Verfügbarkeit: Practical advances in petroleum processing

Practical advances in petroleum processing: 1

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Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2006
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXVIII, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst.

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adam_text	CONTENTS 1. Petroleum Processing Overview Paul R. Robinson 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 1 1.1 History of Petroleum Production ....................................... 1 1.2 What is Petroleum?............................................................. 4 1.2.1 The Chemicals in Petroleum .................................. 7 1.2.1.1 Paraffins ................................................... 7 1.2.1.2 Aromatics and Naphthenes ...................... 8 1.2.1.3 Hetero-atom Compounds ......................... 9 1.2.1.4 Olefins ...................................................... 9 1.3 History of Petroleum Processing ....................................... 11 1.3.1 Demand for Conversion .......................................... 11 1.3.2 Demand for a Clean Environment ......................... 13 1.4 Modern Petroleum Processing ........................................... 14 2. Separation .................................................................................... 15 2.1 Distillation ......................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Atmospheric Distillation ........................................ 15 2.1.2 Vacuum Distillation ............................................... 19 2.2 Solvent Refining ................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Solvent Deasphalting ............................................. 19 2.2.2 Solvent Extraction ................................................. 20 2.2.3 Solvent Dewaxing, Wax Deoiling ......................... 21 3. Conversion .................................................................................. 21 3.1 Visbreaking ......................................................................... 22 3.2 Coking ................................................................................ 22 3.2.1 Delayed Coking ..................................................... 22 3.2.2 Fluid Coking .......................................................... 24 3.3 Fluid Catalytic Cracking .................................................... 25 3.3.1 FCC Process Flow ................................................. 25 3.3.2 Heat Balance .......................................................... 26 3.3.3 Houdry Catalytic Cracking (HCC) ........................ 27 3.3.4 Residue FCC .......................................................... 28 3.4 Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking ..................................... 28 3.4.1 Chemistry of Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking ... 29 3.4.2 Hydrotreating Process Flow .................................. 29 3.4.3 Hydrotreating Objectives ...................................... 31 ii Contents 3.4.4 Hydrocracking .......................................................... 33 3.4.5 Hydrocracking Objectives ........................................ 33 3.4.6 Hydrocracker Feeds .................................................. 33 3.4.7 Hydrocracking Process Flow ................................... 33 3.4.8 Hydrocracker Products ............................................. 34 3.5 Ebullated Bed Units .............................................................. 34 4. Upgrading Naphtha ....................................................................... 35 4.1 Catalytic Reforming ............................................................. 35 4.1.1 Catalytic Reforming Objective ................................. 35 4.1.2 Chemistry of Catalytic Reforming ........................... 35 4.1.3 Catalytic Reforming Catalysts ................................. 37 4.1.4 Process Flows ........................................................... 37 4.2 Isomerization ........................................................................ 40 4.2.1 Isomerization Objectives .......................................... 40 4.2.2 Isomerization Catalysts ............................................ 41 4.2.3 Process Flow: C4 Isomerization ............................... 41 4.2.4 Process Flow: C5C6 Isomerization ........................... 41 4.3 Catalytic Oligomerization .................................................... 43 4.3.1 Catalytic Oligomerization Objectives ...................... 43 4.3.2 Catalysis ................................................................... 43 4.3.3 Process Flow ............................................................ 43 4.4 Alkylation ............................................................................. 44 4.4.1 Alkylation Objectives ............................................... 44 4.4.2 Process Flow: Sulfuric Acid Alkylation ................... 44 4.4.3 Process Flow: HF Alkylation ................................... 45 5. Lubes, Waxes and Greases ............................................................ 46 5.1 Lube Base Stocks ................................................................. 46 5.1.1 Catalytic Dewaxing .................................................. 46 5.2 Waxes ................................................................................... 46 5.3 Greases ................................................................................. 47 6. Asphalt Production ........................................................................ 47 7. Drying, Sweetening, and Treating ................................................. 