LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 267 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789955333593 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 090427s2008 a||| |||| 00||| lit d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789955333593 |9 978-9955-33-359-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1031424811 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV035456279 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a lit | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a CS879.7.C46 | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Kirkienė, Genutė |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a LDK politikos elito galingieji |b Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje |c Genutė Kirkienė |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 267 S., [8] Bl. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Chodkiewicz family |
| 600 | 3 | 7 | |a Chodkiewicz |c Familie |d ca. ab 15. Jh. |0 (DE-588)121515974 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1450-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nobility |z Lithuania (Grand Duchy) | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Chodkiewicz |c Familie |d ca. ab 15. Jh. |0 (DE-588)121515974 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1450-1600 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 929 |e 22/bsb |f 0903 |g 438 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138909449322496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Turinys
ţvadas
I
s
1.
Problema j
6
2.
Tyriimj ir
šaltinia apžvalga j
10
2.1.
Tyrimai |
Ю
2.2.
Šaltiniai j
18
3.
Metodologija
ir teoriniai
kontekstai j
21
4.
Tyrimo
chronologia,
periodizacija
ir
knygos
struktura 1
16
I.
Stačiatikiit
visuomenés padétis
LDK
XV-XVI
amžiuje |
28
1.
Juridinis aspektas: Horodlés privilegijos
draudimą
likimo vertinimas
istoriografijoje 1
28
1.1.
Horodlés privilegijos draudimai tarp kitij stačiatikius
diskriminuojančia aktij |
28
1.2.
Matvejus Liubavskis: Horodlés
draudimą
nesilaikymas nuo
1434
metą |
29
1.3.
Wiktoras Czermakas: Horodlés
draudimą galiojimas
iki
1563
metą
su
išimtimis |
ЗО
1.4.
Kazimierzas Chodynickis: Horodlés
draudimą
galios
susiaurinimas ir
giminią
rivalizacijos
bei indigenato
veiksnys |
33
1.5.
Bajora
žemévalda
ir
privilegija
plétojimo procesas |
34
2.
Praktinis klausimo aspektas: ar
iš tikro buta
stačiatikia LDK elite? j
36
2.1.
Staciatikią giminią
LDK elite korpusas istoriografijoje |
36
2.2.
Kontrargumentacija prieš korpuso stačiatikybe j
37
3.
Bažnyčia unijos
problema
LDKXV amžiuje-XVI amžiaus pirmojoje
puséje: nepavyke bandymai ar nejformintas
procesas? |
43
3.1.
Oskaro Haleckio
koncepcija:
visuotinés Bažnyčia unijos
atgimimas
ir
tradicija |
43
3.2. Ar
nutruko bažnytinés unijos
procesas
po
1503
metą?
j
45
4.
Oskaro Haleckio koncepcijos
korekcija
j
46
4.1.
Misaelio laiško interpretacija
-
Haleckio koncepcijos papildymas |
48
4.2.1480-1481
ir
1487
metą
akcijos |
50
4.3.
Aleksandro
valdymas: nauji visuotinés Bažnyčia unijos
jgyvendinimo variantai |
51
4.4.
Žygimanto Senojo
ir
Žygimanto
Augusto
valdymas j
53
5.
Apibendrinimas j
55
II.
Chodkevičiij giminés ištakos |
58
1.
Kilmés versijos j
58
2.
Chodka
Jurgaitis didziąją
kunigaikščia aplinkoje |
60
3.
Chodka Jurgaitis
-
ne Kijevo,
bet
Gardino bajoras |
66
4. Ar
galimi Chodkos Jurgaičio ryšiai
su
Bareikomis? j
71
III.
Chodkevičiai jsitvirtina elite:
Jonas
Chodkevičius |
75
1.
Jono Chodkevičiaus
politine
karjera j
75
1.1.
Jono Chodkevičiaus
ir
Chodkos Jurgaičio ryšys |
75
1.2.
Jono Chodkevičiaus pasirodymas viešajame gyvenime:
Minsko
seniünas,
karo
vadas |
76
1.3. Jonas
Chodkevičius tarp valdovo
taréja: nuo valdovo marsaikos
iki Vitebsko vietininko
I
78
1.4.
Karjeros
viršuné: nuo Lucko
seniüno iki
Kijevo
vaivados
) 82
2.
Karjeros veiksniai |
84
2.1.
Turtingumo klausimas |
84
2.2.
Konfesinés laikysenos klausimas |
86
2.3.
Giminysté su valdovo aplinka |
87
2.4.1481
metq
sąmokslas
ir
Joño
Chodkevičiaus
vaidmuo |
88
IV.
Giminés nuosmukiai ir pakilimai:
Aleksandras Chodkevičius |
92
1.
Iškilimo prielaidos
ir karjeros
pradžia
|
92
2.
Supraslio vienuolynas
-
idéjiné ir kulturiné A.
Chodkevičiaus
programa |
94
2.1.
Supraslio vienuolynas
-
LDK kulturos fenomenas |
94
2.2. Ar XVI
amžiaus pradžioje
LDK galiojo draudimas statyti cerkves? |
96
2.3.
Naujos
bažnytinés
unijos programos
XV-XVI
amžiq
sandüroje | 97
2.4.
A.
Chodkevičius
jgyvendina
Bulgarinovičiaus
modelj? |
102
2.5.
Supraslio konfesinés priklausomybés ir
pobudžio
klausimas
pò
1501
metq |
104
2.6.
Vaikq
krikšto
ir jq konfesinés orientacijos klausimas |
108
2.7.
Aleksandro
Chodkevičiaus
vaikq
sąlytis
su liuteronybe |
112
3.
Aleksandro
Chodkevičiaus
politinis
sąstingis |
116
3.1. Ar dalyvavo
A.
Chodkevičius Glinskio maište? |
116
3.2.
Nuo kalinio iki pasiuntinio |
120
3.3.
Bonos
politikos rémèjas |
121
3.4.
Ryšiai
su Prusijos
kunigaikščiu j
126
3.5. Ar
tikrai vaikai velai
pradeda
politine
karjerą
arba
kada
jie girne?
j
127
4.
Aleksandras
-
tarp turtingiausiq didikq |
131
5.
1544-1549-ieji:
Chodkevičiq
galios
pradžia j
137
V. Chodkevičiai
-
antroji giminé LDKpolitiniame elite
1S49-1572
metais |
143
1.
Trijq Chodkevičiq giminés šakq susidarymas j
143
2.
Chodkevičiai
-
antroji
pagai
turtingumą
LDK
giminè j
149
2.1.1550-1567
m. trijq Chodkevičiq giminés linijq latifundijos j
149
2.2.
