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Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination:

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York [u.a.] Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis 2009
Schlagworte:	Discrimination Discrimination - Aspect psychologique Perception sociale Préjugés Stéréotype (psychologie) Stéréotypes Psychologie Diskriminierung Vorurteil Stereotyp Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIV, 581 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780805859522

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................xix Contributors .................................................................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1 The Study of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Within Social Psychology: A Quick History of Theory and Research ...............................................1 Charles Stangor Defining Stereotypes and Prejudice .............................................................................2 Measurement ................................................................................................................5 Predicting Prejudice: The Prejudiced Personality ........................................................6 Why Stereotypes and Prejudice Matter ...................................................................7 Etiology ........................................................................................................................8 Influence: Using Stereotypes and Prejudice .................................................................9 Reducing Stereotyping and Prejudice ........................................................................10 Summary and Implications ........................................................................................12 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................12 References ..................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2 Development of Racial and Ethnic Prejudice Among Children ................................23 Sheri R. Levy and Julie Milligan Hughes Definitions and Measures ...........................................................................................24 Theories of the Origins of Prejudice Among Children ..............................................26 Psychodynamic Approach .....................................................................................26 Social Learning Approach ....................................................................................26 Linguistic Connotation Theorizing ..................................................................27 Multicultural Theorizing ..................................................................................28 Antiracist Theorizing .......................................................................................28 Colorblind Theorizing ......................................................................................29 Mere Exposure Theorizing ...............................................................................31 Extended Contact Theory .................................................................................31 Intergroup Contact Theory ...............................................................................31 Summary ..........................................................................................................32 Cognitive Approach ...............................................................................................33 Summary ..........................................................................................................34 Social-Cognitive Developmental Approaches .......................................................34 Social Identity Development Theory ................................................................34 Common Ingroup Identity Model .....................................................................35 Developmental Model of Subjective Group Dynamics ....................................35 Social Domain Model .............,.........................................................................36 Social-Developmental Perspective on Lay Theories ........................................36 Developmental Intergroup Theory ...................................................................36 Summary ..........................................................................................................37 Evolutionary Approach ..........................................................................................37 Conclusion and Future Directions ..............................................................................38 References ..................................................................................................................39 VI Contents Chapters Intergroup Threat Theory ..........................................................................................43 Walter G. Stephan, Oscar Ybarra, and Kimberly Rios Morrison Intergroup Threat Theory ..........................................................................................44 Antecedents of Threat ...........................................................................................45 Intergroup Relations .........................................................................................45 Cultural Dimensions .........................................................................................47 Situational Factors ............................................................................................48 Individual Difference Variables .......................................................................49 Consequences of Threat ........................................................................................50 Cognitive Responses .........................................................................................50 Emotional Responses ........................................................................................51 Behavioral Responses .......................................................................................52 Concluding Comments ...............................................................................................54 References ..................................................................................................................55 Chapter 4 Automaticity and Control in Stereotyping and Prejudice ..........................................61 Patricia G. Devine and Lindsay B. Sharp Automaticity ...............................................................................................................64 Evidence of Automatic Stereotype Activation ......................................................64 Variability of Automatic Intergroup Biases ..........................................................65 Attentional Processes ........................................................................................65 Social Context and Social Roles .......................................................................66 Individual Differences ......................................................................................67 Situationally Induced Motivational Factors ......................................................68 Malleability of Automatic Intergroup Biases ........................................................69 Effects of Practice .............................................................................................69 Thinking About Counterstereotypic Exemplars ...............................................69 Motor Processes and Spreading Attitudes ........................................................69 Impact and Pervasiveness of Automatic Biases ....................................................70 Control ........................................................................................................................72 Individuation: Gathering Additional Information .................................................72 Correction: Overcoming Potential Bias ................................................................72 