attic. Moreover, Ms. Krausser claims that Vlad
Tepes
http://ww v.monitorulexpres.ro/reader/?id_stire=16369
351
founded the Black Church using funds offered by the
Catholic Pope and that he is buried inside the church. At
the same time, Krausser says, that
Tepes
owned a fortress
which he named Ciocrac and was located in what s
nowadays known as the old central part of the
Braşov
city. He used this fortress to plan and coordinate his
military campaigns against the Turks. Krausser goes even
further saying that it was
Tepes
who gave the name of
Corona8 to the city of
Braşov.
On one of the side doors of the Black Church the
letter V is sculpted together with a heart and three flowers
(on each side of the V). According to Krausser, the three
flowers on one side of the V show the three legitimate
children of Vlad
Tepes
while the flowers on the other side
show the three illegitimate children he allegedly had with
Katharina,
the daughter of
Siegel9,
a rich
sas
noble from
Braşov.
If we were to acknowledge the truthfulness of
these documents, we would have to admit the immense
implications of the discoveries. In any case, all these
accounts show the controversial aspects around the figure
of Vlad
Tepes
while attesting the ardent on-going debates
ever since Krausser accepted to be interviewed by
Expres.
Coming back to the history of the Bran fortress, we
should note that even under the Hungarian rule, the Bran
noblemen, continued to abuse their position and interfere
with the merchandise going to and fro Wallachia. In
1460,
Matthias Corvinus, the Hungarian ruler, ordered
Braşov
to
deliver food supplies for the royal fortresses of Bran,
Piatra Craiului
and Halchiu amounting to
100
florins.
8
Coming from cor, which in Latin means heart
9
Today, the nobleman s house can be seen in the old central part of
Braşov,
called
Scheu
Braşovului.
352
Later on, in
1476,
loan Pongraci, the Transylvanian
ruler, ordered the citizens of
Braşov
to help in repairing
the Bran castle. Another
1476
document shows that at the
time, the Bran castle had no land in its jurisdiction, which
means that it did not have a source of funds. In
1479
the
Transylvanian ruler
Petru Gereb
of Vingrad twice ordered
the
Braşov
judge to deliver food supplies for the Bran
castle garrison, and in
1483
the city of
Braşov
was
supposed to send ten horsemen to guard the fortress.
By the end of
1497
there are documents showing the
intention of
Brašov s
citizens to buy the Bran castle form
the Hungarian king. Ultimately, on January
1, .1498
king
Vadislav II Jagello
wrote a document attesting that the
Bran fortress and it domains is from then on given to the
Braşov
inhabitants. The document is renewed on
December
4, 1498,
showing that the
Braşov
inhabitants
borrowed
3000
florins to pay for the Bran castle. Only two
years later, in
1500,
Petrus
of Sancto Giorgio and Bozin,
the ruler of Transylvania, required taxes from the villages
subservient to the Bran castle.
The ownership of the castle could be seen from the
fact that the Bran castle administrators were appointed by
the
Braşov
high officials, as attested by a
1504
document.
On January
2, 1508
the Hungarian king
Vadislav
II
Jagello, asks
for
2000
more florins from the
Braşov
citizens, while in
1513,
his debt is as high as
6300
florins.
Thus, even if we cannot say that
Braşov
owned the
fortress
de
facto, in
1508
the Hungarian king
talies
the
Bran fortress from the jurisdiction of the Transylvanian
ruler and gives it to Brasov s citizens, for a term of
25
years.
Changes in the political context of South-Eastern
Europe in
1526
opened a new period in the history of the
353
Bran castle. On August
29, 1526,
the Hungarians were
defeated by the Turks at
Mohács.
This brought with it the
decline of the Hungarian kingdom triggering a fight for
power between loan
Zápolya,
the ruler of Transylvania
and Ferdinand of
Habsburg,
the Archduke of Austria. The
Romanian principalities were inherently involved in their
fight for the Hungarian kingdom. Initially
Braşov
supported Ferdinand of
Habsburg,
but in
1531
it went on
Zápolya
s
side in return for new territories in the Buzau
area. Even if engaged in an official alliance with the
owners of the castle,
Zápolya
wanted to assume control of
Bran, realizing its strategic potential. Nevertheless, the
Braşov
elite was reluctant to give up its possession and
went so far in trying to maintain control, that they
involved the ruler of Walachia, Vlad
înecatul.
The
instable
political situation in Transylavania due
to the Turkish and Austrian involvement in the internal
affairs of the region turned the province into a
battleground for Turkish, Austrian, Transylvanian,
Walachian and Moldovan supremacy. As the Bran pass
was the main gateway between Walachia and
Transylvania, the interests of the
Braşov
elite had to be
taken into account whether planning an attack, trying to
negotiate a leeway or win an alliance partner.