48 7.1 Drying and Sweetening ........................................................ 48 7.2 Treating ................................................................................ 48 8. Product Blending ........................................................................... 49 8.1 Product Specifications .......................................................... 49 8.2 Gasoline Blending ................................................................ 50 8.2.1 Octane Numbers for Hydrocarbons .......................... 50 8.2.2 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) ................................. 51 8.2.3 Gasoline Additives ................................................... 53 8.2.4 Low-Sulfur Gasoline and Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel 54 8.2.5 FCC Gasoline Post-Treating .................................... 55 8.3 Kerosene and Jet Fuel .......................................................... 55 Contents xjx 8.4 Diesel Blending ................................................................. 56 8.4.1 Diesel Additives .................................................... 58 9. Protecting the Environment ....................................................... 59 9.1 Air Quality ........................................................................ 59 9.1.1 Sulfur Recovery .................................................... 59 9.2 Waste Water Treatment .................................................... 62 9.2.1 Primary Treatment ................................................ 62 9.2.2 Secondary Treatment ............................................ 63 9.2.3 Tertiary Treatment ................................................ 63 9.3 Solid Waste ....................................................................... 63 10. Power, Steam, Hydrogen, and CO2 ........................................... 63 10.1 Power .............................................................................. 64 10.2 Steam ............................................................................... 64 10.3 Hydrogen and CO2 ........................................................... 64 11. Refining Economics .................................................................. 65 11.1 Costs ................................................................................ 65 11.2 Revenues ......................................................................... 67 11.3 Margins ........................................................................... 68 11.3.1 Location, Location, Location ............................ 68 11.3.2 Size .................................................................... 69 11.3.3 Conversion Capability and Complexity ............ 69 11.3.4 Automation ....................................................... 70 12. Safety, Reliability, and Maintenance ........................................ 70 12.1 Refinery Staffing ............................................................. 70 12.2 Safety .............................................................................. 71 12.3 Reliability and Maintenance ........................................... 72 13. Petroleum Processing Trends .................................................... 73 13.1 Industry Consolidation .................................................... 73 13.2 Environmental Regulations ............................................. 74 13.3 Residue Upgrading .......................................................... 75 13.4 Increased Oil Consumption in Developing Countries .... 75 13.5 Automation ..................................................................... 76 14. Summary ................................................................................... 76 15. References ................................................................................. 76 2. The Origin of Petroleum Clifford С Walters 1. Historical Overview ................................................................... 79 2. The Petroleum System ............................................................... 81 3. Deposition of Organic-Rich Sedimentary Rocks ....................... 82 4. Kerogen Formation and the Generative Potential of Source Rocks ........................................................................................... 86 xx Contents 5. Generation and Expulsion of Oil and Gas ................................ 91 6. Composition of Produced Petroleum ........................................ 95 7. Summary .................................................................................. 97 8. References ................................................................................. 97 3. Crude Assay Murray R. Watt and Stilianos G. Roussis 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 103 2. Property Measurements/Crude Inspections ............................... 104 2.1 API Gravity ...................................................................... 104 2.2 Sulfur Content .................................................................. 104 2.3 Pour Point ......................................................................... 104 2.4 Whole Crude Simulated Distillation ................................ 104 2.5 Full Assay ........................................................................ 105 2.6 Physical Distillation - ASTM D 2892 Method ................ 105 2.7 ASTM D5236 Method ..................................................... 106 2.8 TBP Curves ...................................................................... 106 2.9 Property Measurement/Assay Grid .................................. 106 2.10 Physical Property Test ..................................................... 107 2.10.1 API Gravity ........................................................ 