Suppression: Banishing Stereotypes From Consciousness ...................................73 Indirect and Unintentional Control Strategies .......................................................73 Self-Regulation: Intentional Inhibition and Replacement .....................................75 Limits to Deliberative Control Strategies ..............................................................76 The Interplay Between Automatic and Controlled Processes ....................................76 Computational Modeling: Separate Estimates of Automatic and Controlled Processes ...............................................................................................................76 Social Neuroscience Approach to the Study of Automaticity and Control ...........77 Concluding Comments ...............................................................................................80 References ..................................................................................................................82 Chapter 5 Attributions to Discrimination: Antecedents and Consequences ..............................89 Brenda Major and Pamela J. Sawyer Perceiving and Attributing Outcomes to Discrimination: Vigilance or Minimization? ............................................................................................................91 Minimization .........................................................................................................91 Contents vii Vigilance ................................................................................................................93 Summary ...............................................................................................................93 Moderators of Perceptions and Attributions to Discrimination .................................94 Characteristics of the Event ...................................................................................94 Characteristics of the Situation .............................................................................95 Characteristics of the Person .................................................................................96 Affect ................................................................................................................96 Prejudice Expectations .....................................................................................96 Group Identification ..........................................................................................97 Status-Related Beliefs .......................................................................................97 Summary ...............................................................................................................98 Consequences of Perceptions of and Attributions to Discrimination ........................99 Impact of Perceived Discrimination on Self-Esteem and Emotional Weil-Being .............................................................................................................99 Threat to Personal Identity .............................................................................101 Clarity of Discrimination ...............................................................................102 Group Identification ........................................................................................102 Beliefs .............................................................................................................103 Summary ........................................................................................................104 Implications for Interpersonal Relationships ......................................................104 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................105 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................106 References ................................................................................................................106 Chapter 6 Controlling Prejudice and Stereotyping: Antecedents, Mechanisms, and Contexts .................................................................................................................... Ill Galen V. Bodenhausen, Andrew R. Todd, and Jennifer A. Richeson Automatic Activation of Stereotypes and Prejudice ................................................ Ill What Are Automatic Intergroup Biases? ............................................................. Ill How Inevitable Are Automatic Prejudice and Stereotypes? ...............................113 Motivational Antecedents of Prejudice Control .......................................................115 Cognitive Mechanisms of Prejudice Control ...........................................................115 Executive Function and Self-Regulation .............................................................116 Controlling the Initial Activation of Biased Associations ...................................117 Can the Inhibition of Biased Associations Become Automatized? .....................119 Controlling the Application of Biased Associations ...........................................120 Social Contexts of Control .......................................................................................122 Interpersonal Interactions ....................................................................................122 Verbal Versus Nonverbal Behavior .....................................................................124 Affective and Cognitive Consequences of Control .............................................124 Institutional and Cultural Contexts .....................................................................125 Social Norms ..................................................................................................125 Diversity Ideology ...........................................................................................126 Diverse Environments ....................................................................................128 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................128 References ................................................................................................................129 Contents Chapter 7 Stereotypes and Shifting Standards .........................................................................137 Monica Biernat Shifting Standards in Social Judgment ....................................................................138 Translation and the Communication of Subjective Language .................................141 Setting Standards .....................................................................................................143 Behaving Toward Members of Sterotyped Groups ..................................................144 Complexity and More Complexity ...........................................................................146 Conclusion ................................................................................................................148 References ................................................................................................................149 Chapter 8 Stereotype and Social Identity Threat ......................................................................153 Joshua Aronson and Matthew S. McGlone Social Identity Threat Defined .................................................................................154 Initial Demonstrations of Social Identity Threat .....................................................155 Generality of Social Identity Threat Effects ............................................................156 The Process of Social Identity Threat ......................................................................157 The Role of Individual Differences .....................................................................157 Mediating Mechanisms of Short-Term Performance ..........................................159 Anxiety ...........................................................................................................159 Reduced Working Memory and Impaired Self-Regulation ............................160 