In defense of common sense: Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy
"One of the leading humanists of Quattrocento Italy, Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1406-1457) has been praised as a brilliant debunker of medieval scholastic philosophy. In this book Lodi Nauta seeks a more balanced assessment, presenting us with the first comprehensive analysis of the humanist's att...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, MA [u.a.]
Harvard Univ. Press
2009
|
Schriftenreihe: | I Tatti studies in Italian renaissance history
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Zusammenfassung: | "One of the leading humanists of Quattrocento Italy, Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1406-1457) has been praised as a brilliant debunker of medieval scholastic philosophy. In this book Lodi Nauta seeks a more balanced assessment, presenting us with the first comprehensive analysis of the humanist's attempt at radical reform of Aristotelian scholasticism." "This study examines Valla's attack on major tenets of Aristotelian metaphysics, showing how Valla employed common sense and linguistic usage as his guides. It then explicates Valla's critique of Aristotelian psychology and natural philosophy and discusses his moral and religious views, including Valla's notorious identification of Christian beatitude with Epicurean pleasure and his daring views on the Trinity. Finally, it takes up Valla's humanist dialectic, which seeks to transform logic into a practical tool measured by persuasiveness and effectiveness." "Nauta firmly places Valla's arguments and ideas within the contexts of ancient and medieval philosophical traditions as well as renewed interest in ancient rhetoric in the Renaissance. He also demonstrates the relevance of Valla's conviction that the philosophical problems of the scholastics are rooted in a misunderstanding of language. Combining philosophical exegesis and historical scholarship, this book offers a new approach to a major Renaissance thinker."--BOOK JACKET. |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XIII, 401 S. |
ISBN: | 9780674032699 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zc 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV035384948 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20090819 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 090323s2009 xxu |||| 00||| eng d | ||
010 | |a 2008035603 | ||
020 | |a 9780674032699 |c alk. paper |9 978-0-674-03269-9 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)246197900 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV035384948 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-29 |a DE-19 |a DE-B220 |a DE-20 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 |a DE-Y3 |a DE-Y2 | ||
050 | 0 | |a B785.V1144 | |
082 | 0 | |a 189 | |
084 | |a CE 8167 |0 (DE-625)18034:11616 |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a CE 8168 |0 (DE-625)18035:11797 |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a FZ 68105 |0 (DE-625)37987:11805 |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a 5,1 |2 ssgn | ||
100 | 1 | |a Nauta, Lodi |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a In defense of common sense |b Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |c Lodi Nauta |
264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, MA [u.a.] |b Harvard Univ. Press |c 2009 | |
300 | |a XIII, 401 S. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a I Tatti studies in Italian renaissance history | |
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
520 | 1 | |a "One of the leading humanists of Quattrocento Italy, Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1406-1457) has been praised as a brilliant debunker of medieval scholastic philosophy. In this book Lodi Nauta seeks a more balanced assessment, presenting us with the first comprehensive analysis of the humanist's attempt at radical reform of Aristotelian scholasticism." "This study examines Valla's attack on major tenets of Aristotelian metaphysics, showing how Valla employed common sense and linguistic usage as his guides. It then explicates Valla's critique of Aristotelian psychology and natural philosophy and discusses his moral and religious views, including Valla's notorious identification of Christian beatitude with Epicurean pleasure and his daring views on the Trinity. Finally, it takes up Valla's humanist dialectic, which seeks to transform logic into a practical tool measured by persuasiveness and effectiveness." "Nauta firmly places Valla's arguments and ideas within the contexts of ancient and medieval philosophical traditions as well as renewed interest in ancient rhetoric in the Renaissance. He also demonstrates the relevance of Valla's conviction that the philosophical problems of the scholastics are rooted in a misunderstanding of language. Combining philosophical exegesis and historical scholarship, this book offers a new approach to a major Renaissance thinker."--BOOK JACKET. | |
600 | 1 | 4 | |a Valla, Lorenzo |d 1407-1457 |
600 | 1 | 7 | |a Valla, Lorenzo |d 1407-1457 |0 (DE-588)118626000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 7 | |a Aristotelisme |2 gtt | |
650 | 7 | |a Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis) |2 gtt | |
650 | 7 | |a Retorica |2 gtt | |
650 | 7 | |a Scholastiek |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Rhetorik | |
650 | 4 | |a Humanism | |
650 | 4 | |a Scholasticism | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Aristotelismus |0 (DE-588)4002917-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kritik |0 (DE-588)4033229-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Scholastik |0 (DE-588)4053169-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Valla, Lorenzo |d 1407-1457 |0 (DE-588)118626000 |D p |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Kritik |0 (DE-588)4033229-9 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Scholastik |0 (DE-588)4053169-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | 3 | |a Aristotelismus |0 (DE-588)4002917-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017305837&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017305837 | ||
