Societates Academicae Vilnenses: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. u. litauischer Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 668 s., [40] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.) 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788392431145 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804138886293618688 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
9
Rozdział
I.
Warunki rozwoju polskich towarzystw
naukowych w pierwszej połowie
XX
wieku
19
1.
Od początku
XX
wieku do pierwszej wojny
światowej
20
2.
W latach pierwszej wojny światowej
(1914-1918) 39
3.
W latach walk z bolszewikami i w Litwie
Środkowej
(1919-1922) 53
4.
W granicach
II
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
(1922-1939) 74
5.
W latach drugiej wojny światowej
89
Rozdział
II.
Towarzystwo Miłośników
Starożytnictwa i Ludoznawstwa
(1899-1907) 123
1.
Literatura i źródła
123
2.
Założenie
126
3.
Członkowie
130
4.
Działalność
146
6
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
Rozdział III. Towarzystwo Muzeum Nauki i Sztuki
w Wilnie
(1907-1914) 167
1.
Literatura i źródła
167
2.
Założenie
171
3.
Członkowie
177
4.
Działalność
199
Rozdział
IV.
Towarzystwo Miłośników
Wilna
(1919-1933) 223
1.
Literatura i źródła
223
2.
Założenie
225
3.
Członkowie
227
4.
Działalność
246
Rozdział
V.
Powstanie Towarzystwa Przyjaciół
Nauk w Wilnie i jego członkowie
265
1.
Literatura i źródła
265
2.
Założenie
272
3.
Członkowie
276
Rozdział
VI.
Działalność Towarzystwa Przyjaciół
Nauk w Wilnie w latach
1907-1914 315
1.
Tworzenie bazy materialnej
316
2.
Biblioteka
320
3.
Muzeum
325
4.
Praca naukowo-badawcza i ochrona zabytków
333
5.
Wydawnictwo
339
Spis treści
Rozdział
VII.
Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk
w Wilnie w latach pierwszej wojny światowej
i walk o ustalenie granic państwa polskiego
343
1.
W latach pierwszej wojny światowej
(1914-1918) 343
2.
Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie
w latach wojny z bolszewikami i w Litwie
Środkowej
(1919-1922) 350
Rozdział
VIII.
Działalność Towarzystwa Przyjaciół
Nauk w latach
1922-1939 361
1.
Zreformowanie Towarzystwa w
1922
roku
361
2.
Posiedzenia naukowe
364
3.
Wydawnictwo
371
4.
Sprawy majątkowe
384
5.
Biblioteka
390
6.
Muzeum
397
7.
Kontakty z innymi towarzystwami
i instytucjami naukowymi w kraju i za granicą
411
Rozdział
IX.
Losy członków i zbiorów
Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie
w latach drugiej wojny światowej
421
1.
W pierwszych tygodniach wojny
421
2.
Podczas pierwszej okupacji sowieckiej
422
3.
W okresie rządów litewskich
424
4.
W Litewskiej SRR
430
5.
Podczas okupacji niemieckiej
436
6.
Po „oswobodzeniu sowieckim
441
б
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
Zakończenie
455
Tabele
469
Spis tabel
522
Wykaz najczęściej używanych skrótów
523
Bibliografía
525
1.
Źródła archiwalne
525
2.
Źródła opublikowane
527
3.
Czasopisma
531
4.
Prasa
531
5.
Opracowania
539
Summary
583
Santrauka
601
Indeks osób
617
Spis ilustracji
662
SUMMARV
The present work is devoted to celebrating the one hund¬
redth anniversary of setting up the Friends of Science
Society in Vilnius
(1907-2007).
This anniversary is a spe¬
cial occasion to remember the history of the Society and its
predecessors as well as associated organizations, i.e.: the Lovers
of Classical Antiquity and Folklore Society
(1899-1907),
the Mu¬
seum of Science and Art Society
(1907-1914)
and the Lovers of
Vilnius Society
(1919-1933).
The first of these joined the Friends
of Science Society in
1907,
while the second one in
1914.
The Lo¬
vers of Vilnius Society was officially folded in
1933
and its collec¬
tions, similarly to those of its two predecessors, were transferred
to the Friends of Science Society.
The most important objective of this publication is to determine
when and how the societies mentioned above were established,
and especially who set them up, what aims their founders formu¬
lated for them and what obstacles they had to overcome while
obtaining permission to implement the organisations goals and
plans. The next important objective is to introduce the societies
by presenting their organizational structure, activities, financial
sources and achievements in particular branches of science.