Expectations ....................................................................................................161 Effort ...............................................................................................................161 Priming Effects ...............................................................................................161 Longer Term Effects on Achievement .................................................................163 Avoidance of Challenge ..................................................................................163 Disidentification ..............................................................................................164 The Pitfalls and Promise of Social Identity Salience ...............................................165 Beyond the Academic Context ............................................................................167 Athletic Performance ......................................................................................167 Aging and Memory .........................................................................................167 Political Knowledge ........................................................................................168 Managerial Performance ................................................................................169 Threat-Reducing Interventions .................................................................................169 Forewarning .........................................................................................................170 Reframing the Nature of Ability .........................................................................170 Role Models ....................................................................................................171 Self-Affirmations ............................................................................................171 Conclusion: Bush s Brain .........................................................................................171 References ................................................................................................................172 Chapter 9 The Role of Entitativity in Stereotyping: Processes and Parameters .......................179 David L. Hamilton, Steven J. Sherman, Sara A. Crump, and Julie Spencer-Rodgers Entitativity: The Groupness of Groups ....................................................................180 Types of Groups ...................................................................................................181 Perceptions of Entitativity and Homogeneity ...........................................................182 The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect .....................................................................182 The Relation Between Similarity and Stereotyping ............................................183 The Relation Between Entitativity and Similarity ..............................................184 Contents ¡x Empirically Distinguishing Entitativity and Similarity ......................................185 Entitativity, Stereotype Development, Generalization, and the Interchangeability of Group Members .....................................................................186 Entitativity and the Processes of Impression Formation .....................................187 Entitativity and Stereotype Development ............................................................187 Entitativity, Stereotyping, and Collective Responsibility ....................................190 Entitativity and the Use of Stereotypes ....................................................................191 The Important Role of Entitativity in Stereotyping ............................................192 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................194 References ................................................................................................................195 Chapter 10 The Unbearable Accuracy of Stereotypes ................................................................199 Lee Jussim, Thomas R. Cain, Jarret T. Crawford, Kent Harber, and Florette Cohen Are Stereotypes Inaccurate by Definition? ..............................................................200 All Beliefs About Groups Cannot Possibly Be Inaccurate ..................................200 If Stereotypes Are the Subset of Beliefs About Groups That Are Inaccurate, There Is No Stereotype Research ....................................................................201 If Stereotypes Are Defined as Inaccurate Beliefs About Groups Then Only Empirically Invalidated Beliefs Constitute Stereotypes .....................................201 A Neutral Definition of Stereotype .....................................................................201 Are Stereotypes Empirically Inaccurate? ................................................................202 Stereotype Accuracy and Levels of Analysis ......................................................202 Some Preliminary Caveats ..................................................................................203 Different Aspects of Stereotype (^Accuracy .........................................................203 Types of Stereotype Accuracy .............................................................................203 What Is a Reasonable Standard for Characterizing a Stereotypie Belief as Accurate ? ...............................................................................................................203 Discrepancies .......................................................................................................204 TheBull s-Eye ................................................................................................204 Near Misses ....................................................................................................204 Types of Discrepancies ...................................................................................205 Correspondence With Real Differences: High Accuracy ....................................205 Correspondence With Real Differences: Moderate Accuracy ............................205 Caveats and Clarifications ...................................................................................210 Systematic Errors ............................................................................................210 We Only Review Stereotype Accuracy Data ..................................................210 Differences in Terms ......................................................................................210 Criteria for Inclusion ............................................................................................210 Accuracy of Ethnic and Racial Stereotypes .............................................................211 Accuracy of Gender Stereotypes ..............................................................................211 Strengths and Weaknesses of Research on the Accuracy of Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Stereotypes ..................................................................................................211 Inaccurate Stereotypes ........................................................................................212 The Role of Stereotypes in Enhancing or Reducing the Accuracy of Person Perception .................................................................................................................212 What Should People Do to Be Accurate? ............................................................212 On the Use of Inaccurate Versus Accurate Stereotypes in Judging Individuals ......................................................................................................212 Definitive Individuating Information .............................................................213 Useful but Not Definitive Individuating Information .....................................213 x Contents What Should People Do With Useful but Not Definitive Individuating Information? ....................................................................................................214 