Jurg^ Grigaliaus,
Jerónimo ir jo sünaus Joño
budai
plésti
latifundijas
I
157
3.
Chodkevičiq konfesiné orientacija
ir kultürinès
galios
167
S.l.Jeronimas-liuteronybés
lyderis j
167
3.2. Jonas
Jeronimaitis: nuo liuteronizmo
-
j
katalikybę
171
3.3.
Grigaliaus
ir
Jurgio konfesijq mjslé
ir jos
jminimas
|
176
4.
Chodkevičiai
politiniame Radvilq
šešélyje:
1549-1565
metai ¡
181
4.1.
Jeronimas Chodkevičius
-
Žygimanto
Augusto
nemalonèje
j
181
4.2.
Chodkevičřq
pakilimai
ir
netekrys: 15S9-1565 metai
187
5.
Chodkevičřq
giminés
politine
viršuné
- 1566-1572
metai
191
5.1.
Trys Chodkevičiai
ir
vienas Radvila I
191
5.2. Jonas
Jeronimaitis
-
politinis giminés lyderis
195
Žemélapiu komentaras I
202
Išvados 1
205
Summary 1210
Asmenvardžiij rodyldé I
217
Šaltinht
ir literatüros sarasas
I
248
205
Išvados
1.
Jvadé
suformuluotos problemos
-
kokie veiksniai
nulémé
Chodkevičiq
giminés
iški-
limą
iki
pagrindinès
Radvill}
konkurentès
XVI a.
viduryje
-
sukonkretinimas, pasitelkus
šios
giminés
stačiatikiškos
kilmés
veiksnj,
iš pat pradžiit pareikalavo atsigrežti j
istorio-
grafijoje
neisspręstą
stačiatikiq
visuomenès padèties LDK
problematika, dél kurios te-
bediskutuojama.
Istoriografinis
tyrimas
parody
kad
tirtos kelios
stačiatikiq
visuomenès
problemos:
stačiatikiq
ir
ypač
јц
elito juridinis aspektas
-
Horodlés privilegijos draudimq
stačiatikiams turéti pareigas LDK politiniame
elite
galiojimas; stačiatikiq buvimo LDK
poütiname
elite
empirinis aspektas
ir
Bažnyčiq unijos problematika. Musq
tyrimas
ne tik
sujungè
šiuos
aspektus,
bet
ir
kai
kuriuos pagilino.
2.
Remiantis empiriniais duomenimis nustatyta,
kad
XV
a. antrojoje puséje-XVI a.
pirmojoje puséje buta
ištiso
konversijq
iš stačiatikybés j
katalikybę
proceso. Tai leido ge-
rokai
sumažinti
galimq
stačiatikiq
LDK politiniame
elite korpusa.
Su konversijq
j
katali¬
kybę
procesu
turèjo
koreliuoti Oskaro Haleckio jžvelgtas Florencijos visuotinés Bažnyčia
unijos atgimimo
procesas
LDK
1458-1503
m. Vis délto pastaroji
koncepcija tvirčiau
ne-
paaiškino bažnytines unijos apraiški}
XVI
a. pirmoje
pusèje ir
šios unijos
interpretacija
bei
programq
jvairovés
XV
a.
antroje
pusèje.
Tai
vertè
formuluoti
hipotezę,
kad
jau
XV
a. antroje pusèje galima
jžvelgti
lokalinès
bažnytines
unijos, taikomos atskiriems
stačiati-
kiams, ištakas. Ši bažnytines
unijos forma,
propaguojama katalikiškos
stovyklos (popie-
žius,
bernardina!,
valdovas,
katalika vyskupai), nebepretendavo | visuotinuma (atsisako-
ma
Konstantinopolio
patriarcho
vaidmens) ir nebuvo formalizuojama,
-
atsisakoma me¬
tropolitą
vaidmens ir, atrodo, reikalaujama
iš stačiatikiq
anteojo
krikšto (neatsižvelgiant
t
Florencijos unijos principus
ir
kai
kurh¡
popiežiij
valia).
Šios
hipotezés verifikavimas
Chodkevičiq
giminès konfesinès
orientacijos tyrimais
tapo viena svarbiausiu knygos pro-
bleminią giju_.
3.
Tiek Chodkevičiq
konfesinès
orientacijos, tiek politiniu ir ekonominiu galiq
iš¬
takas jžvelgéme
iki
šiol fragmentiškai
tyrinètoje
(laikytas žmogumi, patekusiu
{
elitą
su
Švitrigaila)
giminés
pirmtako Chodkos Jurgaičio
asmenybèje.
Nauja šaltiniq
analize,
paremia
1422, 1431
ir
1434 m. LDKpolitinio
elito sisteminiais
šaltiniais, leido užtikti
Chodką
Jurgaitj artimoje ne tik Švitrigailos,
bet
ir
Vytauto, Žygimanto Kestutaičio
bei
Kazimiero
aplinkoje, stabiliai užimantj
vieta
pirmajame politinio
elito
dešimtuke.
Su
Chodkos Jurgaičio asmeniu
susijusì ir
nauja Chodkevičiq kilmés versija.
4.
Iki šiol Chodkevičiq giminé buvo laikoma á Kijevo kilusiais bajorais. Nauja šal-
tinio
- XVI
a. antrosios pusés laiško, sMrto Grigaliui Chodkevičiui,
analize
párodé,
kad
laiško
turinys
geriausiu atveju
siekia tik
Kijevo
vaivados
pareigas
nuo
1480
m. éjusj
Jona
Chodkevičiq.
Kita
vertus,
nauja
Chodkevičiq
geografinè kilmés versija,
iškelta
taikant
Chodkevičiq
„senolijq ir „tèvonijq bei jq
lokalizacijos jžvalgq metodika, leidžia
teigti
--------------------------------------------------------
20б
--------------------------------------------------------
juos
-
ir
visa
pirma
Chodką Jurgaitj
-
buvus ne
Kijevo,
о
tikrosios Lietuvos
-
Gardino
žemés
bajorais,
kilusiais iš šios žemés pietuose esančio Gorodoko.
5.
Nors
Chodkevičrq kilmé iš Gardino, t. y. tikrosios Lietuvos,
tarsi
sutvirtina alterna-
tyvia bažnytinés unijos hipotezei
indigenato
veiksnio (patekimo
j
politinj
elitą)
koncep¬
cija,
vis delto visu. vélesnřq Chodkevičiq kartu konfesinřq orientaciji} tyrimas patvirtino
darbinę hipotezę
аріє
lemiamą
bažnytinés
unijos reiksmę apeinant
Horodlès draudimus.
