Historical aspects of critical illness and critical care medicine:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia [u.a.]
Saunders
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Critical care clinics
25,1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 260 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781437704631 1437704638 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Historical aspects of critical illness and critical care medicine
Autor: Kumar, Anand
Jahr: 2009
Historical Aspects of Critical Illness and Critical Care Medicine
Contents
Dedication xii
Preface xiii
Anand Kumar and Joseph E. Parrillo
The History and Evolution of Circulatory Shock 1
Rizwan A. Manji, Kenneth E. Wood, and Anand Kumar
This article reviews the development of early ideas regarding the origins and
pathogenesis of shock. The early history of shock is related primarily to trau¬
matic shock. More recent history centers on differentiation of clinical syn¬
dromes and individual characteristics. Definitions, classification systems,
pathogenic theories, and treatments have evolved. Progress has been
aided by constant development of improved assessment technologies. To¬
day, shock is not a single syndrome and the definition of shock no longer is
descriptive in nature. The most accepted current definition involves an ox¬
ygen supply/demand imbalance that can have various causes—hypovole-
mia, cardiac dysfunction, vascular failure, or obstructive processes.
Battlefield Trauma, Traumatic Shock and Consequences: War-Related Advances
in Critical Care 31
Carrie E. Allison and Donald D. Trunkey
Over the course of history, while the underlying causes for wars have re¬
mained few, mechanisms of inflicting injury and our ability to treat the con¬
sequent wounds have dramatically changed. Success rates in treating
war-related injuries have improved greatly, although the course of prog¬
ress has not proceeded linearly. From Homer s Iliad to the Civil War to Viet¬
nam, there have been significant improvements in mortality, despite
a concurrent increase in the lethality of weapons. These improvements
have occurred primarily as a result of progress in three key areas: manage¬
ment of wounds, treatment of shock, and systems of organization.
Preparedness Lessons from Modem Disasters and Wars 47
Saqib I. Dara and J. Christopher Farmer
Disasters come in all shapes and forms, and in varying magnitudes and in¬
tensities. Nevertheless, they offer many of the same lessons for critical
care practitioners and responders. Among these, the most important is
that well thought out risk assessment and focused planning are vital.
Such assessment and planning require proper training for providers to rec¬
ognize and treat injury from disaster, while maintaining safety for them¬
selves and others. This article discusses risk assessment and planning
in the context of disasters. The article also elaborates on the progress to¬
ward the creation of portable, credible, sustainable, and sophisticated crit¬
ical care outside the walls of an intensive care unit. Finally, the article
summarizes yields from military-civilian collaboration in disaster planning
and response.
viii Contents
Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic
Transmissible Infections Leading to intensive Care Admission 67
R. Bruce Light
The ability to diagnose and treat infectious diseases and handle infectious
disease outbreaks continues to improve. For the most part, the major
plagues of antiquity remain historical footnotes, yet, despite many ad¬
vances, there is clear evidence that major pandemic illness is always
just one outbreak away. In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epi¬
demic outbreaks of Legionnaire s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syn¬
drome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others,
points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and pre¬
paredness. Although pandemic influenza is at the top of the list when dis¬
cussing possible future major infectious disease outbreaks, the truth is that
the identity of the next major pandemic pathogen cannot be predicted with
any accuracy. We can only hope that general preparedness and the les¬
sons learned from previous outbreaks suffice.
Sepsis and Septic Shock: A History 83
Duane J. Funk, Joseph E. Parillo, and Anand Kumar
Infectious disease has been a leading cause of death in humans since the
first recorded tabulations. From Hippocrates and Galen, to Lister, Fleming
and Semmelweiss, this article reviews the notable historical figures of sep¬
sis research. The early descriptions and theories about the etiology (micro-
bial pathogens), pathogenesis (toxins and mediators), and treatment of
sepsis-associated disease are also discussed.
Cardiogenic Shock: A Historical Perspective 103
Fredric Ginsberg and Joseph E. Parrillo
Significant progress has been made over the past 60 years in defining and
recognizing cardiogenic shock (CS), and there have been tremendous ad¬
vances in the care of patients who have this illness. Although there are
many causes of this condition, acute myocardial infarction with loss of a large
amount of functioning myocardium is the most frequent cause. It was recog¬
nized early in the study of CS that prompt diagnosis and rapid initiation of
therapy could improve the prognosis, and this remains true today. Although
the mortality from CS remains high, especially in elderly populations, modern
therapies improve the chance of survival from this critical illness.
A History of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis 115
Kenneth E. Wood
Although enormous progress has been made in understanding the physi¬
ology of pulmonary embolism, developing new diagnostic modalities and
strategies, and constant refinement in the use of heparin therapy and
thrombolytic therapy, venous thromboembolism remains a common and
lethal process. As the history of this disease illustrates, advances continue
to be made and it is anticipated that with newer diagnostic studies and an¬
ticoagulants under development, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary
embolism will continue to improve.