No Individuating Information .........................................................................215 What Do People Do When They Judge Individuals? ..........................................215 Process ............................................................................................................215 Accuracy .........................................................................................................217 Does Relying on a Stereotype Increase or Reduce Accuracy in Person Perception? ......................................................................................................218 Summary and Critical Evaluation ............................................................................220 What the Stereotype Research Does Not Show ..................................................220 What This Research Does Show .........................................................................220 Important Limitations .........................................................................................222 Are Stereotypes Ever Highly Inaccurate? ...........................................................222 The Evidence Reviewed in This Chapter .......................................................222 Speculations on Other Conditions of Inaccuracy ...........................................223 The Scientific and Social Value of Stereotype Accuracy Research ....................223 Distinguishing Accurate From Inaccurate Stereotypes ..................................224 Investigating the Dynamics of Stereotypes ....................................................224 Generating a Coherent Understanding of Both Past and Future Research .....224 Notes .........................................................................................................................224 References ................................................................................................................225 Chapter 11 Downward and Upward Spirals in Intergroup Interactions: The Role of Egosystem and Ecosystem Goals .............................................................................229 Jennifer Crocker and Julie A. Garcia Stigma and Self-Image Threat .................................................................................229 Self-Image Threat for Targets of Stigma .............................................................229 Self-Image Threat for People With Valued Identities .........................................230 Social Norms Against Prejudice .....................................................................230 The Consequences of Self-Image Threat .................................................................231 Vigilance ..............................................................................................................231 Physiological Responses ......................................................................................231 Flight Responses .............................................................................................232 Fight Responses ..............................................................................................232 Emotional Responses ...........................................................................................232 Cognitive Responses ............................................................................................233 Self-Regulation ....................................................................................................233 Downward Spirals ....................................................................................................234 Goals in Intergroup Interactions ..............................................................................236 Ecosystem Goals .................................................................................................236 Consequences of Ecosystem Goals ................................................................236 Egosystem and Ecosystem Goals and Disclosure of Concealable Stigmas ........239 Creating Upward Spirals ..........................................................................................240 Conclusion ................................................................................................................241 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................241 References ................................................................................................................241 Contents x¡ Chapter 12 The Stereotypie Behaviors of the Powerful and Their Effect on the Relatively Powerless ..................................................................................................................247 Theresa K. Vescio, Sarah J. Gervais, Larisa Heiphetz, and Brittany Bloodhart Power ........................................................................................................................248 Stereotyping, Power, and the Maintenance of the Status Quo: Prior Work .............248 Foundational Ideas of Relevance in the Stereotyping and Prejudice Literature . 249 Foundational Ideas of Relevance in the Power Literature ...................................250 Classic Theory and Research on Power and Stereotyping: The Contemporary Starting Point ..............................................................................250 Variability in Stereotyping as a Function of Situations ......................................251 Variability in Stereotyping as a Function of Individual Differences ..................252 Summary .............................................................................................................252 A Goal-Situated Perspective on Power and Stereotyping ........................................253 Domains of Interest .............................................................................................253 The Core Human Motives to Belong and Be Legitimate ....................................253 Goal-Shaping Features of Situations Involving Differentials in Role Power ......253 The Goals of High-Power People ...................................................................254 The Goals of Low-Power People ....................................................................254 When Do High-Power People Stereotype Low-Power People? ..........................254 How Do High-Power People Behave Toward the Low-Power People They Stereotype? ..........................................................................................................256 How Do the Stereotypie and Patronizing Behaviors of the Powerful Affect Their Low-Power Recipients? ..............................................................................258 Summary of Assumptions and Propositions .......................................................259 Concluding Comments .............................................................................................260 References ................................................................................................................261 Chapter 13 Mechanisms Underlying the Malleability of Implicit Prejudice and Stereotypes: The Role of Automaticity and Cognitive Control ...............................267 Nilanjana Dasgupta Implicit Attitudes Are Malleable .............................................................................268 Cognitive Control Influences the Malleability of Implicit Attitudes .......................269 Accessibility of Automatic Associations Influences the Malleability of Implicit Attitudes ...................................................................................................................269 Goals of This Chapter ..............................................................................................270 Increasing The Salience of Group Membership Increases Implicit Bias by Activating Automatic Associations ..........................................................................270 Increasing the Salience of Counterstereotypic Cues Decreases Implicit Bias by Activating Different Positive Associations ..............................................................272 