107 2.10.2 Aniline Point ...................................................... 107 2.10.3 Cloud Point ........................................................ 107 2.10.4 Freeze Point ....................................................... 108 2.10.5 Metals ................................................................. 108 2.10.6 Mercaptan Sulfur ............................................... 108 2.10.7 Micro Carbon Residue ....................................... 108 2.10.8 Nitrogen ............................................................. 108 2.10.9 Pour Point ........................................................... 109 2.10.10 Refractive Index ................................................. 109 2.10.11 Reid Vapor Pressure RVP ................................... 109 2.10.12 Salt Content ........................................................ 109 2.10.13 Smoke Point ....................................................... 109 2.10.14 Sulfur Content .................................................... 110 2.10.15 Total Acid Number ............................................ 110 2.10.16 Viscosity ............................................................ 110 2.10.17 Water & Sediment .............................................. 110 2.11 Asphalt Properties ............................................................ Ill 2.11.1 Penetration ......................................................... Ill 2.11.2 Softening Point ................................................... Ill 3. The Prediction of Crude Assay Properties ................................ Ill 3.1 Needs for Rapid and Accurate Prediction of Crude Assay Properties ................................................................ Ill Contents xx¡ 3.2 Predictions from Measurement of Selected Whole Crude Oil Properties .......................................................... 112 3.3 Predictions from NMR Measurements ............................. 112 3.4 Predictions from Chromatographie Data .......................... 113 3.5 Predictions from GC/MS Measurements .......................... 113 3.6 Predictions from MR Data ............................................... 114 3.7 Property Determination from First Principles .................. 115 4. References .................................................................................. 115 4. Integrated Methodology for Characterization of Petroleum Samples and Its Application for Refinery Product Quality Modeling Yevgenia Briker, Zbigniew Ring, and Hong Yang 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 117 2. Class-Type Separation ............................................................... 118 2.1 Modification of ASTM D2007 LC Separation ................. 119 2.2 SPE Method ...................................................................... 121 2.2.1 SAP (Saturates, Aromatics and Polars) ................ 121 2.2.2 SOAP (Saturates, Olefins, Aromatics, Polars) ...... 123 3. Detailed Hydrocarbon Type Analysis ........................................ 131 3.1 Mass Spectrometry ............................................................ 131 3.2 Distributions by Boiling Point ........................................... 137 4. Neural Network Correlations ..................................................... 142 5. Acknowledgments ...................................................................... 147 6. References .................................................................................. 147 5. Catalytic Processes for Light Olefin Production WangXieqing, Xie Chaogang, Li Zaiting, andZhu Genquan 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 149 2. Fundamentals of the Cracking Mechanism for Light Olefin Production .................................................................................. 151 3. Catalysts ..................................................................................... 153 4. New Technology ........................................................................ 155 4.1 Deep Catalytic Cracking (DCC) ......................................... 156 4.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis Process (CPP) ...................................... 157 4.3 PetroFCC ............................................................................. 160 4.4 Propylur ............................................................................... 161 4.5 Superflex ............................................................................. 162 4.6 Mobil Olefin Interconversion (MOI) .................................. 163 4.7 Propylene Catalytic Cracking (PCC) .................................. 164 4.8 Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT) .............................. 164 4.9 Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Process .................................... 166 5. Prospects .................................................................................... 167 6. References .................................................................................. 168 xxii Contents 6. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Fluid Catalytic Cracking P. O Connor 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 169 2. Process Development ................................................................ 169 3. Chemistry and Kinetics ............................................................ 171 4. Catalysts ................................................................................... 171 5. Catalyst Aging and Deactivation .............................................. 173 6. Feedstocks, Products and the Environment .............................. 174 7. Future Challenges ..................................................................... 