Antra
vertus,
paaiškejo, kad
bažnytinés unijos
proceso
nejmanoma aiškintis, netiriant
Chodkevičřq giminés
-
visais
atvejais jie
yra
šio
proceso
avangarde.
6.
Chodkos
Jurgaičio karjera
prasidéjo
Camblakui važiuojant
j
Konstancą
su
bažny¬
tinés unijos projektu, o Jonui
-
„isïbègèjus
bažnytinei unijai
ir tapus
vienu svarbiausiq
šio
proceso
dokumenta
-
Misaelio
laiško
-
signatářů. Dar ryškesnj vaidmenj Bažnyčiq unijos
procese suvaidino trečiosios Chodkevičiu. kartos atstovas Aleksandras Chodkevičius. Jis
XV-XVI a. sanduroje
fondavo Supraslio vienuolyna ir
cerkve, tapusius kulturos
fenome¬
nu
ir
vienu iš bažnytinés unijos realizavimo varianty.
7.
Iki šiol istoriografijoje Supraslio vienuolynas beveik visuotinai laikytas
XVI
a. sta-
čiatikybés centru.
Naują
šaltiniij.
analize patvirtina, kad
Supraslio vienuolynas
ir cerkvè
buvo skirti graiku, apeigu. katalikams, pripažjstantiems, nereikalaujant antrojo krikšto,
Romos
popiežiaus viršenybe. Todél Supraslio vienuolyno
fondacija,
vykusi per patj baž¬
nytinés unijos
programi}
(J.
Bulgarinovičiaus
ir
J. Sapiegos) jgyvendinimo sajůdj, akivaiz-
džiai
rodo, kad
Aleksandras Chodkevičius
¿steige savo
valdose
pirmą
unitinj vienuolyna,
atitinkantj Florencijos bažnytinés unijos reikalavimus
ir
metropolito Bulgarinovičiaus
programa.
Nutrukus unitiniam
metropolitą
aktyvumui
(Haleckis tai
laiké visuotinés
Bažnyčiu. unijos
proceso pabaiga) Supraslís tapo neformalios
lokalinés bažnytinés unijos
reiškiniu.
Tai
rodo
vélesni faktai.
8.
Supraslj paveldéjo Grigalius. Jis kartu
su
broliu Jurgiu paverté ji tikru šeimos pan¬
teonu, kuriame buvo laidojami
}
katalikybę
ir
reformaciją nepereję
giminés nariai.
Nors
ir
buta
intensyviu.
rysią
su liuteronais (Prusijos
kunigaikščiu Albrechtu,
kurio dvare jau-
nieji
Chodkevičíai buvojo nuo
vaikystés), o
vélíau
su
stačiatikiais (iš
Maskros
atvykusiais
spaustuvininkais), vis
delto išlaikyta tévo konfesiné
-
bažnytinés unijos
-
linija.
Tai pa-
tvirtina naujai surasti
ir
interpretuotí šaltiniai. Jie
rodo
Grigalřq buvus graikq
apeigą ka-
taliku
-
priémusiu
antrąjj krikśtą,
tačiau išlaikiusiu Supraslyje
ir funduotoje
Zabludavo
cerkvéje graikiškas apeigas.
9.
Nef
ormolus
lokalinés bažnytinés unijos
pobudiš
ir
to nulemta fragmentiška
jos
do¬
kumentacija
neleidžia atsaky
ti
kai
kuriuos kkusimus,
pavyzdžiui,
kaip
veiké
pripažinimo
mechanizmas, kuriais atvejais prireikdavo antrojo krikšto
ir
kaip jis buvo jforminamas,
kaip antrojo krikšto
reikalavimas
buvo derinamas
su to
nereikalaujančiais popiežiais
ir
bernardinais
ir
1.1. Turèjo skirtis
ir
valdova
pozicijos: viena
vertus, su
dalies
staciatikią
visuomenés
maištais
susidurę Kazimieras
ir
Žygimantas
Senasis galéjo
atsargiai
žiůréti
ł baznytinę uniją,
ir
priešingai
-
santykiu.
su Maslcva veiksnio
spaudžiami
Aleksandras
ir
Žygimantas
Augustas
galèjo
buti
šiuo požiuriu „atviresni . Vis delto
kai
kurie dalykai
nekelia abejoniu.: Horodlés aktais nustatyti draudimai galiojo iki pat
1563
m., vienintelé
---------------------------------------------------------------- 207 --------------------------------------------------------------
išimtis buvo
Konstantino
Ostrogiškio byla, o bažnytinés
unijos
procesas leido
stačiatikivj
kilmés didikams patekti
j
politínj
elitą.
Aišku,
tai neatmeta dar vienos, gal
net sékminges-
nés karjeros
požiuriu
alternatyvos
-
„grynai
katalikiškosios
konversijos svarbos.
10.
Butent
taip
susìklostè
vyriausiojo
Aleksandro
Chodkevičiaus
sünaus Jerónimo
konfesinis likimas.
Didelè
tikimybé,
kad
Jeronimas
-
tai
persikrikštijusio j
katalikybę
Joño
(ivano, dingusio
iš
istorijos árenos)
krikšto
vardas. Bet kuriuo atveju Jeronimas buvo pir-
masis
iš
giminès, perèjes |
katalikybę
ir vedes
zmoną
kataüke. Katalikas
girne
ir jo súnus
Jonas
Jeronimaitis.
Ši
aplinkybè
leidžia paaiškinti,
kodèl butent Jeronimas pirmasis
iš
broliiţ
anksti (1544-1545
m.) gavo
aukščiausio
rango
-
„slaptosios
tarybos
dignitorijas
-
Traku, kašteliono
ir
Žemaitijos
seniüno.
Kita
vertus,
ši
aplinkybè
paaiškina
ir
didesnj
ištarnu;
vaidmenj (palygintí su broliais) jo karjeroje. Prasidéjus reformacijai, Jeronimas ir
Jonas
Jeronimaitis peréjo i
liuteronybę
ir
sąmoningai
(nesekè paskui
Radvilas
j
kalviniz-
mą)
laikèsi
šios
konfesijos
-
Jeronimas iki mirties,
Jonas
Jeronimaitis
-
iki konversijos
j
katalikybę.
11.
„Tèvonijif ir „senoliju
paieškos metodika leidžia
spresti,
kad Chodkevičnj
gimi¬
nès
valdos
1528
m. (šiame
kariuomenès
surašyme
jie buvo vienuolikta giminè) buvo pa-
veldétos
iš
Joño
Chodkevičiaus
ir
Chodkos Jurgaičio.