Specific Motivations Can Increase or Decrease Implicit Bias by Changing in Cognitive Control .....................................................................................................273 Emotion as a Source of Motivation .....................................................................273 Self-Image Threat and Social Identity Threat as a Source of Motivation ...........273 Promotion and Prevention Focus as a Source of Motivation ...............................274 Social Norms as a Source of Motivation .............................................................274 Motivation to Control Prejudice ..........................................................................274 Global Executive Control as a Source of Accuracy Motivation ..........................275 x¡¡ Contents The Influence of Contextual Cues Is Moderated by Individual and Group Differences: The Combined Rule of Automatic Associations and Cognitive Control ......................................................................................................................276 Learning and Unlearning Implicit Attitudes: The Role of Cognitive Control and Automatic Associations .....................................................................................277 Learning and Unlearning Attitudes by Mere Instruction Versus Concrete Strategies .............................................................................................................277 Learning and Unlearning Attitudes by Extended Training ................................279 Conclusion and New Directions ...............................................................................279 References ................................................................................................................280 Chapter 14 Intergroup Emotions Theory ....................................................................................285 Diane M. Machie and Angela T. Maitner, and Eliot R. Smith Intergroup Emotion s Theory ...................................................................................286 Empirical Support for Intergroup Emotions Theory ................................................289 Social Categorization Dictates Intergroup Emotional Experience .....................289 Social Categorization Entails Intergroup Appraisal ...........................................290 Specific Patterns of Intergroup Appraisals Trigger Specific Intergroup Emotions ..............................................................................................................291 The Impact of Social Categorization on Intergroup Emotion Is Moderated by Identification ...................................................................................................291 What Are Intergroup Emotions Like? .................................................................292 Specific Intergroup Emotions Produce Specific Intergroup Action Tendencies, and the Impact of Appraisals on Behavioral Tendencies Is Mediated by the Experience of Distinct Intergroup Emotions ............................293 Reflecting the Regulatory Function of Intergroup Emotions, the Execution of Motivated Behaviors Will Have Implications for the Emotions That Motivated Them ............................................................,.....................................295 New Directions: Refinements and Extensions of Intergroup Emotions Therapy ....295 The Role of Identification ....................................................................................296 The Basis of Convergence in Intergroup Emotions .............................................297 The Role of Dynamic Feedback Loops ...............................................................298 Predictions of Outgroup Emotion ........................................................................299 The Impact of Group-Based Emotions on Other Cognitive Processes ...............300 Interventions That Capitalize on the Crucial Role of Categorization and Identification ........................................................................................................300 Conclusions and Implications for Amelioration of Intergroup Relations ................302 References ................................................................................................................303 Chapter 15 How Our Dreams of Death Transcendence Breed Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Conflict: Terror Management Theory ......................................................................309 Jeff Greenberg, Mark Landau, Spee Kosloff, and Sheldon Solomon Terror Management: Theory and Evidence ..............................................................310 Theory .................................................................................................................310 Evidence ..............................................................................................................311 TMT, Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination .................................................311 TMT and Prejudice as a Response to the Threat of Alternative Worldviews .....311 TMT and Two Special Kinds of Prejudice: Sexism and Ageism ........................313 TMT and Stereotyping ........................................................................................314 Contents xiii ТМТ and the Eradication of the Evil Other: The Ultimate Form of Discrimination .....................................................................................................315 TMT and the Psychological Consequences of Prejudice .........................................317 TMT and Other Approaches to Understanding of Prejudice ...................................319 Individual Differences .........................................................................................319 Realistic Group Conflict Theory .........................................................................320 Scapegoat Theory ................................................................................................322 Social Identity Theory .........................................................................................322 Just World and System Justification Theories .....................................................324 Social Cognitive Approaches ..............................................................................325 Summary .............................................................................................................326 TMT and the Amelioration of Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict ...........................326 References ................................................................................................................327 Chapter 16 You Were Always on My Mind: How Event-Related Potentials Inform Impression Formation Research ...............................................................................333 Jennifer T. Kubota and Tiffany A. Ito Understanding ERPS ................................................................................................333 Social Categorization ...............................................................................................334 Individuation ............................................................................................................336 Moderation of Early Visual Processing ...................................................................337 Perception of Racially Ambiguous Faces ................................................................338 Prejudice and Stereotyping ......................................................................................338 Cognitive Control .....................................................................................................339 Conclusion ................................................................................................................342 References ................................................................................................................343 Chapter 17 Pictures in Our Heads: Contributions of f MRI to the Study of Prejudice