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 001.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09024 |g 45 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804138804735377408 |
---|---|
adam_text | IN DEFENSE OF COMMON SENSE LORENZO VALLA S HUMANIST CRITIQUE OF
SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY LODI NAUTA HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE,
MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND 2009 CONTENTS PREFACE IX INTRODUCTION PART
ONE THE ATTACK ON ARISTOTELIAN-SCHOLASTIC METAPHYSICS 1 THE ANALYSIS OF
THINGS: SUBSTANCE, QUALITY, AND THE TREE OF PORPHYRY 13 2 THING AND
WORD: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSCENDENTAL TERMS 48 3 FROM A GRAMMATICAL POINT
OF VIEW: THE REDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES 82 CONTENTS PART TWO SOUL,
NATURE, MORALITY, AND GOD 4 SOUL AND NATURE: A CRITIQUE OF ARISTOTELIAN
PSYCHOLOGY AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 129 5 THE VIRTUES AND THE ROAD TO
HEAVENLY PLEASURE 152 6 SPEAKING ABOUT THE INEFFABLE: THE TRINITY 191
PART THREE TOWARD A HUMANIST DIALECTIC 7 DIALECTIC I: PROPOSITIONS, THE
SQUARE OF CONTRARIES, PROOF AND ARGUMENT 211 8 DIALECTIC II: FORMS OF
ARGUMENTATION 239 CONCLUSION: VALLA AND ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY
269 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 293 NOTES 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 375 INDEX 39J
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Nauta, Lodi |
author_facet | Nauta, Lodi |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Nauta, Lodi |
author_variant | l n ln |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV035384948 |
callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
callnumber-label | B785 |
callnumber-raw | B785.V1144 |
callnumber-search | B785.V1144 |
callnumber-sort | B 3785 V1144 |
callnumber-subject | B - Philosophy |
classification_rvk | CE 8167 CE 8168 FZ 68105 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246197900 (DE-599)BVBBV035384948 |
dewey-full | 189 |
dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
dewey-ones | 189 - Medieval western philosophy |
dewey-raw | 189 |
dewey-search | 189 |
dewey-sort | 3189 |
dewey-tens | 180 - Ancient, medieval, eastern philosophy |
discipline | Philosophie Philologie / Byzantinistik / Neulatein |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03693nam a2200613zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035384948</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090819 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">090323s2009 xxu |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2008035603</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780674032699</subfield><subfield code="c">alk. paper</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-674-03269-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)246197900</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV035384948</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-B220</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Y3</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Y2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">B785.V1144</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">189</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">CE 8167</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)18034:11616</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">CE 8168</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)18035:11797</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">FZ 68105</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)37987:11805</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5,1</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nauta, Lodi</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">In defense of common sense</subfield><subfield code="b">Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy</subfield><subfield code="c">Lodi Nauta</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge, MA [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Harvard Univ. Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XIII, 401 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">I Tatti studies in Italian renaissance history</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"One of the leading humanists of Quattrocento Italy, Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1406-1457) has been praised as a brilliant debunker of medieval scholastic philosophy. In this book Lodi Nauta seeks a more balanced assessment, presenting us with the first comprehensive analysis of the humanist's attempt at radical reform of Aristotelian scholasticism." "This study examines Valla's attack on major tenets of Aristotelian metaphysics, showing how Valla employed common sense and linguistic usage as his guides. It then explicates Valla's critique of Aristotelian psychology and natural philosophy and discusses his moral and religious views, including Valla's notorious identification of Christian beatitude with Epicurean pleasure and his daring views on the Trinity. Finally, it takes up Valla's humanist dialectic, which seeks to transform logic into a practical tool measured by persuasiveness and effectiveness." "Nauta firmly places Valla's arguments and ideas within the contexts of ancient and medieval philosophical traditions as well as renewed interest in ancient rhetoric in the Renaissance. He also demonstrates the relevance of Valla's conviction that the philosophical problems of the scholastics are rooted in a misunderstanding of language. Combining philosophical exegesis and historical scholarship, this book offers a new approach to a major Renaissance thinker."--BOOK JACKET.