Contents ix
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: From the Beginning to the Present Day 133
Giuseppe Ristagno, Wanchun Tang, and Max Harry Weil
Cardiac arrest represents a dramatic event that can occur suddenly and often
without premonitory signs, characterized by sudden loss of consciousness
and breathing after cardiac output ceases and both coronary and cerebral
blood flows stop. Restarting of the blood flow by cardiopulmonary resuscita¬
tion potentially re-establishes some cardiac output and organ blood flows.
This article summarizes the major events that encompass the history of car¬
diopulmonary resuscitation, beginning with ancient history and evolving into
the current American Heart Association s commitment to save hearts.
Historical Aspects of Critical Care and the Nervous System 153
Thomas P. Bleck
The appropriate starting point for a history of neurocritical care is a matter of
debate, and the organization of facts and conjectures about it must be
somewhat arbitrary. Intensive care for neurosurgical patients dates back
to the work of Walter Dandy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1930s;
many consider his creation of a special unit for their postoperative care to
be the first real ICU. The genesis of neurocritical care begins in prehistory,
however. This article gives a predominantly North American history, with
some brief forays into the rest of the world community of neurointensivists.
History of Solid Organ Transplantation and Organ Donation 165
Peter K. Linden
Solid organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable and dramatic ther¬
apeutic advances in medicine during the past 60 years. This field has pro¬
gressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical
experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically
effective, life-saving and cost-effective. This remarkable evolution stems
from a serial confluence of: cultural acceptance; legal and political evolution
to facilitate organ donation, procurement and allocation; technical and cog¬
nitive advances in organ preservation, surgery, immunology, immunosup-
pression; and management of infectious diseases. Some of the major
milestones of this multidisciplinary clinical science are reviewed in this article.
History of Technology in the Intensive Care Unit 185
Nitin Puri, Vinod Puri, and R.P Dellinger
Critical care medicine is a young specialty and since its inception has been
heavily reliant upon technology. Invasive monitoring has its humble begin¬
nings in the continuous monitoring of heart rate and rhythm. From the devel¬
opment of right heart catheterization to the adaption of the echocardiogram
for use in shock, intensi vists have used technology to monitor hemodynam-
ics. The care of the critically ill has been buoyed by investigators who sought
to offer renal replacement therapy to unstable patients and worked to im¬
prove the monitoring of oxygen saturation. The evolution of mechanical
ventilation for the critically ill embodies innumerable technological ad¬
vances. More recently, critical care has insisted upon rigorous testing and
cost-benefit analysis of technological advances.
x Contents
Historical Perspectives in Critical Care Medicine: Blood Transfusion, Intravenous
Fluids, Inotropes/Vasopressors, and Antibiotics 201
Ryan Zarychanski, Robert E. Ariano, Bojan Paunovic, and Dean D. Bell
Significant progress in critical care medicine has been the result of tireless
observation, dedicated research, and well-timed serendipity. This article
provides a historical perspective for four meaningful therapies in critical
care medicine: blood transfusion, fluid resuscitation, vasopressor/inotro-
pic support, and antibiotics. For each therapy, key discoveries and events
that have shaped medical history and helped define current practice are
discussed. Prominent medical and social pressures that have catalyzed
research and innovation in each domain are also addressed, as well as
current and future challenges.
A History of Ethics and Law in the Intensive Care Unit 221
John M. Luce and Douglas B. White
Because they provide potential benefit at great personal and public cost,
the intensive care unit (ICU) and the interventions rendered therein have
become symbols of both the promise and the limitations of medical tech¬
nology. At the same time, the ICU has served as an arena in which many of
the ethical and legal dilemmas created by that technology have been de¬
fined and debated. This article outlines major events in the history of ethics
and law in the ICU, covering the evolution of ICUs, ethical principles, in¬
formed consent and the law, medical decision-making, cardiopulmonary
resuscitation, withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy, legal
cases involving life support, advance directives, prognostication, and futil¬
ity and the allocation of medical resources. Advancement of the ethical
principle of respect for patient autonomy in ICUs increasingly is in conflict
with physicians concern about their own prerogatives and with the just
distribution of medical resources.
Evolution of the Intensive Care Unit as a Clinical Center and Critical Care Medicine
as a Discipline 239
Ake Grenvik and Michael R. Pinsky
This article discusses the history of the ICU and critical care medicine
(CCM). It also discusses the certification of critical care nurses and allied
health professionals, as well as CCM societies and congresses, education
and board certification, evidence-based CCM, research and publications,
and future challenges to the field.
Index 251
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| title | Historical aspects of critical illness and critical care medicine |
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| title_exact_search | Historical aspects of critical illness and critical care medicine |
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