The paper also describes the publications of the societies: the
scholarly magazines published by the Friends of Science Society
584
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
in Vilnius, as well as its publishing series and resource editions.
It presents their authors, the topics covered, the importance of
these magazines and materials for research and the history and
culture of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, as well as life during
the partitions.
Special attention was devoted to the membership of the so¬
cieties, as far as possible trying to establish the exact number
of their members, their first names and surnames, which estate
they belonged to, their professions. There are also descriptions
of the ways the societies were supported by the Polish landed
gentry and intelligentsia and in the inter-war period by state and
social institutions.
Moreover, the paper presents the influence the organizations
exerted on the society through their publications, by organizing
public events, as well as through the press and their subordinate
institutions (libraries, reading rooms and museums). It shows
how significant their activities were for preserving and develo¬
ping Polish culture in the Vilnius area and building the national
awareness of the regions community.
Besides, it describes the contacts between the Vilnius societies
and other scientific and research centres in Poland and abroad
and the importance of these contacts for the development of
scientific research. The society that had the smallest possibilities
to establish such contacts was the illegal Lovers of Classical An¬
tiquity and Folklore Society, and the one with the best opportu¬
nities
-
the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius, particularly in
the years
1922-1939,
when it benefited from the help not only
of its sponsors and social organizations, but also Polish state in¬
stitutions.
Summary
585
The overall chronological framework of the work spans the
first half of the 20th century, and specifically
-
the time from
setting up the illegal Lovers of Classical Antiquity and Folklore
Society in
1899
to October
1939,
when the legal activity of the
Friends of Science Society was suspended after making Vilnius
part of the Republic of Lithuania. Five periods of the activity of
friends of science in Vilnius are distinguished. The first one
comprises the last fifteen years of Russian rule
(1899-1914),
the second one
-
the First World War
(1914-1918),
the third
one
-
the time of fighting with Bolsheviks and the existence
of the so-called Middle Lithuania
(1919-1922),
the fourth one
-
the period when the lands around Vilnius were part of the
Republic of Poland
(1922-1939),
the fifth one
-
the tragic years
of the Second World War. Two sub-periods can be identified in
the first period: one
-
encompassing the last years of the 19th
and the early 20th century is the time of the repressive regime
introduced by the tsar after the fall of the January Uprising, the
second one
-
from
1905
to the outbreak of the First World War
-
is a period when the tsarist rulers had to make significant
concessions in their internal policy due to the pressure of the
revolutionary movement
The present work has an introduction, nine chapters and
a conclusion. Each chapter is divided into several subchapters.
The Introduction outlines the topic of the research, the aim of
the work, the time it covers and lists the most important litera¬
ture on the subject and the resources. The first chapter presents
a brief overview of the setting up and activity of the Friends of
Science Society and other Polish scientific societies in the first
half of the 20ih century. The other chapters are devoted to the
586
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
particular
societies. Chapter two describes the setting up and
activity of the Lovers of Classical Antiquity and Folklore Society
(1899-1907),
the third chapter the Museum of Science and Art
Society
(1907-1914),
the fourth
-
the Lovers of Vilnius Society
(1919-1933),
the fifth one
-
the setting up of the Friends of Scien¬
ce Society and its members, the sixth one
-
the activity of the
Friends of Science Society in the years
1907-1914,
the seventh
-
the Friends of Science Society during the First World War and
the struggle connected with establishing the Polish state borders,
the eighth chapter the activity of the Friends of Science Society
in the years
1922-1939,
the ninth one
-
the fate of the mem¬
bers of the society and its collection during World War Two.
The conclusion discusses the importance of each of the societies
mentioned above for the development of science and culture and
for maintaining national and civic awareness of the inhabitants of
the City of Vilnius and the lands around it. Moreover, the book
has annexes with tables, a bibliography, an index of names and
illustrations.