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Valla, Lorenzo</subfield><subfield code="d">1407-1457</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Valla, Lorenzo</subfield><subfield code="d">1407-1457</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118626000</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Aristotelisme</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis)</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Retorica</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Scholastiek</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Rhetorik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Humanism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Scholasticism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Aristotelismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002917-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kritik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033229-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Scholastik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4053169-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Valla, Lorenzo</subfield><subfield code="d">1407-1457</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118626000</subfield><subfield code="D">p</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Kritik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033229-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Scholastik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4053169-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Aristotelismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002917-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017305837&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017305837</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">001.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09024</subfield><subfield code="g">45</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV035384948 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:34:01Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780674032699 |
language | English |
lccn | 2008035603 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017305837 |
oclc_num | 246197900 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-B220 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y3 DE-Y2 |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-B220 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-Y3 DE-Y2 |
physical | XIII, 401 S. |
publishDate | 2009 |
publishDateSearch | 2009 |
publishDateSort | 2009 |
publisher | Harvard Univ. Press |
record_format | marc |
series2 | I Tatti studies in Italian renaissance history |
spelling | Nauta, Lodi Verfasser aut In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy Lodi Nauta Cambridge, MA [u.a.] Harvard Univ. Press 2009 XIII, 401 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier I Tatti studies in Italian renaissance history Includes bibliographical references and index "One of the leading humanists of Quattrocento Italy, Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1406-1457) has been praised as a brilliant debunker of medieval scholastic philosophy. In this book Lodi Nauta seeks a more balanced assessment, presenting us with the first comprehensive analysis of the humanist's attempt at radical reform of Aristotelian scholasticism." "This study examines Valla's attack on major tenets of Aristotelian metaphysics, showing how Valla employed common sense and linguistic usage as his guides. It then explicates Valla's critique of Aristotelian psychology and natural philosophy and discusses his moral and religious views, including Valla's notorious identification of Christian beatitude with Epicurean pleasure and his daring views on the Trinity. Finally, it takes up Valla's humanist dialectic, which seeks to transform logic into a practical tool measured by persuasiveness and effectiveness." "Nauta firmly places Valla's arguments and ideas within the contexts of ancient and medieval philosophical traditions as well as renewed interest in ancient rhetoric in the Renaissance. He also demonstrates the relevance of Valla's conviction that the philosophical problems of the scholastics are rooted in a misunderstanding of language. Combining philosophical exegesis and historical scholarship, this book offers a new approach to a major Renaissance thinker."--BOOK JACKET. Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 (DE-588)118626000 gnd rswk-swf Aristotelisme gtt Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Retorica gtt Scholastiek gtt Rhetorik Humanism Scholasticism Aristotelismus (DE-588)4002917-7 gnd rswk-swf Kritik (DE-588)4033229-9 gnd rswk-swf Scholastik (DE-588)4053169-7 gnd rswk-swf Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 (DE-588)118626000 p Kritik (DE-588)4033229-9 s Scholastik (DE-588)4053169-7 s Aristotelismus (DE-588)4002917-7 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017305837&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Nauta, Lodi In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 (DE-588)118626000 gnd Aristotelisme gtt Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Retorica gtt Scholastiek gtt Rhetorik Humanism Scholasticism Aristotelismus (DE-588)4002917-7 gnd Kritik (DE-588)4033229-9 gnd Scholastik (DE-588)4053169-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)118626000 (DE-588)4002917-7 (DE-588)4033229-9 (DE-588)4053169-7 |
title | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |
title_auth | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |
title_exact_search | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |
title_full | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy Lodi Nauta |
title_fullStr | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy Lodi Nauta |
title_full_unstemmed | In defense of common sense Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy Lodi Nauta |
title_short | In defense of common sense |
title_sort | in defense of common sense lorenzo valla s humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |
title_sub | Lorenzo Valla's humanist critique of scholastic philosophy |
topic | Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 (DE-588)118626000 gnd Aristotelisme gtt Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis) gtt Retorica gtt Scholastiek gtt Rhetorik Humanism Scholasticism Aristotelismus (DE-588)4002917-7 gnd Kritik (DE-588)4033229-9 gnd Scholastik (DE-588)4053169-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Valla, Lorenzo 1407-1457 Aristotelisme Humanisme (cultuurgeschiedenis) Retorica Scholastiek Rhetorik Humanism Scholasticism Aristotelismus Kritik Scholastik |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017305837&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nautalodi indefenseofcommonsenselorenzovallashumanistcritiqueofscholasticphilosophy |