175 8. References ................................................................................ 175 7. Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking: Fundamentals Paul R. Robinson and Geoffrey E. Dolbear 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 177 1.1 Hydroprocessing Units: Similarities and Differences ...... 178 2. Process Objectives .................................................................... 180 2.1 Clean Fuels ...................................................................... 181 2.2 The Process In-Between .................................................. 181 3. Chemistry of Hydroprocessing ................................................. 182 3.1 Saturation Reactions ........................................................ 182 3.2 HDS Reactions ................................................................ 185 3.3 HDN Reactions ................................................................ 186 3.4 Cracking Reactions .......................................................... 187 3.5 Coke Formation ............................................................... 189 3.6 Mercaptan Formation ...................................................... 190 3.7 Reaction Kinetics ............................................................ 192 4. Hydroprocessing Catalysts ....................................................... 195 4.1 Catalyst Preparation ........................................................ 196 4.1.1 Precipitation ......................................................... 196 4.1.2 Filtration, Washing and Drying ........................... 198 4.1.3 Forming ............................................................... 198 4.1.4 Impregnation ........................................................ 198 4.1.5 Activation ............................................................ 199 4.1.6 Noble-Metal Catalysts ......................................... 199 4.2 Hydrotreating Catalysts ................................................... 199 4.3 Hydrocracking Catalysts ................................................. 200 4.4 Catalyst Cycle Life .......................................................... 200 4.4.1 Catalyst Regeneration and Rejuvenation ............ 202 4.4.2 Catalyst Reclamation ........................................... 203 5. Process Fow .............................................................................. 204 5.1 Trickle-Bed Units ............................................................ 204 5.2 Slurry-Phase Hydrocracking ........................................... 210 5.3 Ebullating Bed Units ......................................................... 210 Contents xxiii 6. Process Conditions ..................................................................... 211 7. Yields and Product Properties .................................................... 212 8. Overview of Economics ............................................................. 212 8.1 Costs .................................................................................. 212 8.2 Benefits ............................................................................. 214 8.3 Catalyst Cycle Life ........................................................... 214 9. Hydrocracker-FCC Comparison ................................................ 215 10. Operational Issues ...................................................................... 215 11. Licensors .................................................................................... 216 12. Conclusion ................................................................................. 217 13. References .................................................................................. 217 8. Recent Advances in Hydrocracking Adrian Gruia 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 219 2. History ........................................................................................ 219 3. Flow Schemes ............................................................................. 221 3.1 Single Stage Once-Through Hydrocracking ..................... 221 3.2 Single Stage with Recycle Hydrocracking ........................222 3.3 Two Stage Recycle Hydrocracking ................................... 224 3.4 Separate Hydrotreat Two Stage Hydrocracking ............... 224 4. Chemistry ................................................................................... 225 4.1 Treating Reactions ............................................................ 225 4.2 Cracking Reactions ........................................................... 227 5. Catalysts ..................................................................................... 231 5.1 Acid Function of the Catalyst ........................................... 232 5.2 Metal Function of the Catalyst .......................................... 234 6. Catalyst Manufacturing .............................................................. 234 6.1 Precipitation ...................................................................... 235 6.2 Forming ............................................................................. 235 6.3 Drying and Calcining ........................................................ 238 6.4 Impregnation ..................................................................... 238 7. Catalyst Loading and Activation ............................................... 239 7.1 Catalyst Loading ............................................................... 239 7.2 Catalyst Activation ............................................................ 240 8. Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration .................................... 241 8.1 Coke Deposition ................................................................. 