The setting up and activity of the Polish scientific societies:
the Lovers of Classical Antiquity and Folklore Society, the Mu¬
seum of Science and Art Society, the Friends of Science Society
and the Lovers of Vilnius Society were influenced by the stormy
political and military conditions in this region of Europe in the
first half of the 20th century. The first efforts to organise people
interested in the culture of the homeland and its history were
made at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when Vilnius and
the Vilnius region belonged to the Russian Empire as part of
the so-called North-Western Country (lands appropriated from
Lithuania and Belarus). Under the strict regime introduced by
Summary
587
the tsarists after the quelling of the January Uprising, no Polish
scientific or cultural society could be legally established. It was,
however, a requirement of the times to conduct research on the
history and culture of the homeland and apply it in practice to
protect the country s cultural heritage. In
1899
the patriotically-
minded Polish intelligentsia illegally set up the Lovers of Clas¬
sical Antiquity and Folklore Society, also called the Archeology
Club, which worked until
1907.
This was the first and until
1907
only Polish society since
1865,
i.e. the closing down of the Vil¬
nius Interim Archeological Commission, which was devoted to
researching the history of the homeland and protecting historic
objects. Since the activities of the Society had to be confidential
and it had few members, its possibilities were limited. The num¬
ber of people connected with the Society is estimated at around
thirty. Its members worked to commemorate people of merit
to the culture of the area (unveiling the commemorative plaque
in the church in
Żuprany
in honour of the poet
Franciszek
Bo-
huszewicz, renovating the tombstones of professors of the Uni¬
versity of Vilnius at the Ross cemetery in Vilnius), contributed to
the restoration of sacred art objects (cleaning the wall paintings
at Saint Casmir s chapel in the Vilnius Cathedral, removing the
coats of lime that had accumulated by repeated painting of the
walls in the church of St Peter and Paul, thorough renovation
of St. Jack s chapel in Pohulanka). The largest amount of both
resources and effort went to the restoration of the
Troki
(Lithu¬
anian Trakai) castle and the protection of its ruins from further
deterioration. This project, although very important for the pre¬
servation of the historic building, in a sense weakened the Socie¬
ty. The renovation of one, most threatened tower, exhausted the
588
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
modest
means of the society, and the results of this work could
only be appreciated by specialists.
И
was not only the achievements of the Lovers of Classical
Antiquity and Folklore Society that made it important for poste¬
rity. What was vital was the sheer fact of its setting up, which te¬
stified to the deep interest of the Vilnius Polish community in the
history of the homeland and in protecting its cultural heritage.
Within the illegal Society, the lovers of classical antiquity were
able to share the knowledge of the history and culture of their
homeland each of them had individually acquired. Moreover, its
members established contacts with Polish scientists and art con¬
servators from other cities (Krakow, Warsaw). The setting up of
the Society was also conducive to editing scientific works. Due to
the lack of appropriate funds, only the work by Wandalin Szukie-
wicz was published, but members of the society compensated for
this deficiency by publishing articles in the Vilnius press. They
also discussed selected topics at the meetings of the Society, and
the experience which had been gained there was later used in
the work of legal organizations.
The possibility to set up Polish organizations arose only after
1905
as a result of the laxening of the Russians internal policy
in the North-Western Country. The hitherto suppressed political
and cultural life enjoyed a period of rapid development. Besides
many educational, scientific and artistic organizations, the year
1907
saw the setting up of the two societies which have already
been mentioned in the present paper: the Museum of Science
and Art Society and the Friends of Science Society. It soon turned
out that the latter had better prospects for development. The Vilnius
intelligentsia, which was the main propelling force behind all
Summary
589
the scientific and cultural societies, approached the Museum of
Science and Art Society with some reservation. This was to a lar¬
ge extent due to high financial requirements (a founding con¬
tribution of
500
rubles and an annual fee of
50
rubles) and the
fact the society was dominated by aristocrats connected with the
Tyszkiewicz family. Most of the intelligentsia gave priority to the
more democratic Friends of Science Society in Vilnius. Under
the pressure of public opinion in
1914
the Museum of Science
and Art Society merged with the Friends of Science Society and
the collections of the former were transferred to the Friends of
Science Society Museum.
The greatest achievement of the Museum of Science and Art
Society lay in amassing a large collection (about five thousand
items), including outstanding works of art, numerous memorabi¬
lia connected with historic figures and creators of Polish culture,
rare old prints, manuscripts and autographs, as well as archeolo-
gical, ethnographic and numismatic exhibits. After the Museum
of Science and Art Society merged with the Friends of Science
Society, its rich collection significantly enriched the Friends of
Science Museum and served to form the sensitivity to beauty
and the patriotic upbringing of Vilnius residents. They were also
useful for scholars who researched the culture and history of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its connection with Polish and
pan-European culture.