Jos visos,
išskyrus Myša
(kun. galéjo
igyti Chodkajurgaitis)
ir
Beregą
Voluinèje
(jgytąjono
Chodkevičiaus) buvo Supraslio
masyve (Supraslis, Zabludavas, Choroščius). Reikšmingiausiu. permainu. turtéjimo pro¬
cese jvyko valdant Žygimantui Augustui.
12.
Aleksandras Chodkevičius gavo Bychova prie Dniepro,
кіщ,
kaip
ir
Myša, pavel-
déjo Jeronimas, ne tikkonfesiškai, bet
ir
valdomis
nutolęs
nuo giminés Uzdo. Jis
ir
jo súnus
Jonas
Jeronimaitis isitvirtino LDK centre
ir
rytuose
-
netoli Myšo jgijo Liachovičius
ir
Bytenj, prie Dniepro
-
Šklova
ir
Kopysę,
ta pačia
kryptimi
-
Hluską
ir Dorohus.
Be to,
Jeronimas
Chodkevičius
pirmasis
iš giminés
nariu.
išplété savo
latifundiją
j
Žemaiuja
-
jo
valdomis
Centrinéje
Žemaitijoje
tapo
Šaukénai,
Lyduvènai,
kai
kurios
Vìduklès
valsčiaus
žemés, o
vakarinéje
Žemaitijos
dalyje
-
Kretinga, Skuodas,
Gintališké,
Grüsté
ir
kai
brie
nedideli dvarai
Gondingos paviete.
13.
Plètè
savo
valdas
ir giminès
lizdo dvarus
paveldèje Grigalius bei
Jurgis.
Grigalius
Chodkevicius.paveldèjespagrindinesgiminèslizdovaldasSuprasIbZabludavajChoroscia
-
Valkavisko paviete jsigijo Piasbs ir
Maząją
Berastavica. Voluinèje,
greta
tèvoninio
Berego dvaro, jis
jsigijo Kniagininą
ir Murovica,
о
prie
Dniepro
-
Naująji
Bychova ir neto¬
li
esančias
Dubosnos
valdas.
Jurgis,
paveldèjes dalj giminés lizdo dvara Cardino paviete
-
Didziąją
Berastavica,
Rosę, Trostianycią
(pastarojibuvo
netoU
Brastos), [sigijo Dolginova
ir Sitcus
Ásmenos paviete.
14 XVI
a.
trečiajame ketvirtyje Chodkevičiai
pagai
turtingumą
tapo
antrąja
LDK
didiku
gimine.
Chodkevičia
giminès
valdos
sudare
nemazą
Lietuvos
Didžiosios
KunigaikštijosdalMytn-valcaralcryptimi-kaibriasrasiškasiasžemesnuoSuprashoib
Dniepro, o šiaurés-pieta
-
valdas
nuo Skuodo (Žemaitijoje)
іИ
Voluines.
Isigijimo vald4
geografija,
atrodo, nebuvo atsitiktiné
-
ištarnas
kai kuriais
atvejais
lemdavo admimsteuojami} centra dislokacija.
------------------------------------------------------- 208 --------------------------------------------------------
15.
Chodkevičiq latifundijq formavimo
ir
didinimo
budai jprasti
-
paveldétos
val¬
dos,
jvairus
dovanojimai
ir
pirkimai.
Tačiau
Jurgio,
o ypač Grigaliaus latifundijq
piètra
nu-
lèmè
vedybos
-
didziąją
dalj nekilnojamojo
turto
jie gavo kaip dalj. Jeronimas
ir
jo sunus
Jonas
Chodkevičiai latifundijas daugiausia išplété valdovo donacijomis.
16.
Valdq
analize
leido patikslinti
ir
XVI
a. vidurio Chodkevičiq šakq
genealogins
problematika.
Iki
šiol istoriografijoje buvo supainiota Grigaliaus
ir
Jurgio Chodkevičiq
dvarq
priklausomybè, dèi
to Grigalius laikytas Berastavicos linijos pradininku, o
Jurgis
-
Supraslio. Musq tyrimas
párodé,
kad
Grigalius, paveldéjes dvarus,
tapo Supraslio
linijos
pradininku, o
Jurgis
-Berastavicos.
Vertétq koreguoti
ir
Bychovo linijos pavadinima, nes
genealoginèje literatùroje
ryš-
kèja
principas
-
pripažinti
giminiq titulatura ir savimone. „Bychovo
linijos Chodkevičiai
titulavosi
„Šklovo
ir
Myšo
grafais , taigi taip reikètij vadinti
ir sia
linija.
17.
Zemèvaldos tyrimai parodè,
kad
Chodkevičiq
turtai buvo jq politinès
galios
veiks-
nys.
Tačiau
ne
vienintelis
-
kai kuriais
atvejais matyti
priešinga tendencija
-
politine
[taka
nulemia valdovo
donacijas. Ši tendencija
ypač išryškéjo
XVI
а., о
stai
Chodkos Jurgaičio
iškilimas
ir
to
veiksniai liks
mjslè
-
duomenu,
labai
maza, tačiau neatmestina
ir
legendose
minimo herojiško poelgio, gelbstint valdovo
gyvybe, jtaka.
Chodkos Jurgaičio patekimas
Vytauto
politine
aplinką
nulémé
visa
tolesnę
Chodkevičrq
giminés politinés karjeros tra-
jektoriją
-
nebuta
né
vieno giminés atstovo, kuris nebütq tapes Ponq tarybos nariu.
18.
Chodkevičiai
¿sitvirtino politiniame
elite jau
pradedant
Jonu
Chodkevičiumi
XV
a. antrojoje puséje. Jis gavo svarbias ir
aiškiai apibréžtas dignitorijas
-
Vitebsko vieti-
ninko, Lucko
seniuno, Kijevo vaivados. Sékmingaipradéjo
karjerą
ir jo sünus Aleksandras,
reiškesis
visq pirma kaip konfesinis
lyderis. Tačiau
apkaltinimas dalyvavus jj Glinskio
maište
lémé
jo
politinès
karjeros
sąstingi.
Nors
ir
bűdamas
karalienès
Bonos
šalininkas,
Aleksandras
Chodkevičius
politiniame
elite nevaidino svarbaus vaidmens
-
ilgą laika jis
buvo
tik
valdovo
maršálka
ir Bresto seniunas, ir
tik
gyvenimo
pabaigoje tapo
Naugarduko
vaivada. Kaip
Bonos
šalininkas
jau
1544-1545
m.
iškyla
ir
Jeronimas
-
tampa
Trakqkaš-
telionu ir
Žemaičiq seniunu.XVI a. šeštojo
dešimtmečio viduryje
karjeros laiptais sparčiai
pradeda
kilti Grigalius:
1556
m.