241 8.2 Reversible Poisoning .........................................................242 8.3 Agglomeration of the Hydrogénation Component ............ 242 8.4 Metals Deposition ............................................................. 242 8.5 Catalyst Support Sintering ................................................ 242 8.6 Catalyst Regeneration ....................................................... 243 iv Contents 9. Design and Operation of Hydrocracking Reactors .................243 9.1 Design and Construction of Hydrocracking Reactors ... 243 9.2 Hydrocracking Reactor Operation .................................245 10. Hydrocracking Process Variables ...........................................246 10.1 Catalyst Temperature ..................................................... 247 10.2 Conversion .....................................................................248 10.3 Fresh Feed Quality .........................................................249 10.3.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds ......................249 10.3.2 Hydrogen Content .............................................249 10.3.3 Boiling Range ................................................... 250 10.3.4 Cracked Feed Components ...............................250 10.3.5 Permanent Catalyst Poisons ..............................250 10.4 Fresh Feed Rate (LHSV) ............................................... 250 10.5 Liquid Recycle ...............................................................251 10.6 Hydrogen Partial Pressure ............................................. 252 10.7 Recycle Gas Rate ...........................................................253 10.8 Makeup Hydrogen ......................................................... 253 10.8.1 Hydrogen Purity ................................................254 10.8.2 Nitrogen and Methane Content .........................254 10.8.3 CO + CO2 Content ............................................254 11. Hydrocracker Licensors and Catalyst Manufacturers ............255 11.1 Licensors .......................................................................255 11.2 Catalyst Suppliers .........................................................255 12. References ...............................................................................255 9. Current Progress in Catalysts and Catalysis for Hydrotreating Isao Mochida and Ki-Hyouk Choi 1. Introduction .............................................................................257 2. Hydrotreating Process .............................................................261 3. Bases for Hydrotreating ..........................................................262 3.1 Hydrotreating Catalysts .................................................262 3.2 Chemistry of Hydrodesulfurization ...............................264 4. Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Gasoline .................................269 5. Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel .....................................271 6. HDN, HDO and HDM Reactions ...........................................273 7. Inhibition of HDS ................................................................... 275 8. Deactivation and Regeneration of Hydrotreating Catalysts .....275 9. Process Flow of Hydrotreating ............................................... 276 10. Two Successive Layers in Catalyst Beds ................................279 11. Process and Catalyst Development for Deep and Selective HDS of FCC Gasoline ............................................................280 12. Progress in Support Materials for More Active HDS Catalysts ................................................................................. 283 13. Recognition and Control of the Shape and Size of Active Sites of HDS Catalysts ......................................................................286 Contents xxv 14. Catalytic Active Sites for HDS and Hydrogénation ................. 288 15. Roles of Steric Hindrance in Adsorption and Kinetic Processes of HDS ..................................................................................... 291 16. Further Scope and Acknowledgements ................................... 293 17. References ................................................................................ 294 10. Ultra Deep Desulfurization of Diesel: How an Understanding of the Underlying Kinetics Can Reduce Investment Costs Barry H. Cooper and Kim G. Knudsen 1. Changes in Diesel Specifications and Demand ........................297 2. Challenges Facing the Refiner ................................................. 298 3. The Selection of Catalyst for Ultra Deep Desulfurization ....... 299 3.1 Desulfurization ................................................................ 299 3.2 Choice of Catalysts for Ultra Deep Desulfurization ....... 301 3.3 Inhibitors for the Hydrogénation Route .......................... 303 3.4 Consequences for the Choice of Catalyst in Ultra Deep Desulfurization ............................................................... 309 4. Case Studies for the Production of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ... 309 4.1 Case 1: Straight-run, Low Sulfur Feed at 32 Bar ............ 310 4.2 Case 2 : Straight-run, High Sulfur Feed at 32 Bar ........... 311 4.3 Case 3: Blended, High Sulfur Feed at 32 Bar ................. 312 4.4 Case 4: Blended, High Sulfur Feed at 54 Bar .................. 314 4.5 Revamp vs. Grassroots Unit ............................................315 5. Conclusion ............................................................................... 316 6. References ................................................................................ 