The history of the Lovers of Vilnius Society goes back to
1916
when the Lovers of Old Vilnius Society named after Sigismundus
Augustus was set up. The need to establish such a society was
due to the difficult time of war. The activity of the Friends of
Science Society in Vilnius had been suspended by the German
590
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
authorities, so there was no official body to approach the occu¬
pying powers about issues connected with protecting the cultural
heritage, at a time when many historic objects were threatened
as a result of the war and the extreme poverty of he society.
Unfortunately the Sigismundus Augustus Lovers of Old Vilnius
Society did not get permission to look after these from the Ger¬
man authorities and did not develop its work.
The idea to organise the lovers of Vilnius was again revi¬
ved in
1919
after liberating Vilnius from Bolshevik rule in April
1919.
The Lovers of Vilnius Society was set up on
15
June
1919.
Similarly to the situation in
1916,
the need for establishing such
a society was dictated by life itself. After many years of foreign
rule many historic objects in Vilnius were in a very bad state and
required immediate help. Moreover, it was necessary to imme¬
diately remove all kinds of foreign influence, change the names
of streets and squares, spread knowledge about the past of Vil¬
nius and watch over the development of the city and keeping its
traditions of urban planning. There was no institution in Vilnius
which could take care of these tasks. The Department of Art of
the Voivodship Office was established in
1922.
The Lovers of Vilnius Society was active in the years
1919-
1922.
In spite of hard times and the war with Soviet Russia, it
managed to perform many important tasks: it suggested the
change of
75
street and nook names in Vilnius, cracked down on
ugly street signs, organised courses for city guides, undertook
activities to protect the tower and the dungeon on Castle Hill,
published a guide to Vilnius and its vicinities written by
Wacław
Gizbert-Studnicki, finally identified the place of Konrad s cell in
the Basilian monastery, took under its protection the tomb of Sy-
Summary
591
rokomla at the Rosa Cemetery, made a map of Vilnius showing
its historical development collected material for the historical
map of the Polish Kingdom, researched the castle hill in
Nowa
Wilejka with remains of the castle s foundations, discovered fre¬
scoes in the course of renovation work in the former monastery
in
Dominikańska
Street and took part in taking stock of the
historic objects in Vilnius and the surrounding region.
The Society also played an active role in removing monuments
from the time of the partitions, e.g. the plaque paying tribute to
the deeds of the Governor General Muraviov in St.
Nicolaus
Orthodox Church in
Wielka
Street and the pedestals remaining
from the monuments to Muraviov and Catherine II. The monu¬
ments themselves were taken down from the pedestals and ta¬
ken away by the Russians when they were leaving Vilnius in the
summer of
1915.
The Lovers of Vilnius Society also deliberated
over the proposals relating to the way of using the buildings of
Orthodox churches constructed on the initiative of the Russian
provincial and church authorities at the turn of the 19th and 20th
centuries. After the Russians evacuation from Vilnius, the chur¬
ches lost many of their parishioners, often also their priests, who
were conscripted to the front to serve as chaplains. Bells, icons
and liturgical objects had been taken away. After occupying Vil¬
nius, the Germans closed these Orthodox churches down
-
in
some of them they organised storehouses, in others prisons,
and in the
Śnipiszki
Orthodox Church they set up the munici¬
pal power plant. After the war Vilnius residents suggested that
some of these churches, e.g. the Romanovska Orthodox Church
in Pohulanka should be torn down as relics of the partitions.
In the end the church was, however, returned to the faithful of
592
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
the Orthodox Church, more and more of whom started coming
to Vilnius from the Bolshevik Russia. The society also took an
interest in finishing the building of Jesus Most Sacred Heart
Church. The construction of that church started in
1913
after
the design by
Antoni
Wiwulski, but it was never completed. In
the years
1962-1965
it was converted to the Construction Wor¬
kers Culture House.
After the establishing of the Department of Art of the Voivod-
ship Office in
1922,
the activity of the Lovers of Vilnius Society
slowly decreased and its members got involved in the work of
Department I of the Friends of Science Society, doing research
in philology, literature and art. In
1933
the Society was liquida¬
ted on the decision of its board. All of its estate, comprising
photographs of historic buildings in Vilnius, a collection of tile
fragments and documentation (protocols, office documents and
correspondence) was transferred to the Friends of Science So¬
ciety of Vilnius.