-
Kijevo vaivada,
1559
m.
-
Trakq kaštelionas
(peremes
šias pareigas iš
Jerónimo,
kuris
tapo
Vilniaus kaštelionu),
1564
m.
-
Vilniaus kaštelionas.
Vis delto
ilei
1565
m.
Chodkevičiai buvo politiniame
Radvilq
šešélyje:
Radvilos buvo
Vilniaus
ir Trakq
vaivados, Chodkevičiai
-
jq kaštelionai
bei
Žemaičiq
seniünai
(1561
m.
mirusjjeronimą,
èjusi
šias
pareigas,
1564
m. pakeitè
Jonas
Jeronimaitis).
19.
Chodkevičiq
giminés
politinis apogéjus
-1566-1572
m.
kai
net trys giminès at-
stovai
-
Grigalius, Jurgis
ir
Jonas
Jeronimaitis
-
jsitvirtino pirmajame Ponq tarybos pen-
ketuke: Grigalius turéjo Vilniaus
kašteliono
ir
didžiojo
LDK etmono pareigas,
Jurgis
-
Trakq
kašteliono,
о
Jonas Jeronimaitis -
Žemaičiq
seniuno,
Žemés maršalkos
ir Livonijos
administratoriaus pareigas.
Šios pareigos
leido jiems atlikti
ryšlcq vaidmenj
LDK politi¬
niame gyvenime: Jurgiui buvo patikéta diplomatija Rytq politikos klausimais, Grigalius
pasižyméjo
kariniuose reikaluose
-
išleido
karinius nuostatus
(1562,1566
m.), dalyvavo
Oršos
akcijoje
bei svariai
prisidéjo
prie Ulos
pergales
1564
metais.
-------------------------------------------------------- 209 ------------------------------------------------------
20.
Šiame laikotarpyje ypač iškilo
Jonas
Jeronimaitis Chodkevičius. Jo nuopelnai
Lietuvos Didžiajai Kunigaikštijai labiausiai atsispindi Liublino unijos derybq metu, ku-
riose
Jonas
Jeronimaitis
tapo
LDK
diplomatijos
lyderíu. Jausdamas tikrove
ir derindamas
prie
jos
savo kompromisus, jis sugebéjo taip pakoreguoti sutartj,
kad
iš
jos
butq pašalinti
visi
posakiai, kurie
leistą ją
aiškintikaip Lietuvos
prijungimąprie
Lenkijos.
Dél to
Liublino
unijos
aktas
išliko kaip lygiateisés
sąjungos
deklaracija,
kurios
straipsniais
skelbiamą
fede¬
racija
faktiškai
padáré
konfederacija.
21.
Chodkeviciiivyravimapolitiniame
elite
nutraukèjurgio
(1569 m.) irGrigaliaus
(1572 m.) mirtys. Vis délto
1566-1572
m. laikotarpis yra
reikšmingas
150
metu.
Chodkevičiq
giminés istorijoje.
Chodkevičiai
meté
iśsukj
Radviloms gautais
titulais
(tie¬
sa, tai
buvo ne
kunigaikščiu., bet
grafa titulai),
spaustuvřq
кйгіти
(Zabludavas), taip pat
konfesiněje erdvěje
-
juk
Šklovo
ir
Myšo
linija
aidai
neseké Radvirq pédomis, bet tvirtai
Iaikési liuteronybés pozicijos, o Grigalius
ir
Jurgis
liko
graiku. apeigu.
katalikai.
Pagaliau
savo
prestižu
jie ne
ką
nusileido galingiesiems Radviloms
-
m. Stryjkowskis savo kroni-
koje specialiai aprašé tik šias
dvi
pagrindines LDK gimines.
Likęs
vienas giminés atsto-
vas
Jonas
Jeronimaitis
naują
savo politinés veiklos etapa pradés pirmuoju bekaralmečiu
valdant naujajam karaliui Henrikui Valua, o véliau
tęs
antruoju bekaralmečiu
ir
valdant
Steponui Batorui. Tačiau
tai
jau
naujas istorijos puslapís.
22.
Ankstyvoji Chodkevičiu.
giminès
istorija
-
ne tik ¿spudinga jvairiu. LDK istorijos
procesí} atspindžiq
kombinacija.
Ši
giminé lémé
reikšmingus
LDK
visuomenès ir
valsty-
bès procesus
-
baznytinès unijos
genezę,
stačiatikiškos
kilmès LDK visuomenès
integra¬
cija
j
LDK politinès tautos procesa, luominès visuomenès formavimosi pavidalus, paga¬
liau LDKvalstybingumo
tradicijas. Tai
giminé, kùrusi
LDKistoriją.
210
Summary
The specific family of the Chodkevichiai, noblemen of the orthodox and
Ruthenian
origin, was chosen as the subject of our research. The investigation covers this fami¬
ly from appearance of its predecessor Chodkajurgaitis in the environment ofVytautas,
Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the first dominance of the Chodkevichiai in the political
elite in the 7th-8* decades of the 16th century. Therefore the investigation centres on the
male line including the most prominent figures of the Chodkevichiai: Jonas (around
1425-1485),
Aleksandras
(1475-1549),
his son Jeronimas (the 2nd decade of the 16th
century-lool), Grigalius (the 2nd decade of the
16*
century-
1572),
Jurgis
(the 3rd deca¬
de of the 16th century-1569) and Jonas Jeronimaitis
(1537-1579).
The accent of the in¬
vestigation is not so much the biographies of these people as their vertical relations from
the point ofview of family connections, which enable the processes of inheriting property
and political power, as well as traditions of confessional orientation to be observed.
The origin of the Chodkevichiai family and the early period of its history have been
investigated in a systematic way for the first time by presenting a complex analysis of the
factors and periods of development of the career of this family. A separate family of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania is investigated by combining the historical biographical-ge¬
nealogical method of investigation with the problems of social history and various theo¬
ries
-
those of the political elite, estate monarchy, and the political nation. The investiga¬
tion into the specific family of the Chodkevichiai of the orthodox and
Ruthenian
origin
forms the subject of the analysis to solve a more profound problem
-
the position of the
orthodox society in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its integration into the GDL socie¬
ty. Methodological principles of the work formulated can be applied to the investigation
into all families of the ethno-confessional periphery
-
of the orthodox and eventually
non-Lithuanian (in an ethnic sense) origin.