316 11. Ultra-Clean Diesel Fuels by Deep Desulfurization and Deep Dearomatization of Middle Distillates Chunshan Song and Xiaoliang Ma 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 317 2. Sulfur Compounds in Transportation Fuels ............................. 321 3. Challenges of Ultra Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuels ...... 324 3.1 Reactivities of Sulfur Compounds in HDS ..................... 324 3.2 Mechanistic Pathways of HDS ....................................... 328 4. Design Approaches to Ultra Deep Desulfurization .................. 330 4.1 Improving Catalytic Activity by New Catalyst Formulation ......................................................................332 4.2 Tailoring Reaction and Processing Conditions ............... 336 4.3 Designing New Reactor Configurations ......................... 338 4.4 Developing New Processes ............................................. 340 4.4.1 S Zorb Process for Sulfur Absorption and Capture 340 4.4.2 Selective Adsorption for Deep Desulfurization at Ambient Temperature ........................................... 341 xxvi Contents 4.4.3 New Integrated Process Concept Based on Selective Adsorption ............................................. 344 4.4.4 Adsorption Desulfurization Using Alumina Based Adsorbents ................................................. 345 4.4.5 Charge Complex Formation .................................. 345 4.4.6 Oxidative Desulfurization ..................................... 346 4.4.7 Biodesulfurization ................................................. 348 5. FCC Feed Hydrotreating and LCO Undercutting .................... 352 5.1 FCC Feed Hydrotreating and Sulfur Reduction in LCO 352 5.2 Undercutting LCO .......................................................... 353 6. Deep Hydrogénation of Diesel Fuels ....................................... 355 6.1 Benefits of Aromatics Reduction .................................... 355 6.2 Challenges of Deep Aromatization ................................ 356 6.3 Application of Noble Metal Catalysts ............................. 356 7. Design Approaches to Deep Hydrogénation ............................ 358 7.1 Deep Hydrogénation at Low Temperatures .................... 358 7.2 Saturation of Aromatics in Commercial Process ............ 360 8. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................... 361 9. Acknowledgment ..................................................................... 362 10. Glossary of Terms .................................................................... 362 11. References ................................................................................ 363 12. Synergistic Extractive Desulfurization Processes Ebbe R. Skov and Geoffrey E. Dolbear 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 373 2. Extractive Desulfurization Processes ....................................... 375 3. Synergism Between HDS and EDS ......................................... 376 4. Summary .................................................................................. 378 5. References ................................................................................ 379 13. Advanced Reactor Internals for Hydroprocessing Units F. Emmett Bingham and Douglas E. Nelson 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 381 2. Elements of Hydroprocessing Reactor Design ........................ 382 3. Liquid Distribution Tray Design .............................................. 383 4. Quench Mixing Chamber Design ............................................ 388 5. Example of Reactor Internals Revamp .................................... 389 5.1 Reactor Internals Performance (Pre-revamp) ................. 390 5.2 New Reactor Internals Modifications and Improvements 391 5.3 Performance Improvement Results ................................. 392 5.4 Radial Temperature Differences ..................................... 392 5.5 Weighted Average Bed Temperature .............................. 393 6. Conclusions ................................................................................ 393 Contents xxvii 14. Environmental Pollution Control Paul R. Robinson, EHI. Shaheen, andEsber 1. Shaheen 1. Why Control Pollution? .......................................................... 395 2. Pollution from Petroleum Processing ..................................... 395 2.1 Particulate Matter .......................................................... 395 2.2 Carbon Monoxide .......................................................... 396 2.3 Sulfur Oxides ................................................................. 396 2.4 Nitrogen Oxides, VOC, and Ozone ............................... 397 2.5 Chemicals that React with Stratospheric Ozone ............ 397 2.6 Greenhouse Gases .......................................................... 399 2.6.1 Global CO2 and Temperature Balances ............... 399 2.6.2 Global Warming ......................................... 400 2.7 Waste Water .................................................................. 400 2.8 Solid Waste .................................................................... 401 2.9 Oil Spills ......................................................................... 401 3. Environmental Incidents ......................................................... 401 3.1 London Fog (1952)......................................................... 402 3.2 Amoco Cadiz (1978) ..................................................... 402 3.3 Bhopal, India (1984) ...................................................... 403 3.4 Chernobyl (1986) ........................................................... 404 3.5 The Rhine (1986) ........................................................... 