Of the societies described in the present work, the Friends of
Science Society was of the greatest importance. It had the most
numerous membership, enjoyed widespread support of the Po¬
lish community, had the widest scope of activities and worked
for the longest period of time
(1907-1939).
In the first period of
its activity (from the time it was established to the outbreak of
World War I), in spite of obstacles on the part of the Russian au¬
thorities, the Society enjoyed a growing membership. Its library
and museum collections grew, it erected its own office building,
started to publish the „Annals of the Friends of Science in Vil¬
nius magazine, began research on Castle Hill in Vilnius, made
some progress in protecting historic objects (the ruins of the
Summary
593
castles in
Troki
and
Nowogródek
and of Castle Hill in Vilnius),
at the meetings of the Society organised many scientific lectures
addressed both to specialists and to the general public. After only
a short time, the Society gained respect both among scholars
and ordinary members of the Polish community. It became an
important integrating factor for people for whom science and re¬
search were a profession, or those who took an interest in such
matters. The Society also played an important role in reviving
Polish national awareness, which the partitioner had been trying
to suppress and in spreading Polish culture in the multi-national
North-Western Country. It also made contacts with scholars in
the other partitions and abroad. Thanks to the activity of the
Friends of Science Society, Vilnius increasingly became men¬
tioned as a centre of culture and science.
Over the first seven years of activity, the Society managed to
become sufficiently strong to survive the difficult times of the
First World War, the German and then the Bolshevik occupa¬
tion. In these difficult times, the members of the Society secretly
continued ordering books and museum collections, as well as
archive collections and even managed to enrich the archives
by purchasing valuable documents from traders. They also took
part in meetings of the Board. In
1918
they resumed the publica¬
tion of the „Annals of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius .
At the same time many members of the society were active in
underground education, political structures, fought in the ranks
of the Polish army, and put a lot of effort into reactivating Vilnius
University.
A new period in the history of the Society began in
1922 -
after
Vilnius and the Vilnius region became part of the Polish state.
594
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
In spite of the fall in membership due to the new state borders
and economic difficulties in the war-ravaged country, the Society
managed to develop a wide range of scientific and publishing ac¬
tivities. It obtained financial backing from the state, mostly from
the National Culture Fund Board attached to the Presidium of
the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Religious Faith and
Public Enlightenment.
A new statute was adopted in
1922
and a reform of the Friends
of Science Society in Vilnius was implemented setting up three
scientific departments: I
-
philology, literature and art; II
-
ma¬
thematics, science and medicine; III
-
history, philosophy, legal
and political studies. The departments, comprising exclusively
scholars and scientists, were responsible for virtually all of the
scientific and editorial work of the society. Department I publi¬
shed Treatises and Materials of Department I of the Friends of
Science Society in Vilnius (ten volumes appeared in the years
1924-1939),
as well as Papers and Report Materials of the Hi¬
story of Art Section of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius
(three volumes appeared in the years
1935-1939);
Department II
Papers of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius. Department
of Mathematics and Science ; (twelve volumes appeared in the
years
1935-1939);
Department III Treatises of Department III of
the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius (ten volumes appeared
in the years
1925-1938),
as well as Resources and Historical Ma¬
terials of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius (five volumes
appeared in the years
1928-1939).
The Bulletin of the Astrono¬
mical Observatory in Vilnius and Papers of the Plant Protection
Post in Vilnius were also published on behalf of Department II.
Besides, under the general heading of Department II Papers
Summary
595
of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius such Stefan
Batory
University works were published as the papers of the Faculty
of Zoology
(47
volumes), the Faculty of Anatomy
(7
volumes),
the Faculty of Comparative Anatomy
(8
volumes), the Faculty of
Biology
(12
volumes), the Faculty of General Biology
(9
volumes)
and the Faculty of General Botany
(12
volumes).
Department III also brought out the scientific journal Vilnius
Athenaeum replacing the Annals of the Friends of Science So¬
ciety in Vilnius , which had been published until
1921.
The new
journal, similarly to the previous one, was devoted to resear¬
ching the history of the lands belonging to the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania. It appeared in the years
1923-1939.
In total three
annals and one booklet of the XlVth annals were brought out,
because the publication of the latter was stopped by the outbreak
of World War II. It was a significant scientific and publishing
achievement.