The formulation of the problem and the situation of the sources determined the
chronology of the work. It coincides with the period of the 15th-16th century singled out
in periodisation of the history of the GDL, which is characterised by the dominance of
lords and the formation of the estate society. The lowest chronological line of the theme
was drawn by the earliest facts about the Chodkevichiai family, which date back to the first
one the third of the
1
5th century
-
to the period ofVytautas, and the upper line is the first
period of the dominance of three Chodkevichiai (Grigalius,
Jurgis,
Jonas Jeronimaitis)
between
1566
and
1572.
The problematic and chronological principles of narration are combined in the work,
which determined problematic Chapter One about the position of the orthodox society
and Chapters II through V, which are presented in a chronological order and which dis¬
cuss every period of the development of the Chodkevichiai family separately. These time
211
periods coincide in essence with the periods ruled by of the rulers of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania in the
1
5th-
1
6th centuries.
_____
1.
Making concrete the problem formulated in the introduction
-
what factors
dř
termined
the rise of the Chodkevichiai family to the level of the main rival of the Radvilos
in the middle of the
16*
century
-
by introducing the factor of the orthodox origin of this
family, at first required to turn to the problems of the position of the orthodox society in
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which has not been resolved in historiography yet and
which is further being discussed,
lhe
historiographie
investigation showed that of all the
problems of the orthodox society some were investigated separately: the juridical aspect
of the orthodox believers and its elite, in particular
-
the validity of the prohibitions of
the
Horodle
privilege for the orthodox believers to hold office in the political elite of the
GDL; the empirical aspect of presence of the orthodox believers in the political elite of
the GDL and problems of the Church union. Our research did not only combine these
aspects but also deepened some of them.
2.
On the basis of empirical data it was established that there was an entire process of
conversions from Orthodoxy into Catholicism taking place in the second half of the
lo 1
-
the first half of the
16*
century. This enabled the body of eventual orthodoxbelievers in
the political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to be reduced significantly. The rebirth
process of the universal Church union of Florence envisaged by Oscar Halecki in the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania in
1458-1503
had to correlate with the process of conversions into
Catholicism. Nevertheless, the latter conception failed to explain more adequately the
manifestations ofthe Church
unionin thefirsthalf
of the 16th century and interpretations
of this union, as well as the diversity of programs in the second half of the 15th century.
This made us formulate the hypothesis that it was in the second half ofthe
15*
century
already that the origins ofthe local church unions applied to individual orthodoxbelievers
could be discerned. This form ofthe church union was propagated by the Catholic camp
(the Pope, the Bernadine, the Ruler, Catholic Bishops), it no longer laid claims to univer¬
sality (the role ofthe Patriarch of Constantinople was refused) and was not formalized
by refusing the role ofthe Metropolitans, and, as it seems, by requiring a second baptism
from the orthodox believers (thereby ignoring the principles ofthe Union of Florence
and the will of some Popes). The verification of this hypothesis by means ofthe investiga¬
tions into the confessional orientation ofthe Chodkevichiai has become one ofthe main
problematic ideas of the work.
3
The sources of both the confessional orientations ofthe Chodkevichiai and their
political and economic powers are perceived in the personality ofthe precursor ofthe
family Chodbjurgaitiswhohasbeenbownonlyfragmentally thus far (has been treated
as a man who got into the elite together with
Švitrigaila).
A new analysis ofthe sources
based on the systematic sources ofthe political elite ofthe GDL in
1422,1431,1432,
ena¬
bled us to find Chodka Jurgaitis not only in the close environment of
Švirtigaila
but also
in that of Vytautas,
Žygimantas
Kęstutaitis
and Kazimieras. He occupied a stable
posiüon
212
among the first ten of the political elite. A new version of the origin of the Chodkevichiai
is also related to the personality of Chodka Jurgaitis.
4.
Thus far the Chodkevichiai family has been regarded as noblemen of Kiev origin.
A new analysis of the letter of the second half of the
16*
century devoted to Grigalius
Chodkevichius showed that the contents of the letter go back, in the best case, only to
Jonas Chodkevichius who was the
Voivode
of Kiev. On the other hand, a new geographi¬
cal version of the Chodkevichiai origin obtained by applying the methodology of insights
into the ancestry and patrimonies of the Chodkevichiai and their localisation allows
us to maintain that they and, first and foremost, Chodka Jurgaitis, were noblemen of au¬
thentic Lithuania
-
Grodno land rather than that of Kiev and came from Gorodok situ¬
ated in the southern section
ofthat
land.
5.
Though the origin of the Chodkevichiai from Grodno, that is, from authentic
Lithuania, as if confirms the conception of the
indigenat
factor that is alternative to the
hypothesis of the Church union, the investigation into confessional orientations of all the
later generations of the Chodkevichiai confirmed the present-day hypothesis about the
decisive factor of the Church union and circumventing the
Horodle
prohibitions. On the
other hand it turned out that the process of the Church union could not be elucidated
without investigating the Chodkevichiai family
-
in all cases they stand at the head of this
process.
6.
If the career of Chodka Jurgaitis started on Camblakas way to Constance with the
project of the Church union, that of Jonas began after the Church union had gathered
momentum and after he had become a signatory to one of the most significant docu¬
ments
ofthat
process
-
Misaels letter. Aleksandras Chodkevichius, a representative of
the third generation of the Chodkevichiai family, played an even more significant role
in the process of the Church union. At the turn of the 15th-the 16th century he financed
Supraslis Monastery and the Orthodox Church, which became the cultural phenomenon
and one of the variants of realisation of the Church union.
7.
Thus far historiography almost universally has considered Supraslis Monastery
as the centre of orthodoxy in the 16th century. The analysis of new sources confirms that
Supraslis Monastery and the Orthodox Church were intended for the Catholics of the
Geekrites who recognised, without demanding a second baptism, superiority of the Pope
of Rome. Therefore the fact of financing Supraslis Monastery, which was done through
the reform movement of realising the programs of the Church union
(J. Bulgarinovičius
and
J.
Sapiega) clearly shows that Aleksandras Chodkevichius established the first
uniate
monastery within his estate, which complied with the requirements of the Church union
of Florence and the program of Metropolitan
Bulgarinovičius.
After the
uniate
activity of
the Metropolitans ceased (which Halecki considered to be the end of the process of the
universal Church union) Supraslis Monastery became a phenomenon of the informal lo¬
cal Church union. Later facts testify to that.
8.