and Stereotyping .............................................................................................................347 David M. Antodio and Matthew D. Lieberman Social Cognition Research on Prejudice and Stereotyping ......................................347 Automaticity of Bias ............................................................................................348 Regulating Intergroup Responses ........................................................................349 An fMRI Approach to the Activation and Regulation of Intergroup Responses .....349 Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Prejudice ...........................................................350 Neural Correlates of Implicit Stereotyping .........................................................353 Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Control .............................................................355 fMRI Studies of Prejudice Control .....................................................................356 Inhibition of Race-Biased Emotion .....................................................................357 Neural Basis of Intergroup Person Perception .........................................................358 Neural Substrates of Ingroup Versus Outgroup Perception ................................358 Neural Basis of Outgroup Empathy ....................................................................359 What Have We Learned About Prejudice From fMRI Studies? ..............................360 Conclusion ................................................................................................................362 References ................................................................................................................362 x¡v Contents Chapter 18 Measures of Prejudice ..............................................................................................367 Michael A. Olson Opening Observations ..............................................................................................367 Scope and Organization ...........................................................................................368 Direct Measures .......................................................................................................368 Racial Attitudes Scale (RAS; Sidanius, Pratto, Martin, & Stallworth, 1991).....368 Attitudes Toward Blacks (ATB), Attitudes Toward Whites (ATW; Brigham, 1993)....................................................................................................................369 Pro-Black/Anti-Black Attitudes Questionnaire (PAAQ; Katz & Hass, 1988) ....369 Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scales (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995)...................370 The Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, Hardee, & Batts, 1981)......................371 More Recent Measures of Modern and Symbolic Racism ..................................372 Other Measures ...................................................................................................372 Distal Measures ..............................................................................................372 Measures of Motivation ..................................................................................373 Still More Measures ........................................................................................373 Direct Measures: Summary .................................................................................374 Indirect Measures .....................................................................................................374 Priming Measures ...............................................................................................375 IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998)...............................................................................376 Other Indirect Measures ......................................................................................378 Relationships Between Indirect Measures ..........................................................378 Malleability of Indirect Measures .......................................................................379 Relationships Between Direct and Indirect Measures .............................................379 The Bigger Picture ...................................................................................................380 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................381 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................381 References ................................................................................................................381 Chapter 19 Racism in the 21st Century ......................................................................................387 Michael A. Zarate Defining Racism .......................................................................................................387 Racism and Ethnicity ...............................................................................................387 Is Racism Still a Problem? .......................................................................................388 Does Race Predict Quality of Life? .....................................................................388 Racism in the Workplace .....................................................................................389 Cultural Indicators of Quality of Life .................................................................390 Health and Stress .................................................................................................391 Implicit Prejudice ................................................................................................391 Ethnic Cleansing .................................................................................................393 What drives racism? .................................................................................................393 Essentialism .........................................................................................................393 Social Identity Theory .........................................................................................394 Social Categorization ..........................................................................................394 Individual Difference Variables ..........................................................................395 Summary .............................................................................................................396 Solutions ...................................................................................................................396 Stereotype Confirmation .....................................................................................397 Confrontational Approaches ................................................................................397 Contents xv Collective Approaches to Prejudice Reduction ...................................................399 Common Ingroup Identity ...................................................................................399 Muticulturalism: Maybe Group Differences Are Meant to Be Enjoyed .............400 How Does Multiculturalism Act in Real Life? ....................................................402 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................402 References ................................................................................................................403 Chapter 20 Sexism ......................................................................................................................407 Janet K. Swim and Lauri L. Hyers Gender Differences ..................................................................................................408 Feminist Theories of Gender Socialization .........................................................409 Feminist Methodological Critique .......................................................................410 Gender-Related Beliefs and Ideologies ....................................................................411 Gender Stereotypes .............................................................................................411 Explicit Stereotypes ........................................................................................411 Implicit Stereotypes ........................................................................................412 Stereotypes as Sexist Beliefs ..........................................................................412 Traditional Gender Roles .....................................................................................413 Modern Sexism and Neosexism ..........................................................................414 Reactions Toward Feminism and Feminists ........................................................415 Ambivalent Sexism ..............................................................................................415 Beliefs Supporting Sexual Aggression Against Women .....................................416 Sexist Behaviors .......................................................................................................417 Judgments of Women and Men ...........................................................................417 Backlash ..........................................................................................................418 Social Context .................................................................................................419 Traditional Gender Roles .....................................................................................419 Everyday Experiences and Interpersonal Sexism ...............................................419 Violence ...............................................................................................................421 Consequences of Sexism ..........................................................................................422 Violence ...............................................................................................................422 Objectification of Women ....................................................................................423 Internalization of Sexism ....................................................................................423 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................424 References ................................................................................................................424 Chapter 21 Ageism ......................................................................................................................431 ToddD. Nelson The Institutionalization of Ageism ...........................................................................432 Early Ageism Research ............................................................................................432 Age Stereotypes .......................................................................................................433 Positive Intentions ....................................................................................................433 Influence of Ageism on Older Persons ................................................................434 History of Ageism ....................................................................................................435 Why Are People Ageist? .....................................................................................435 Cross-Cultural Differences in Ageism .....................................................................436 Conclusion ................................................................................................................437 References ................................................................................................................438 xv¡ Contents Chapter 22 Sexual Prejudice .......................................................................................................441 Gregory M. Herek Sexual Stigma and Prejudice: A Conceptual Framework ........................................441 Individual Manifestations of Sexual Stigma ............................................................443 Enacted Sexual Stigma ........................................................................................443 Felt Sexual Stigma ...............................................................................................444 Internalized Sexual Stigma .................................................................................444 Sexual Prejudice: Definitional Considerations and Distinctions ..............................445 Distinguishing Sexual Prejudice From Other Sexual Orientation Attitudes ...........446 Similarities to and Differences From Other Forms of Prejudice .............................447 Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Sources of Sexual Prejudice .........................448 Sexual Prejudice and Beliefs About Sexual Minorities ......................................448 Affective Sources of Sexual Prejudice ................................................................450 Key Correlates of Sexual Prejudice ..........................................................................451 Gender .................................................................................................................452 Religious Beliefs and Affiliations ........................................................................453 Personal Experience and Relationships ...............................................................455 Motivations for Sexual Prejudice .............................................................................456 Conclusion ................................................................................................................457 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................458 References ................................................................................................................458 Chapter 23 Anti-Fat Prejudice ....................................................................................................469 Christian S. Crandall, Angela Nierman, and Michelle Hebl Effects on Mental Health .........................................................................................469 Teasing .................................................................................................................470 Self-Esteem ..........................................................................................................470 Education ..................................................................................................................471 Workplace .................................................................................................................472 Hiring Paradigms ................................................................................................472 Promotion and Pay Scales ...................................................................................472 Customer Service ................................................................................................473 Marriage, Relationships, and Family .......................................................................473 Friendship ............................................................................................................473 Dating ..................................................................................................................473 Marriage ..............................................................................................................474 HealthCare ...............................................................................................................475 Gender, Ethnicity, Culture, and Social Class ...........................................................475 Gender .................................................................................................................475 Ethnicity and Culture ..........................................................................................476 Theoretical Accounts of Anti-Fat Prejudice ............................................................477 Stereotype Content Model ...................................................................................477 Intergroup Emotions Theory ...............................................................................477 Evolutionary Approaches ....................................................................................478 System Justification Approach ............................................................................478 Justification Suppression Model ..........................................................................479 What Is Remarkable, Unusual, or Unique About Weight-Based Prejudice? ............479 People Are Responsible for Their Weight ...........................................................480 Weight Is Escapable .............................................................................................480 Contents xvii Social Norms About Expression .........................................................................480 Is Obesity Related Research Biased Against the Null Hypothesis? ....................481 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................................481 References ................................................................................................................481 Chapter 24 A Common Ingroup Identity: A Categorization-Based Approach for Reducing Intergroup Bias .........................................................................................................489 Samuel L. Gaertner and John F. Dovidio Social Categorization ...............................................................................................490 Categorization and Bias .......................................................................................490 Categorization-Based Models of Bias Reduction ................................................491 The Common Ingroup Identity Model .....................................................................494 Common Identity and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias ....................................496 The Value of a Dual Identity ...............................................................................499 The Green Circle Elementary School Anti-Bias Education Program .................500 Conclusion ................................................................................................................501 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................502 References ................................................................................................................502 Chapter 25 The Self-Regulation of Prejudice .............................................................................507 Margo J. Monteìth and Aimée Y. Mark Self-Regulation......................................................................................................... 508 Self-Regulation Through Suppression .....................................................................509 The Self-Regulation of Prejudice Model ..................................................................510 Prejudice-Related Discrepancies .........................................................................512 Discrepancy-Related Affect ................................................................................513 Behavioral Inhibition and Retrospective Reflection ............................................514 Prospective Reflection and Prejudice Regulation in the Presence of Cues for Control .................................................................................................................515 Application to High-Prejudice Individuals ..........................................................515 Neuroscientific Evidence for the Self-Regulation of Prejudice ...........................516 Self-Regulation in Intergroup Interactions ...............................................................517 Conclusions and Future Directions ..........................................................................519 Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................520 References ................................................................................................................520 Chapter 26 The Future of Research on Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination ...............525 Susan T. Fiske, Lasana T. Harris, Tiane L. Lee, and Ann Marie Russell What Will We Be Doing? .........................................................................................525 Behavior: Remember Discrimination? ................................................................526 Culture .................................................................................................................527 Brain ....................................................................................................................530 Conclusion ................................................................................................................531 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................531 References ................................................................................................................531 Subject Index ................................................................................................................................535 Author Index .................................................................................................................................557
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spelling	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination ed. by Todd D. Nelson New York [u.a.] Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis 2009 XXIV, 581 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Discrimination Discrimination - Aspect psychologique ram Perception sociale Perception sociale ram Préjugés Préjugés ram Stéréotype (psychologie) ram Stéréotypes Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd rswk-swf Vorurteil (DE-588)4064037-1 gnd rswk-swf Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Vorurteil (DE-588)4064037-1 s Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 s Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s DE-604 Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 s 2\p DE-604 Nelson, Todd D. 1966- Sonstige (DE-588)128430869 oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017366085&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination Discrimination Discrimination - Aspect psychologique ram Perception sociale Perception sociale ram Préjugés Préjugés ram Stéréotype (psychologie) ram Stéréotypes Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Vorurteil (DE-588)4064037-1 gnd Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd
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title	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
title_auth	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
title_exact_search	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
title_full	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination ed. by Todd D. Nelson
title_fullStr	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination ed. by Todd D. Nelson
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination ed. by Todd D. Nelson
title_short	Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
title_sort	handbook of prejudice stereotyping and discrimination
topic	Discrimination Discrimination - Aspect psychologique ram Perception sociale Perception sociale ram Préjugés Préjugés ram Stéréotype (psychologie) ram Stéréotypes Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Vorurteil (DE-588)4064037-1 gnd Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd
topic_facet	Discrimination Discrimination - Aspect psychologique Perception sociale Préjugés Stéréotype (psychologie) Stéréotypes Psychologie Diskriminierung Vorurteil Stereotyp Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017366085&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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