Two important cultural posts in Vilnius were the library and
the museum of the Friends of Science Society. At the time of the
outbreak of World War Two, the library had about
120
thousand
volumes, not counting about
20
thousand volumes of doubles. It
owned many old prints and rare books. On
1
January
1939
the
manuscript department had
1033
files and
2405
documents, acts
and loose-leaf letters, including
50
parchments. Members of the
Society were able to borrow books and take them home, while
in the reading room the collection could be used by scientists
and researchers, university students and people recommended
by members of the Board. Books and magazines were also lent
out to the Library of the Vilnius University. In
1939
the collection
of the museum comprised about
60
thousand catalogued objects.
596
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
The museum was visited by a great number of people: in
1930
- 4398,
in
1931 - 3234
visitors (the fall was due to closing the mu¬
seum for renovation after a flood), in
1932 - 4348,
in
1933 - 6359,
in
1934 - 6791,
and in
1935 - 5506,
in
1936 - 7059,
in
1937 - 13196,
in
1938 - 14596.
The museum was most often visited by school
and academic students from Vilnius and all over Poland, and also
participants of various teacher training courses. It was honoured
by the visits of important state officials and guests from abroad.
The Friends of Science Society in Vilnius made many efforts
not to form a closed group. It established and kept numerous
contacts with other scientific posts in Poland and abroad exchan¬
ging publications with them and inviting their members to take
part in conventions, celebrations and exhibitions. In Vilnius the
Society cooperated with Stefan
Batory
University, other scientific
and cultural societies, with libraries and museums. It often or¬
ganised ceremonial meetings, celebrations of important historic
events and anniversaries, paying tribute to people of merit for
science and culture. Apart from members of the Society, such
events were attended by representatives of national minorities,
public officials, university students and Vilnius residents taking
an interest in the history and culture of the homeland. In this
way the society not only contributed to the spreading of know¬
ledge, but also to the civic upbringing of the society.
The outbreak of the Second World War limited the versatile
activities of the Friends of Science Society. In the first weeks of
war the primary concern was protecting the collections. Care
was also taken to publish the scientific papers which were ready
for printing. The activities of the society were suspended after
incorporating Vilnius into the Republic of Lithuania in October
Summary
597
1939.
All the hitherto functioning institutions, public organiza¬
tions, societies
-
including the Friends of Science Society ceased
to exist by force of the Act issued by Lithuanian authorities on
27
October
1939,
immediately before the Lithuanian army entered
Vilnius. Due to this, the year
1939
is most frequently shown in the
literature as the end of the activity of the Friends of Science So¬
ciety. Such a date is formally justified. Later the Society continued
its activities illegally and struggled for legalisation. The Lithuanian
authorities did not permit it to function legally and after the intro¬
duction of Soviet rule, the whole estate of the Society was nationa¬
lised on the decision of the Ministry of Education of the Republic
of Lithuania dated
5
August
1940
and transferred for interim care
to the Museum of Culture in
Kowno.
This was in violation of the
will of the founders and members of the Society, whose statute
stated that in case of liquidation the whole estate of the Society
should be transferred to another Polish organisation.
The nationalization of the estate did not altogether shatter the
hopes for the rebirth of the Friends of Science Society in Vilnius
and resuming its activities. The collection of the Society re¬
mained in its former location and was looked after by the former
President
Stanisław Kościałkowski.
He received disinterested
help from those former members of the Society who remained
in Vilnius and a few employees. All of them suffered from pover¬
ty and were unsure of their future, but looked after the cultural
property entrusted to them and the values for which it stood.
This proves the strength of the attachment to the native culture
of the homeland and the feeling of responsibility for its fate.
The hope for reviving the Society was not lost even when the
collection and the whole estate of the Society
-
by the ruling of
598
Societates Academicae Vilnenses
the Folk Commissariat for Education of the Lithuanian Socialist
Soviet Republic were transferred to the Institute of Lithuanian
Studies in October
-
November,
1940,
and in early
1941
found
itself under the management of the Academy of Science of the
Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic. In the first half of
1941
even
the possibility of setting up the Institute of Polish Culture at the
Academy of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic was considered, but
the plans were never implemented. Soviet authorities were par¬
ticularly suspicious of the Polish intelligentsia, which nurtured
deep democratic values and was experienced in fighting for its
rights and cultivating the freedom of thought. This was the rea¬
son why there were so many members of the Polish intelligent¬
sia among those who were arrested and deported. Among them
was
Stanisław Kościałkowski,
the last President of the Society
of Friends of Science in Vilnius. The collection of the Friends of
Science Society lost its last guardian and was left at the mercy
of the new owners, who either did not know how to look after it
or did not want to do so. The library and the archive were plun¬
dered, the graphic art and numismatics department destroyed.