Grigalius inherited Supraslis and together with his brother
Jurgis
turned it into a
real family pantheon where members of the family who had not converted themselves to
213
Catholicism and Reformation were buried. Though there were steady contacts with the
Lutherans
(Albrecht, Duke
of Prussia whose estate the young Chodkevichiai used to visit
in their childhood), and later with the Orthodox believers (printers who arrived from
Moscow), the fathers confessional line
-
that of the church union was preserved. This is
testified to by the newly discovered and interpreted sources. They testify to the fact that
Grigalius was a Catholic of the Greek rites who accepted the second baptism, however, pre¬
served the Greek rites in Supraslis and the Zabludov Orthodox Church that he financed.
9.
The informal nature of the local Church union and its
fragmental
documentation
determined by that do not allow us to give answers to certain questions, for example, in
what way the mechanism of recognition functioned, in what cases a second baptism was
necessary and how it was formalised, how the requirement for a second baptism was co¬
ordinated with the Popes and the Bemadine who did not require that, etc. The positions
of the rulers also had to differ: on the one hand, Kazimieras and
Sigismund
the Old, who
encountered revolts of society could look at the Church union cautiously, and on the con¬
trary
-
pressed by the factor of the relations with Moscow, Aleksandras and
Sigismund
Augustus could be more open from this point of view. Nonetheless, some things raise
no doubts: prohibitions specified by the
Horodle
acts were in effect until
1563,
the only
exception being
Konstantinas
Ostrogiškis
case, and the process of the Church union was
that factor, which enabled the noblemen of the orthodox origin to get into the political
elite. Of course, this does not exclude another, perhaps even more successful, alternative
from the point of view of a career
-
the importance of a purely Catholic conversion.
10.
Such is the confessional fate that befell Jeronimas, Aleksandras Chodkevichius
son. There is a high probability that Jeronimas is a Christian name of Jonas (Ivan who
has disappeared from the arena of history) who converted to Catholicism. In any case
Jeronimas was the first in the family to convert to Catholicism and to marry a Catholic
wife. His son Jonas Jeronimaitis was born a Catholic. This circumstance allows us to
explain why Jeronimas was the first of his brothers to be given dignitaries of the secret
service of the highest rank
-
those of the Castellan of Trakai and the Elder of Samogitia
-
so early
(1544-1545).
On the other hand, this circumstance explains a greater role (as
compared with his brothers) of the gifts bestowed by the Ruler for a faithful service in his
career. At the beginning of Reformation Jeronimas and Jonas Jeronimaitis converted to
Lutheranism and consciously (did not follow the Radvilos to Calvinism) adhered to this
confession -Jeronimas to the end of his days, Jonas Jeronimaitis
-
until his conversion to
Catholicism.
11
Methodology of looking for the ancestry and patrimonies enables us to sup¬
pose that the estates of the Chodkevichiai family (in this census of the army they were
the eleventh family) were inherited from Jonas Chodkevichius and Chodka
Jurgaiüs
in
1528.
They all, with the exception of Mysh (which could have been acquired by Chodka
Jurgaitis) and
Beteg
in
Voluiné
(acquired by Jonas Chodkevichius) concentrated
m
the
massif of Supraslis (Supraslis, Zabludov, Choroshche). The most significant changes
m
terms ofbecomingwealthiertookplace under therule of
Sigismund
Augustus.
-------------------------------------------------- 214 --------------------------------------------------
12.
Aleksandras Chodkevichius
received Bychov near the Dnieper, which, like
Mysh, was inherited by Jeronimas who was not only by confession but also by his
possessions estranged from his family. He and his son Jonas Jeronimaitis established
themselves in the middle and the east of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
-
not far from
Mysh acquired Liacovichiai and
Byten,
near the Dnieper
-
Shklov and Kopys, in the
same direction
-
Hlusk and Dorohi. Moreover, Jeronimas Chodkevichius was the first
of the members of the family to extend his
latifundium
as far as Samogitia
-
Saukènai,
Lyduvénai,
the estates in
Viduklè
small rural district in central Samogitia, and Kretinga,
Skuodas,
Gintališké,
Grüsté
and some other estates in the district of Goninga became
his possessions.
13.
Grigalius and
Jurgis
who inherited estates of the family nest also extended their
possessions. Grigalius
Chodkevičius,
having inherited the family nest s estates of Supraslis,
Zabludov, Choroshch, extended them by acquiring Piaskus and
Malája Berestovica
in
the district of Volkovysk. In Voluine, next to the patrimonial Bergen estate, he acquired
Kneginin and Murowic, and on the Dnieper
-
the New Bychov and the nearby esta¬
tes of Dubosna.
Jurgis,
having inherited part of the family nests estates in the district of
Grodno
-
Bol shaja Berestovica, Rose, Trostianycia (the latter was not far from Brasta)
acquired Dolginov and Sitcai in the district of Ashmena.
14.
Inthethirdquarterofthel6lhcentury,accordingtotheirwealththeChodkevichiai
became the second family of noblemen in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
lhe
network of
estates belonging to the Chodkevichiai family covered a considerable part of the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania: some Russian lands from Supraslis to the Dnieper in the eastern-
western axe and the estates from Skuodas (Samogitia) to
Voluiné
on the northern
-
southern axe.
Ihe geography of acquiring estates does not seem to have been accidental
-
in some
cases gifts bestowed for faithful service were determined by the location of the centres
being administered.
15.
The ways of forming and extending the Chodkevichiai
latifundia
were ordinary
-
inherited estates, various gifts and purchases. However, the extension of
Jurgis latifun¬
dia,
and especially that of Grigalius ones, were determined by marriage
-
they acquired
the largest part of their immovable property through they wives. Jeronimas and his son
Jonas Chodkevichiai extended their
latifundia
to a great extent due to the donations of
the Ruler.
16.
The analysis of the estates enabled the genealogical problem of the Chodkevichiai
branches of the middle of the
16*
century to be made more exact. Thus far belonging
of the estates either to Grigalijus or Jurgic Chodkevichiai has been confused in historio¬
graphy, therefore Grigalius was considered to be the initiator of the Berestovica line and
Jurgis
- ofthat
of Supraslis. Our investigation showed that Grigalius, in inheriting estates,
became the initiator of the Supraslis line and
Jurgis
-
that of Berestovica. The name of the
Bychov line should also be corrected because the principle
-
to recognise titling and self-
awareness of the family is observed in genealogical literature.
17.
The investigations into land ownership showed thatprop erty of the Cho dkevichiai
was the factor of their political power, though not the only one. In some cases an op¬
posite tendency is observed
-
the political influence determined donations of the Ruler.
This tendency became especially obvious in the
16*
century, whereas the rise of Chodka
Jurgaitis and its factors will remain a puzzle
-
there are very few data available, however,
the factor of a heroic deed when saving the Rulers life mentioned in legends cannot be
rejected. Chodka Jurgaitis getting into the political environment of Vytautas determined
the entire future trajectory of the political career of the Chodkevichiai family
-
there was
not a single representative of the family who was not a member of the Council of Lords.