406 3.6 Prince William Sound, Alaska (1989) ........................... 407 3.7 Kuwait (1991) ................................................................ 408 3.8 Lessons Learned ............................................................ 409 4. Environmental Agencies ......................................................... 411 4.1 Environmental Protection Agency ................................. 411 4.2 Other Environmental Agencies ..................................... 412 4.3 Occupational Safety and Health Administration ........... 412 4.3.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ................ 413 5. Key Regulations ..................................................................... 414 5.1 Clean Air Acts ............................................................... 415 5.1.1 Title I -Non-Attainment .................................... 416 5.1.2 Title II- Mobile Sources ................................... 417 5.1.3 Title III - Air Toxics .......................................... 419 5.1.4 Title IV- Acid Rain ........................................... 420 5.1.5 Title VIII -Enforcement .................................... 420 5.2 River and Harbors Act, Refuse Act ............................... 421 5.3 Federal Water Pollution Control Act ............................. 421 5.4 Clean Water Acts, Water Quality Act ........................... 422 5.5 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act ........ 423 xxviii Contents 5.6 Safe Drinking Water Act .............................................. 423 5.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) .... 423 5.8 Superfund, CERCLA ................................................... 425 5.9 Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) ......................... 426 5.10 Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act ..................... 427 5.11 Stockholm Conference ................................................. 427 5.12 Control of Dumping at Sea ........................................... 427 5.13 Climate Control: Rio and Kyoto .................................. 427 5.13.1 Rio Earth Summit ........................................... 427 5.13.2 Kyoto Protocol ............................................... 428 5.13.3 Plan В for Climate Control: Contraction and Convergence ................................................... 429 6. Pollution Control Technology ............................................... 430 6.1 Particulate Matter ......................................................... 430 6.2 Carbon Monoxide and VOC ........................................ 431 6.3 Sulfur Oxides ................................................................ 431 6.4 Nitrogen Oxides ........................................................... 433 6.5 Greenhouse Gases, Stratospheric Ozone ...................... 434 6.6 Waste Water ................................................................. 434 6.6.1 Primary Treatment ............................................ 434 6.6.2 Secondary Treatment ........................................ 436 6.6.3 Tertiary Treatment ............................................ 436 6.7 Cleaning Up Oil Spills ................................................. 436 6.7.1 Natural Forces .................................................. 436 6.7.2 Containment and Physical Removal ................ 437 6.7.3 Adsorbents ........................................................ 438 6.7.4 Dispersion Agents ............................................ 439 6.7.5 Non-dispersive Methods .................................. 439 6.7.6 Cleanup of Oil Contaminated Beaches ............ 440 6.7.7 Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill Cleanup: A Case Study 441 6.8 Solid Waste Recovery and Disposal ............................ 442 6.8.1 Super-critical Fluid Extraction ......................... 443 6.8.2 Sludge ............................................................... 444 6.8.3 Spent Catalysts ................................................. 445 7. Fiction vs. Fact ...................................................................... 445 8. References ............................................................................. 446 Index ......................................................................................................... 449
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illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:35:30Z
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spelling	Practical advances in petroleum processing 1 ed. by Chang S. Hsu ... New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2006 XXVIII, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hsu, Chang S. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV035448660 1 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017368773&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Practical advances in petroleum processing
title	Practical advances in petroleum processing
title_auth	Practical advances in petroleum processing
title_exact_search	Practical advances in petroleum processing
title_full	Practical advances in petroleum processing 1 ed. by Chang S. Hsu ...
title_fullStr	Practical advances in petroleum processing 1 ed. by Chang S. Hsu ...
title_full_unstemmed	Practical advances in petroleum processing 1 ed. by Chang S. Hsu ...
title_short	Practical advances in petroleum processing
title_sort	practical advances in petroleum processing
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017368773&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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work_keys_str_mv	AT hsuchangs practicaladvancesinpetroleumprocessing1

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