Many exhibits were appropriated by private persons.
The scattering of the collection was completed by the Ger¬
mans during their occupation. In May,
1943,
the Germans deci¬
ded to convert the building of the former Friends of Science So¬
ciety into a military sewing manufacture and ordered to remove
the books and museum collections. The remaining collection of
the Society was divided among various Lithuanian institutions.
During the removal, part of the collection was lost and part de¬
stroyed. It is, however, impossible to estimate the losses. The
Polish community in the Vilnius region was once again deprived
Summary
599
of cultural property that had for many years been painstakingly
collected and stored.
Many former members of the Friends of Science Society met
a tragic fate. The following were killed in Ponary, a place of mass
execution:
Stanisław Węsławski,
an outstanding oncologist,
Ka¬
zimierz
Pelczar, Professor of Stefan
Batory
University, and the
lawyer
Mieczysław Engiel.
In
1945
the last Rector of Stefan
Bato¬
ry
University, Stefan Ehrenkreutz died in the prison at
Łukiszki
and others were sent to prisons and work camps. Most of the
former members of the Society who survived the war were re¬
patriated to Poland within its new borders. Those who could not
reconcile themselves to the new communist reality forced upon
Poland chose to emigrate. All the tragic events of the Second
World War which led to stopping the activity of the Friends of
Science Society in Vilnius and scattering its collection led to the
partial destruction of the local community in the Vilnius region
and the destruction of a significant part of its cultural heritage.
This resulted in changing the national structure of the local so¬
ciety. It weakened the Polish community and its culture-forming
activities and disrupted the natural development of the region.
The extent of the damage and its effects has not yet been fully
researched and requires further work on the part of historians.
Translated by Marzenna
Rączkowska
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ilgiewicz, Henryka 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131404458 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035440058 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 525-581. Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316562533 (DE-599)BVBBV035440058 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:35:19Z |
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| spelling | Ilgiewicz, Henryka 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)131404458 aut Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy Henryka Ilgiewicz ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. Departament do Spraw Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego za Granicą Warszawa Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego 2008 668 s., [40] s. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.) 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. litauischer Sprache Bibliogr. s. 525-581. Indeks Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie History Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe / Litwa / Wilno / 1900-1945 jhpk Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe - Litwa - Wilno - 1900-1945 jhpk Geschichte Learned institutions and societies Lithuania History Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (DE-588)4066581-1 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (Lithuania) Intellectual life Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (DE-588)4066581-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017360329&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017360329&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ilgiewicz, Henryka 1949- Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy Bibliogr. s. 525-581. Indeks Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie History Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe / Litwa / Wilno / 1900-1945 jhpk Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe - Litwa - Wilno - 1900-1945 jhpk Geschichte Learned institutions and societies Lithuania History Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (DE-588)4066581-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066581-1 (DE-588)5057560-0 |
| title | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy |
| title_auth | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy |
| title_exact_search | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy |
| title_full | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy Henryka Ilgiewicz ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. Departament do Spraw Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego za Granicą |
| title_fullStr | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy Henryka Ilgiewicz ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. Departament do Spraw Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego za Granicą |
| title_full_unstemmed | Societates Academicae Vilnenses Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy Henryka Ilgiewicz ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. Departament do Spraw Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego za Granicą |
| title_short | Societates Academicae Vilnenses |
| title_sort | societates academicae vilnenses towarzystwo przyjaciol nauk w wilnie 1907 1939 i jego poprzednicy |
| title_sub | Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907 - 1939) i jego poprzednicy |
| topic | Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie History Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe / Litwa / Wilno / 1900-1945 jhpk Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe - Litwa - Wilno - 1900-1945 jhpk Geschichte Learned institutions and societies Lithuania History Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (DE-588)4066581-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie History Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe / Litwa / Wilno / 1900-1945 Akademie i towarzystwa naukowe - Litwa - Wilno - 1900-1945 Geschichte Learned institutions and societies Lithuania History Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Vilnius (Lithuania) Intellectual life Vilnius |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017360329&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017360329&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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