18.
The Chodkevichiai became established in the political elite as early as the sec¬
ond half of the 15th century, still under Jonas Chodkevichius. He received important and
clearly defined dignitaries
-
those of Vitebsk Vicegerent, Elder of Luck,
Voivode
of Kiev.
His son Aleksandras who, first and foremost, was known as a confessional leader had a
successful start too. However, his accusation of having taken part in the Glinsk rebellion
resulted in stagnation of his political career. Though he was a supporter of Queen
Bona,
Aleksandras Chodkevichius did not play any significant role in the political elite
-
he was
Marshal of the Ruler and Elder of Brest for a long time, and it was only at the end of his
days that he became
Voivode
of Naugardukas. As Bona s supporter Jeronimas was pro¬
moted as early as
1544-1545 -
became Castellan of Trakai andEdler of Samogitia. In the
middle of the
6*
decade of the
16
century Grigalius rapidly began making a career: in
1556
he became
Voivode
of Kiev, in 15S9
-
Castellan of Trakai (he replaced Jeronimas
in this position who became Castellan of Vilnius), in
1564
Jeronimas became Castellan
of Vilnius. Nonetheless, until
1565
the Chodkevichiai stayed in the background of the
Radvilos: the Radvilos were Voivodes of Vilnius and Trakai, the Chodkevichiai
-
their
Castellans and Elders of Samogitia. (In 1564JonasJaronimaitisreplacedJeronimas in this
position after the latter
s
death in
1561).
19.
The political climax of the Chodkevichiai family was the period between
1566
and
1572
when as many as three representatives of the family
-
Grigalius,
Jurgis
and Jonas
Jeronimaitis became established in the first five of the Council of Lords: Grigalius held
office of Vilnius Castellan and the Great
Hetman
of the GDL,
Jurgis
was Trakai Castellan,
and Jonas Jeronimaitis was Elder of the Samogitians, Land Marshal and Administrator of
Livonia. These offices allowed them to play a significant role in the political life of the GDL:
Jurgis
was entrusted with diplomacy in the issues of the policy of the East, Grigalius beca¬
me famous in military matters: he issued Military Regulations
(1562,1566),
took part in
the Orsha campaign and significantly contributed to the victory of the
Ula castlein
1564.
20
During this period Jonas Jeronimaitis Chodkevichius became especially distin¬
guished. His merits to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania reflected during the time of the ne¬
gotiations for Lublin Union in which Jonas Jeronimaitis became a leader in diplomacy of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Perceiving the reality and adapting his compromises to it
he managed to correct the treaty so that all thephrases, which would allowitto be inter¬
preted as Lithuania s annexation to Poland were deleted. The issue of seals was postponed
■---------------------------------------------
21б
—.----------------------------------------
to the later time in the future and the use of both seals was already legalised under the new
Ruler Steponas Batoras. Due to that the Act on Lublin Union remained as a declaration
of the union with equal rights containing the articles, which actually made the declared
federation confederation.
21.
The deaths of
Jurgis
(1569)
and Grigalius
(1572)
broke the dominance of the
Chodkevichiai in the political elite. Nevertheless, the period between
1566
and
1572
re¬
mains significant in the 150-year history of the Chodkevichiai family. They bid defiance
to the Radvilos by the titles they were granted (it is true, these were titles of earls rather
than those of dukes), by the creation of printshops (Zabludov), and in the confessional
sphere
-
it is known that the Shklov and Mysh line did not blindly follow in the foot¬
prints of the Radvilos but firmly adhered to the position of Lutheranism,and Grigalius
and
Jurgis
remained Catholics of the Greek rites. Finally the Chodkevichiai did not yield
to the powerful Radvilos in their prestige
-
m. Strijkovski specially described in his chro¬
nicles these two main families only. Having remained the only representative of the fami¬
ly Jonas Jeronimaitis will start a new stage of his political activities during the first years
without King and under the new King
Henrikas
Valúa,
and later he will continue it during
the second period without King and under the rule of Steponas Batoras. However, this is
already a new page of history.
22.
The early history of the Chodkevichiai family is not only an impressive combina¬
tion of reflections of various historical processes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This
is the family who determined significant processes of the GDL society and the state
-
the
genesis of the Church union, integration of the GDL society of the orthodox origin into
the process of the political nation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, shapes of the forma¬
tion of the estate society, and finally traditions of the statehood of the GDL. This is the
family, which created the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kirkienė, Genutė |
| author_facet | Kirkienė, Genutė |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kirkienė, Genutė |
| author_variant | g k gk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035456279 |
| callnumber-first | C - Historical Sciences |
| callnumber-label | CS879 |
| callnumber-raw | CS879.7.C46 |
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| callnumber-sort | CS 3879.7 C46 |
| callnumber-subject | CS - Genealogy |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1031424811 (DE-599)BVBBV035456279 |
| era | Geschichte 1450-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1450-1600 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035456279 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:35:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789955333593 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017376216 |
| oclc_num | 1031424811 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 267 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kirkienė, Genutė Verfasser aut LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje Genutė Kirkienė Vilnius Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla 2008 267 S., [8] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Chodkiewicz family Chodkiewicz Familie ca. ab 15. Jh. (DE-588)121515974 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1450-1600 gnd rswk-swf Nobility Lithuania (Grand Duchy) Chodkiewicz Familie ca. ab 15. Jh. (DE-588)121515974 p Geschichte 1450-1600 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kirkienė, Genutė LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje Chodkiewicz family Chodkiewicz Familie ca. ab 15. Jh. (DE-588)121515974 gnd Nobility Lithuania (Grand Duchy) |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)121515974 |
| title | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje |
| title_auth | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje |
| title_exact_search | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje |
| title_full | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje Genutė Kirkienė |
| title_fullStr | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje Genutė Kirkienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | LDK politikos elito galingieji Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje Genutė Kirkienė |
| title_short | LDK politikos elito galingieji |
| title_sort | ldk politikos elito galingieji chodkeviciai xv xvi amziuje |
| title_sub | Chodkevičiai ; XV - XVI amžiuje |
| topic | Chodkiewicz family Chodkiewicz Familie ca. ab 15. Jh. (DE-588)121515974 gnd Nobility Lithuania (Grand Duchy) |
| topic_facet | Chodkiewicz family Chodkiewicz Familie ca. ab 15. Jh. Nobility Lithuania (Grand Duchy) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017376216&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kirkienegenute ldkpolitikoselitogalingiejichodkeviciaixvxviamziuje |