Another page in the history of the area, was written
starting from
1608,
when Gabriel
Báthory
became ruler of
Transylvania. He declared himself an ardent enemy of the
Transylvanian German inhabitants and tried to reduce
their influence. While trying to attack their property rights
and freedoms, he convoked an ad-hoc meeting at
Cluj
and
Sighişoara
asking for legal property title over Bran.
In
1608,
it appears that
Báthory
occupied the Bran
castle. This is showed by an inscription above the castle
354
entrance
stating that he repaired the building. However, in
1613,
the
Braşov
elite strike a deal with
Báthory
regaining
control of Bran. A similar episode could be seen in
1615
when Gabriel
Bethlen
became ruler of Transylvania
following a military confrontation with
Báthory.
Following the previous patterns of negotiations, on
November
9, 1625,
Bethlen
accepted to confirm Brasov s
possession over Bran but only in an administrative sense.
In
1651,
after
150
years of fighting over the
possession of Bran, the
Braşov
elite persuaded Gheorghe
Rakoczi II to sell them the castle, together with its
domains. This contract became part of the Constitution of
the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania which was
written two years later. As a primary source, the
Constitution has been referred to by other historians only
to document the situation of the Romanian peasantry from
Transylvania.
As a result of the Karlowitz peace treaty signed in
1699,
Transylvania together with the Barsa county,
became part of the
Habsburg
Empire. During this period,
Charles
XII
of Sweden, defeated by the Russians, flees to
Bran before retreating to his homeland.
Following the First World War, Bran was
architecturally modified to suit the needs of a royal
residential castle. However, its medieval outlook did not
suffer major modifications. Most importantly, during this
period Queen Maria of Romania became sentimentally
attached to the castle, making it her dieing wish that her
heart would always remain at Bran.
Presently, the Bran castle is one of the most visited
tourist destination in Romania. The local people of Bran
should erect a statue dedicated to
Bram
Stoker, author of
the
Dracula
myth because the fiction character made the
castle became internationally known.
355
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to my boyfriend, Mircea Steriu who
helped me regard research as a simpler task and made me
understand that patience is golden. Also special thanks to
my high-school history professor, Valentin Bodea, as well
as to my university professor, Dr. James
Frusetta
who
both, indirectly contributed to the book. Last but not least,
special thanks to the co-author, Prof. Gheorghe
Benga,
the
main contributor to the content of the book without whose
experience as teacher and historian you couldn t read this
page in front of you
.
MULŢUMIRI
Doresc să mulţumesc în mod special prietenului
meu, Mircea Steriu pentru că
m
-а
ajutat să înţeleg că
cercetarea în complexitatea ei poate fi simplificată prin
răbdare. De asemenea, dragului meu profesor de liceu,
Valentin Bodea şi profesorului meu de facultate,
Dr.
James
Frusetta,
aş dori să le mulţumesc pentru că, pe lângă
istorie m-au învăţat şi câte ceva despre mine. Nu în
ultimul rând, apreciez efortul susţinut de-a lungul unei
părţi însemnate din carieră, în vederea publicării acestei
cărţi, al profesorului meu neoficial, Gheorghe Benga.
Experienţa profesorală, precum şi calitatea sa de istoric,
sunt de nepreţuit.
|
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035475109 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644544002 (DE-599)BVBBV035475109 |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1600 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Bran |
| id | DE-604.BV035475109 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:36:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789738944336 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017394745 |
| oclc_num | 644544002 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 355 Ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Pastel |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Benga, Gheorghe Verfasser aut Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV Gheorghe Benga ; Ana Maria Corca Braşov Pastel 2007 355 Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: At crossroads: the Bran Area and its history Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd rswk-swf Bran (DE-588)4007943-0 gnd rswk-swf Bran (DE-588)4007943-0 g Geschichte 1200-1600 z DE-604 Corca, Ana Maria Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017394745&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017394745&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Benga, Gheorghe Corca, Ana Maria Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4007943-0 |
| title | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV |
| title_auth | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV |
| title_exact_search | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV |
| title_full | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV Gheorghe Benga ; Ana Maria Corca |
| title_fullStr | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV Gheorghe Benga ; Ana Maria Corca |
| title_full_unstemmed | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV Gheorghe Benga ; Ana Maria Corca |
| title_short | Branul şi rolul său istoric în secolele XIII - XV |
| title_sort | branul si rolul sau istoric in secolele xiii xv |
| topic_facet | Bran |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017394745&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017394745&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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